Teorias de enfermagem utilizadas em pediatria / Nursing theories used in pediatrics / Teorías de enfermería utilizadas en pediatría

Objetivo: Mapear as teorias de enfermagem utilizadas nos diferentes contextos de assistência à criança e ao adolescente. Métodos: Revisão de escopo de acordo com a metodologia do Instituto Joanna Briggs, que incluiu estudos primários, publicados em inglês, espanhol e português, sem restrição de tempo, e disponibilizados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, WOS, BDENF, SCOPUS, CINAHL e SCIELO. Resultados: Foram incluídos nesta revisão 53 artigos, os quais evidenciaram 17 teorias de enfermagem aplicadas aos mais diversos contextos pediátricos, como hospitalização, terapia intensiva, cuidados para doenças crônicas e promoção da saúde. A teoria mais utilizada para direcionar o cuidado foi a Teoria da Adaptação de Roy. São várias as experiências exitosas no campo da pesquisa e prática assistencial com a utilização das teorias de enfermagem. Conclusão: Diferentes teorias de enfermagem embasam o cuidado de enfermagem pediátrica; e a escolha de cada teoria deve ser norteada por um propósito explícito ou assunto de interesse dos autores, com base em suas expectativas pessoais e nas evidências científicas. Por meio deste estudo foi possível vislumbrar o potencial de cada teoria para subsidiar a prática da enfermagem pediátrica. (AU)

Objective: To map the Nursing theories used in the different contexts of assistance to children and adolescents. Methods: Scoping review according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and included primary studies, published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, with no time restrictions, and made available in the MEDLINE, WOS, BDENF, SCOPUS, CINAHL and SCIELO databases. Results: A total of 53 articles were included in this review, which evidenced 17 Nursing theories applied to the most varied pediatric contexts, such as hospitalization, intensive care, care for chronic conditions, and health promotion. The theory most used to direct care was the Roy's Adaptation Theory. There are several successful experiences in the field of research and care practice with the use of Nursing theories. Conclusion: Different Nursing theories support pediatric Nursing care; and the choice of each theory must be guided by an explicit purpose or subject of interest to the authors, based on their personal expectations and on the scientific evidence. Through this study it was possible to glimpse the potential of each theory to support pediatric Nursing practice. (AU)

Objetivo: Mapear las teorías de Enfermería utilizadas en los diferentes contextos de atención a la niñez y adolescencia. Métodos: Revisión de alcance según la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute que incluyó estudios primarios, publicados en inglés, español y portugués, sin restricciones de tiempo, y disponibles en las bases de datos MEDLINE, WOS, BDENF, SCOPUS, CINAHL y SCIELO. Resultados: En esta revisión se incluyeron un total de 53 artículos, que evidenciaron 17 teorías de enfermería aplicadas a los más variados contextos pediátricos, como hospitalización, cuidados intensivos, cuidados de enfermedades crónicas y promoción de la salud. La teoría más utilizadas para dirigir el cuidado fue la Teoría de la Adaptación de Roy. Existen varias experiencias exitosas en el campo de la investigación y la práctica asistencial con el uso de las teorías de Enfermería. Conclusión: Diferentes teorías de Enfermería sustentan la atención de Enfermería pediátrica; y la elección de cada teoría debe estar guiada por un propósito explícito o tema de interés para los autores, con base en sus expectativas personales y en la evidencia científica.A través de este estudio se pudo vislumbrar el potencial de cada teoría para sustentar la práctica de la Enfermería pediátrica. (AU)

Characteristics of interbrain synchrony during interactions among individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo review the characteristics of interbrain synchrony between individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and healthy individuals during interactions. MethodsResearches on interbrain synchrony during interactions in individuals with ASD were retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI in November, 2023. Researches were screened and the relevant data were extracted. The quality of the methodology was evaluated using critical appraisal tool for analytic cross sectional study. ResultsFive researches were returned, publicated mainly from 2020 to 2023, including 130 individuals with ASD. Interbrain synchrony was lower during the interaction task in the individuals with ASD compared with the healthy, mainly involving the prefrontal and temporo-parietal joint regions; as well as the interbrain synchrony of theta, alpha and beta bands of electroencephalography. There was difference in interbrain synchrony between genders in individuals with ASD; furthermore, abnormal interbrain synchrony in individuals with ASD associated with social impairment. ConclusionInterbrain synchrony deficits may be a potential neural mechanism for social impairment in individuals with ASD, and the abnormalities mainly happen in the brain areas related with mirror nervous system and theories of mind network.

Effect of response interruption and redirection as a behavioral intervention on vocal stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo review the effect of response interruption and redirection intervention on vocal stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MethodsLiteratures on response interruption and redirection intervention for vocal stereotypy in children with ASD were retrieved from databases of EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang data. The information of the literatures was extracted to conduct a scoping review. ResultsA total of 16 English literatures were included. All researches employed a single-subject time series study design. A total of 41 children with ASD were involved. Significant differences were found in levels of basic verbal functioning of children with ASD. Vocal stereotypy was characterized by both verbal and nonverbal forms. Most of the reviewed researches used experimental functional assessment to analyze the function of vocal stereotypy. In most cases, the function of vocal stereotypy was automatic reinforcement. Iwata et al.'s paradigm was dominantly adopted in performing experimental functional assessment across researches. Other related paradigms developed based on Iwata et al.'s paradigm to make operating process more concise were also used for experimental functional assessment in reviewed researches. Response disruption and redirection was often conducted in individualized setting, with a few researches conducted in special education classes. The time and frequency of interventions varied widely across subjects due to the levels of impairment in vocal stereotypy and other behaviors. According to a comparison of the effects of traditional response interruption and redirection and its morphing procedures, it was found that changing the content of the redirection task, reducing the number of redirection tasks, and varying the duration of execution did not impact the improvement of vocal stereotypy. Based on the comparisons of response interruption and redirection with matched stimuli, response cost, verbal manipulation training, and medication, it was found that both response interruption and redirection and other methods (except for medication) could reduce vocal stereotypy and promote the emergence of appropriate behaviors in children with ASD. Combining response interruption and redirection with other techniques, such as stimulus matching and response costs, yielded more favorable improvement of vocal stereotypy in children with ASD. ConclusionASD children with vocal stereotypy show different levels of functional language, and vocal stereotypy is generally characterized by both verbal and nonverbal formats. The function of vocal stereotypy is mostly automatic reinforcement. Response interruption and redirection as a behavioral intervention is mostly conducted in individualized setting, and the time and frequency of interventions depend on the levels of vocal stereotypy and other behaviors problems. Changing the content and number of redirection instructions does not significantly influence the improvement of vocal stereotypy in children with ASD. Other intervention methods such as matching stimulus and response cost are able to reduce vocal stereotypy in children with ASD, but response interruption and redirection used in conjunction with these methods show more favorable improvements. Response interruption and redirection interventions can not only reduce vocal stereotypy in children with ASD, but also increase appropriate vocalizations, task engagement and command obedience.

Drug Selection and Evaluation in Medical Institutions： A Scoping Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBy analyzing the current situation of drug selection and evaluation in medical institutions in the world，we aim to understand the development of relevant selection methods and tools，provide reference basis for drug selection in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） medical institutions，and promote the optimization of drug catalogs in TCM medical institutions. MethodBased on the method of scoping review，the eight databases were systematically searched，the included documents were screened，extracted and analyzed，and the research results were graphically displayed. ResultA total of 23 articles were included in this study，including 13 in Chinese and 10 in English，involving 23 methods or tools related to drug selection. Of the 14 methods or tools from Chinese medical institutions，the earliest one was published in 2012，and five were published in 2022. The published methods or tools involved different levels of hospitals，different drug varieties，different evaluation angles，etc.，such as the drug selection methods of one county hospital and one township hospital， methods and tools for different types of drugs such as antibacterial drugs，ibuprofen preparations，proton pump inhibitors and hypoglycemic drugs used in pediatric intensive care units， Chinese patent medicine selection tools， tools for evaluation from the perspective of pharmacoeconomics， and universal tools for selecting domestic medical institutions. The nine drug selection tools of foreign medical institutions were from the European，American，Asian and African countries. It was first published in 1955. The contents included the formulation standards that medical institutions should follow for drug prescription sets，the management formulation and update of hospital prescription sets，and drug evaluation tools. ConclusionOn the whole，the drug selection methods and institutional methods of foreign medical institutions developed earlier than those in China. In recent years，Chinese medical institutions have paid high attention to drug selection and released various types of drug selection tools. However，the standardization should be further improved in the future.

Biomechanical parameters assessed during running among running-related athletes with recurrent hamstring strain injury: A scoping review

Background@#Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is the most common cause of missing practices and sporting events among running-related athletes. The incidence rate of recurrence in individuals with HSI ranges from 12% to 63%. While various risk factors for HSI have been identified, the alterations and role of biomechanical factors as potential causes of injury have been largely overlooked. @*Objectives@#To report the critical biomechanical parameters assessed among running-related athletes with a recurrent HSI and to present common testing protocols in assessing the biomechanical parameters among running-related athletes with a recurrent HSI. @*Methods@#Eligibility Criteria: Included studies investigated biomechanical parameters assessed among collegiate or elite running-related athletes with recurrent HSI. Sources of Evidence: This scoping review was registered in OSF and was conducted based on PRISMA-ScR. Six electronic databases were systematically searched from 1993 to May 2022. Charting Methods: The reviewers created a data charting tool for the scoping review.@*Results@#Out of 874 articles, a total of 10 articles were included in the scoping review. The critical biomechanical parameters assessed include trunk flexion, hip flexion, and knee extension angles (kinematic variables), flight and stance times and velocity (spatiotemporal variables), and EMG activity of biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris, knee flexion and extension angle peak joint torque (kinetic variables). The most common running test protocols used were the 30-meter overground repeated sprint test, a percentage of maximum running velocity (treadmill), and repeated sprints on a non-motorized treadmill. The most common protocols for isokinetic muscle testing were 60 degrees (concentric), 300 degrees (concentric), and 180 degrees (eccentric) per second angular velocities.@*Conclusion@#The review demonstrated a need for more research on this topic, leading to only limited biomechanical parameters being discussed in the literature. This underscores the need for more rigorous research that could have practical applications for athletes and coaches.

Factors inhibiting and enabling performance-based financing in health care delivery across low and middle-income countries: a scoping review

Background: Emerging financing strategies in the health sector have been developed to improve the impact of investments and enhance healthcare outcomes. One promising approach is Results-based Financing, which establishes a connection between financial incentives and pre-established performance targets. This innovative approach holds the potential to strengthenhealthcare delivery and strengthen overall healthcare systems.Aim:The scoping review endeavored to systematically delineate the body of evidence pertaining tofacilitators and barriers to the implementation of performance-based financing within the realm of healthcare provision in low-and middle-income nations.Methods:The review used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and a Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews checklist to select, appraise, and report the findings. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases and grey literature published between January 2000 and March 2022. We conducted the abstract screening with two independent reviewers. We also performed full-article screening. We used the six methodological frameworks proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. The results were thematically analyzed.Results:Of the 1071 searched studies, 34 met the eligibility criteria. 41% of the studies were descriptive, 26% cross-sectional, 18% trial, and 15% cohort studies. The enabling and inhibiting factors of performance-based financing in healthcaredelivery have been identified. Moreover, the review revealed that performance-based financing's influence on service delivery is context-specific.Conclusion:The facilitators and impediments to the effectiveness of performance-based financing in enhancing service delivery are contingent upon a holistic comprehension of the contextual factors, meticulous design, and efficient execution. Factors such as the level of care facilities, presence of community-based initiatives, stakeholder involvement, and participatory design emerge as key facilitators. Conversely, barriers such as communication obstacles, inadequacies in the PBF models, and deficiencies in the healthcare workforce are recognized as inhibitors. By harnessing the insights derived from a multitude of evidence incorporated in this scrutiny, stakeholders can deftly navigate the intricacies of performance-based financing, while also considering the prospective areas for further exploration and research

Impact of menstrual cycle on smoking cessation: A review / El impacto del ciclo menstrual en el abandono de tabaco: Una revisión

Abstract Background Information on the way menstrual cycle phases can influence the achievement of tobacco abstinence is contradictory. Objective A scope review was conducted to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on tobacco abstinence, considering the phases of the cycle, hormone levels, and premenstrual syndrome. Method A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Ten articles comparing the phases of the menstrual cycle or analyzing the association between premenstrual syndrome and a withdrawal condition (length of abstinence or withdrawal symptoms) were included. Results Two main results were identified: 1) there is no difference in withdrawal symptoms and craving between menstrual cycle phases and 2) abstinence rates in the studies were higher during the luteal phase. Discussion and conclusion The advisability of suggesting that women wishing to quit smoking should begin to do so at the start of the luteal phrase is discussed. However, smoking cessation interventions must consider all the symptoms experienced during the luteal phase.

Resumen Antecedentes La información sobre cómo las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual pueden influir en el logro de la abstinencia de tabaco es contradictoria. Objetivo Se realizó una revisión de alcance con el fin identificar la evidencia relacionada al efecto del ciclo menstrual en la abstinencia de tabaco, considerando las variables fases del ciclo, niveles hormonales y síndrome premenstrual. Método Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE y PsycINFO. Se incluyeron diez artículos que realizaban comparaciones entre las fases del ciclo menstrual o bien análisis entre el síndrome premenstrual y una condición de abstinencia (tiempo de abstinencia o síntomas de abstinencia). Resultados Se identificaron dos resultados principales 1) no hay diferencia en los síntomas de abstinencia y el deseo por fumar entre las fases del ciclo menstrual y 2) las tasas de abstinencia de los estudios fueron mayores durante la fase lútea. Discusión y conclusión Se discute si en la fase lútea se puede sugerir el inicio de la abstinencia en mujeres que buscan dejar de fumar, sin embargo, las intervenciones para dejar de fumar deben tomar en cuenta todos los síntomas que se experimentan en la fase lútea.

¿Cuántos Tipos de Revisiones de la Literatura Existen? Enumeración, Descripción y Clasificación. Revisión Cualitativa / How Many Types of Literature Reviews are There? Listings, Description and Classification

La expansión y consolidación de la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia ha llevado entre otras, a la necesidad de realizar una variedad cada vez mayor de tipos de revisión de la literatura científica; lo que permite avanzar en el conocimiento y comprender la amplitud de la investigación sobre un tema de interés, teniendo en cuenta que una de las propiedades del conocimiento es su carácter acumulativo. Sin embargo, la diversidad de la terminología utilizada genera confusión de términos y conceptos. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue proporcionar un listado de los tipos de revisiones de la literatura más frecuentemente utilizados con sus características y algunos ejemplos de ellas. Revisión cualitativa. Se examinaron de forma dirigida las bases de datos PubMed, WoS y Scopus, en búsqueda de términos asociados a tipos de revisiones y síntesis de la literatura científica. Se encontraron 21 tipos de revisión; y 29 variantes y sinonimias asociadas; las que ilustran los procesos de cada una de ellas. Se da una descripción general de las características de cada cual, junto con las fortalezas y debilidades percibidas. No obstante, se verificó que sólo algunos tipos de revisión poseen metodologías propias y explícitas. Este enfoque, proporciona un punto de referencia para quienes realizan o interpretan revisiones en el ámbito sanitario, y sugiere dos tipos de propuestas de clasificación.

SUMMARY: The expansion and consolidation of evidence-based clinical practice has led, among other things, to the need to carry out an increasing variety of types of literature reviews, which allows advancing in knowledge and understanding the breadth of research on a topic of interest. However, the diversity of the terminology used generates confusion of terms and concepts. The aim of this manuscript was to provide a list of the most frequently used review types with their characteristics and some examples. Qualitative review. PubMed, WoS and Scopus databases were examined in a directed way, searching for terms associated with types of reviews and syntheses of the scientific literature. Twenty-one types of review, and 29 variants and associated synonymies were found; those that illustrate the processes of each of them. An overview of the characteristics of each is given, along with perceived strengths and weaknesses. However, it was verified that only some types of review have their own explicit methodologies. This approach, provides a point of reference for those who perform or interpret reviews in the health field and suggests two classification proposals.

Trauma severity predictors / Preditores de gravidade no trauma

This review aimed to determine which are the indexes for early detection and evaluation of clinical and physiological deterioration of traumatized patients. A Scoping Review according to the methods proposed by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was performed from February 2018 to December 2018 on LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and SCOPUS databases. Sixty-two studies were included, of which 43 evaluated patients with general trauma. A variety of physiological variables, such as Glasgow Coma Score, Glucose, Days in the Intensive Care Unit, Lactate, and predictor indexes - Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Revisited Trauma Score (RTS), and APACHE II were identified. The values observed in the studies among patients were compared to the ones determined by the basic literature, being called Critical Values (CV). The group of gravity indexes, besides clinical and regulatory protocols, found in this review are the solidification of the healthcare process involving the traumatized patient's responses to the actions of the healthcare team. The analysis of these indexes must be emphasized to determine, with greater reliability, the prognosis of the patient. With these data, it may be possible to effectively predict mortality rates (AU).

O objetivo desta revisão é determinar os índices para detecção precoce e avaliação clínica e fisiológica para deterioração de pacientes do trauma. Conduziu-se uma revisão de escopo de acordo com os métodos propostos pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) entre fevereiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2018 nas bases de dados LILACS (Literatura Latina-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e SCOPUS. Foram incluídos 62 estudos, dos quais 43 sobre trauma geral. Encontrou-se grande diversidade de variáveis fisiológicas, como Escala de Coma de Glasgow, Glicose, dias em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, lactato e índices preditores­Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Reviseted Trauma Score (RTS) e APACHE II. Os valores observados nos pacientes dos estudos encontrados foram comparados com os da literatura básica, sendo denominados Valores Críticos (CV). O grupo de índices de gravidade encontrados neste estudo, além de protocolos reguladores e clínicos, são a solidificação do processo de cuidado envolvendo a resposta das ações da equipe em saúde ao paciente de trauma. A análise desses índices deve ser enfatizada para determinar com maior confiabilidade o prognóstico do paciente. Com esses dados, pode ser possível predizer a taxa de mortalidade com maior acurácia (AU).

Capacitação profissional em hanseníase na Atenção Primária à Saúde: protocolo de revisão de escopo / Professional training in leprosy in Primary Health Care: a scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: Descrever a sistematização do desenvolvimento de uma revisão de escopo para mapear evidências científicas relativas à capacitação profissional da equipe de assistência ao paciente em hanseníase na Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODO: Fundamentar-se-á nas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), atendendo às orientações do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Espera-se que as evidências encontradas na literatura nacional e internacional possam direcionar profissionais e gestores na implementação de ações de controle e eliminação da hanseníase como problema de saúde pública, por meio da educação.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the systematization of a scoping review to map scientific evidence related to the professional training of the members of the leprosy primary health care team. METHOD: The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be met, as well as the Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines. It is expected that the evidence found in the national and international literature can guide professionals and managers in implementing actions to control and eliminate leprosy, a public health problem, through education.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of COPD: A Scoping Review From 2011 to 2021

@#The aim of this review was to document the recently reported prevalence and risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the last ten years. A scoping review of studies released between 2011 and 2021 was done. The main findings on selected studies’ prevalence and risk factors were summarised. Thirty-seven studies in total were chosen. The overall data on COPD prevalence was 1.3-36.7%, and the average incidence rate was 9.1%. The risk factors of COPD prevalence were identified as unchangeable risk factors (gender, age, family history of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and environmental temperature and humidity) and changeable risk factors (outdoor and indoor air pollution, cigarette smoking, occupational exposure, low education, low household income, obesity, underweight, physical inactivity, and cooking method). The highest changeable risk factors were cigarette smoking, indoor air pollution, and occupational exposure. In contrast, the lowest changeable risk factors were physical inactivity and cooking methods. Changeable risk factors significantly increase COPD risks. The COPD caused by household emissions from biofuel cooking in low-income rural areas deserves attention. Emphasis on healthy lifestyle interventions and economic and educational policies to reduce environmental impacts may prevent COPD.

Effect of Plant Extracts on Protein Changes During Adipogenesis: A Scoping Review

@#Plant extracts are gaining popularity among researchers as alternatives from natural sources for the treatment of obesity and inhibition of adipogenic differentiation is one of the mechanisms targeted by these extracts. The main focus of this scoping review is to specifically identify the phytochemicals within the extracts, and the protein changes that occurred during adipogenesis when subjected to the various plant extracts as well as to identify the gaps in the previous studies. A systematic search was conducted using predetermined keywords on three online databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, and ScienceDirect). Overall, a total of 988 articles were retrieved, leaving only 43 articles after applying the exclusion criteria. The selected studies looked at the effects of phytochemicals found in plant extracts on the alterations in adipogenesis-related proteins that results in adipocyte differentiation inhibition mainly in 3T3-L1 cells and mice. Despite plant extracts being the basis of numerous hyperlipidemic treatments, not much is focused on the changes in adipogenic proteins such as PPARs, CEBPs, or SREBPs. Thus, in this review, we discuss how the plant extracts aid in obesity prevention, and possible further research required to fully utilize the natural sources for the betterment of public health.

School health services and effectiveness based on World Health Organization health-promoting school framework: a scoping review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo review the studies related to school health services and their outcomes based on the World Health Organization health-promoting school framework, to synthesize and analyze the main research scopes and related evidence in this field. MethodsLiterature about the interventions and outcomes of implementing health-promoting school health services were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI, from the establishment to June, 2023, and a scoping review was conducted. ResultsSeven papers were eventually included, involving 76 researches, more than 20 interventions, from five countries, published mainly from 2014 to 2021. The interventions included asthma education training curriculum, oral health education, menstrual management interventions, cognitive anxiety prevention programs, physical activity curriculum, cooking and nutrition curriculum, exercise and fitness interventions, mental health education programs, health-promoting diets curriculum and health education curriculum, and health skills training curriculum. The school health services programs included health screening and monitoring, disease prevention and control, and safety and first aid training for teachers and students. The health benefits of health-promoting school for students included improving health education outcomes and grades in health services elective courses; improving health condition and qualities of learning and life at school, reducing prevalence of chronic diseases and frequency of visiting the emergency room, and alleviating asthma; improving self-esteem, communication skills and social cohesion of the group, alleviating the influence of anxiety and other negative emotion, and increasing awareness of autonomy; improving activities related to healthy living, and positively affecting behaviors, attitudes and action. The health benefits of health-promoting school for teachers included improving pedagogical abilities and skills in teaching physical activity-related curriculum content, and increasing professional support for staff such as knowledge of first aid and participation in the school health service. The health benefits of health-promoting school for schools included promoting the incorporation of health education courses into regular teaching activities and increasing the school's financial investment in the construction of health-related psychosocial environments; promoting the plan and implementation of the health service in the schools. ConclusionThe school-based health services in health-promoting school consisted of two main categories: school curriculum and school health services. The health-promoting school may improve the health conditions, health behaviors and health services for the students, teachers and schools.

Prevalence, types, risk factors and intervention strategies of sport injury for Paralympic athletes: a scoping review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the occurrence of sport injury in Paralympic athletes during the Summer or Winter Paralympic Games, as well as the risk factors for sport injuries and possible interventions. MethodsThe literatures related to sport injuries of Paralympic athletes were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI from January, 2013 to July, 2022, and a scoping review of the retrieved literature was performed. ResultsFinally, eight English articles from China, Sweden, South Africa, Poland and the United States were included, involving 4 769 atheletes. They included one interview study, five survey studies, one retrospective study and one prospective cohort study, which were mainly from journals in the fields of sport medicine, adaptive sport and sport science, and the publication date was mainly from 2016 to 2022. The types of disability of Paralympic athletes mainly involved physical disability (upper and lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis, dysplasia and neuromuscular dystrophy, central nervous system injury, myelomeningocele, etc.), intellectual disability and visual disability. The incidence of sport injury was high in Paralympic athletes, and most of the injury occured during competitions. Acute injury, chronic overuse injury and chronic to acute injury were the three most common types of injury. Sports injuries mainly involved head and neck, upper limbs (shoulders, upper arms/forearms, elbows, wrists and fingers), trunk (abdomen, back and waist), and lower limbs (hips/groin, thighs, knees, calves, ankles and toes). Risk factors for sport injuries in Paralympic athletes mainly included previous injury history, illness, fatigue and decreased physical strength, spasticity and muscle weakness; emotional states of inattention or distraction, excessive anxiety or excitement; improper exercise training methods, lack of knowledge related to sport training and injury prevention, and motor skill deficiencies; weather, competition venues, sport facilities, use of equipment and assistive devices, age factors, etc. Injuries of Paralympic athletes could be prevented by providing rehabilitation services for Paralympic athletes, optimizing training design, conducting collective training for coaches and athletes on various types of injuries, conducting research related to sport injuries of disabled athletes, formulating prevention programs and strategies, improving the physical fitness and sport skills of Paralympic athletes, improving emergency treatment techniques for injuries, and strengthening coordination and governance structures between sport medicine and rehabilitation therapists. ConclusionThe incidence of sport injury is high in Paralympic athletes. Chronic overuse injury is the most common injury type, and the injuries most involve head, neck and upper extremities. The risk factors for sport injuries of Paralympic athletes mainly involve physical function, psychological, activities and participation, environment and other factors. The main intervention strategies include providing emergency treatment intervention and monitoring services, sport medicine treatment and rehabilitation, guidance and specialized support, and health education on sport injury prevention.

Breastfeeding Education: A Scoping Review

@#The aim of this scoping review was to explore the evidence related to breastfeeding education in postpartum mothers from relevant databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley). There were nine eligible studies in which all of them used quantitative design. The data was organized into seven themes including targets, materials, methods, media, officers and places, time, and the effect or influence of breastfeeding education. Almost all (8/9) articles informed breastfeeding education targets. There were 5/9 articles that reported the methods, 6/9 articles discussed the media, 8/9 articles talked about the officers and places, 7/9 articles concerned about the time of implementation, and all studies reported the effect of breastfeeding education. Breastfeeding education included at least 5 existing components. Breastfeeding education must be planned properly and must be carried out continuously from the antenatal until the postnatal period.

A Scoping Review on the Educational Strategies Used in Intervention Studies to Improve Oral Health in Children

@#This study reviewed the educational strategies of oral health intervention studies on children aged three to 18 years. Eighteen studies, published between January 2015 and December 2021, were found in the major databases and met the eligibility criteria. Information on the educational activities, topics, and study participants were extracted and synthesised, and the association between the number of strategies and oral health improvement was examined. Demonstrations, distribution of printed materials, and provision of oral health kits were frequently employed educational activities of the 14 studies identified.. Of ten topics, oral health care, diet, and oral diseases were frequently included. Most interventions involved children only and few had involved the parents, children, and teachers. Improvement in clinical and non-clinical outcomes are associated with fewer topics and targeting children only, respectively. It is unclear whether mixed and multiple strategies are advantageous and cost-effective in preventing oral diseases in children.

Current situation of Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trial quality management: A scoping review / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To systematically identify and summarizes the weaknesses of the key aspects of Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trial (IIT) quality management in China, and quantitatively assess these weaknesses with a synthesis of relevant evidence, thereby providing references for the subsequent establishment of a complete IIT quality management system in China.Methods:According to the Scoping review report checklist (PRISMA-ScR statement), we conducted a systematic literature retrieval and screening, data extraction, and result synthesis of IIT quality management issues after defining the research questions.Results:73 eligible studies were eventually included. It was found that the most frequently explored issues were a lack of guidance and support from methodological and statistical experts at the project initiation stage (60.9%), a lack of research funding or improper funding management at the project implementation stage (49.3%), mismanagement of archival materials at the project completion stage (70.0%). Meta-analysis results showed that after evidence synthesis, the incidence of irregular informed consent signing, untraceable raw data, delayed study progress, and protocol violation were all above 40%, but there was heterogeneity in the results.Conclusion:Some outstanding issues in IIT quality management need to be addressed. Future studies should conduct more practical research to obtain quantitative data, undertake demonstrative application of management protocols, further carry out pioneering exploration and research in the field of IIT quality management, and propose effective solutions and strategies to improve IIT quality.

The development of the course of end-of-life care education in medical colleges and universities at home and abroad: a scoping review / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The end-of-life care education of medical students is related to the development of hospice care in the future. This paper comprehensively reviewed the setting up situations of end-of-life care education courses at home and abroad, as well as the status quo of courses' implementation, including teaching contents, teaching methods, assessment methods, teaching staff, teaching evaluations and effects. Based on these aspects, we have made some thoughts and suggestions, in order to provide reference for the development of end-of-life care education courses in medical colleges and universities in China.

User persona application in the field of cancer basing on online health community: a scoping review / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To summarize the research on the application of online health community-based user personain the field of cancer at home and abroad, so as to provide reference for the related research and application in this field in the future.Methods:Computer search of CNKI, China biomedical literature database, VIP, Wanfang, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, a total of 10 Chinese and English databases, focused on the relevant research on building user personas based on online health communities in the field of cancer, and the search time limit was from the establishment of the database to April 20, 2022. Literature was screened, data extracted and summarized.Results:Totally 11 literatures were included. The construction process of user persona based on online health community included data collection, tag extraction and persona presentation. The functional diversity and implementation feasibility were showed in the application content in the field of cancer. It can quickly identify the differences in health information needs of cancer patients, provide personalized decision support and nursing services, strengthen health information education, and improve patients′ self-management ability.Conclusions:The integration of user persona and cancer field based on online health community was in the initial exploration stage, and the feasibility and effectiveness of promoting patients′ health behavior were confirmed by existing studies. In the future, it is still necessary to be promoted in the empirical research on its application in clinical practice, so as to lay a foundation for providing targeted patient health management programs in the future.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging study about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for dysfunction after stroke: a scoping review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the brain mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on dysfunction after stroke using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MethodsLiteratures about the functional magnetic resonance imaging study about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for dysfunction after stroke were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang data from establishment to June 1st, 2021. The quality of the literature was evaluated with Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Literature screening, and data extraction were performed by two researchers. ResultsA total of 14 randomized controlled trials were finally enrolled. They were of high or very high quality. They mainly involved the therapeutic effect and imaging mechanisms of rTMS on dysfunction after stroke. ConclusionrTMS could change the excitability of the cerebral cortex and the effective connections between brain regions after stroke, promote the reorganization of brain function, and achieve the recovery of post-stroke dysfunction.