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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 70(1)dic. 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1387713

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: Los protistas del género Labyrinthula causan la denominada "Enfermedad del desgaste" en el pasto marino, Thalassia testudinum. Desde el 2008 los monitoreos en el Caribe colombiano han mostrado variación espacial y temporal en la incidencia de la enfermedad, pero sin la alta mortalidad observada en otras regiones del mundo. Objetivo: Analizar algunos parámetros epidemiológicos en T. testudinum y comparar metabolitos entre plantas sanas e infectadas. Métodos: Registramos la severidad, incidencia y prevalencia de esta enfermedad en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona e Isla de Providencia, y analizamos muestras de agua y sedimentos. Además, aplicamos cromatografía líquida y de gases, junto con espectrometría de masas, a extractos metanólicos de muestras de hojas y rizomas de brotes sanos e infectados. Resultados: Las praderas se encontraban en buen estado, a pesar de la escasez de brotes de fanerógamas marinas en Tayrona y una alta incidencia (15 %) y severidad (355 %) de la enfermedad en Providencia. Las plantas infectadas tenían niveles más bajos de fenoles, flavonoides y azúcares. Las flavonas sulfatadas con aglicona luteolina y diosmetina, los esteroles (sitosterol y estigmasterol) y las oxilipinas volátiles se acumularon en las hojas (3-hidroxi-2-isopentanona) y los ácidos isopentanoico y octadecatrienoico en los rizomas. Conclusiones: Estos pastos marinos colombianos tienen producción diferencial de metabolitos. Probablemente como una defensa exitosa, aún a niveles bajos de severidad (0.1 %) e incidencia (1 %) de la enfermedad.


Abstract Introduction: Protists of the genus Labyrinthula cause the so-called "Wasting Disease" in seagrass, Thalassia testudinum. Monitoring in the Colombian Caribbean since 2008 has shown spatial and temporal variation in the disease's incidence, but without the high mortality observed in other regions of the world. Objective: To analyze some epidemiological parameters in T. testudinum and to compare metabolites between healthy and infected plants. Methods: We recorded severity, incidence and prevalence of this disease in Tayrona National Natural Park and Providencia Island, and we analyze water and sediment samples. Additionally, we applied gas and liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, to methanolic extracts from leaf and rhizome samples of healthy and infected shoots. Results: The meadows were in good condition, despite the scarce seagrass shoots in Tayrona and a high incidence (15 %) and severity (35.5 %) of the disease in Providencia. Infected plants had lower levels of phenols, flavonoids and sugars. Sulphated flavones with aglycone luteolin and diosmetin, sterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol) and volatile oxylipins are accumulated in leaves (3-hydroxy-2-isopentanone) and isopentaenoic and octadecatrienoic acids in rhizomes. Conclusions: These Colombian seagrasses have differential production of metabolites. Probably as a successful defense, even at low levels of severity (0.1 %) and incidence (1 %) of the disease.


Assuntos
Doenças das Plantas , Hydrocharitaceae , Metabolismo , Musa
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 61(3): 1425-1432, sep. 2013. ilus, graf, mapas
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-688486

RESUMO

Seagrasses are one of the most important coastal ecosystems since they promote organic matter flow, nutrient cycling, food availability and refuge. Until now, reports on damages caused by storms and hurricanes on seagrass beds are uncommon and highly variable. The seagrass meadows of the East end of Jardines de la Reina archipelago were surveyed from Nov. 29th to Dec. 5th of 2008, in order to determinate the effects from the passing of Hurricane Paloma: a category three storm on the Saffir-Simpsom scale. A rapid field assessment of the affected areas was carried out using the manta tow technique. In six sites, seagrass was quantitatively evaluated using a 15cm diameter core (four sampling units per site) and shoot density was calculated. Remote sensing techniques were used to estimate seagrass cover. To estimate the percentage of affected areas, a Region of Interest (ROI) was first created over a Landsat image. The percentage of seagrass affected within the ROI was estimated through direct georeferentiation of the contours of the damaged area and with a comparison to the total seagrass extension. To find possible explanations for damages, a false colour image was created using the near infrared band, to highlight the differences between emerged and submerged zones. The direction of winds was estimated using ArcGis 9.2 creating circular buffers, from the centre of the hurricane and generating lines tangent to the buffers. Seagrass in the region was dominated by the angiosperm Thalassia testudinum. Regional mean density was 1 321±721 shoots/m², a value regarded as high for the Caribbean area. Seagrass meadows were partly affected by sediment accumulation on the shoots of T. testudinum and uprooting rhizomes. The 7.6km² disturbed area represented 1% of the total seagrass area. Other sites, closer to the centre of the hurricane, did not show any damages on the marine vegetation. The keys location with respect to the hurricane track was the most likely cause of the effects. To the North of the affected area there is an opening among the keys where the generation of waves, currents and turbulence could have occurred. Three years after the hurricane event, both vegetation cover loss and silt re-colonization by macroalgae species were observed within the affected area, by showing a patchily-vegetated landscape. This site is currently undergoing a temporal succession whose assessment demands a monitoring scheme, that will provide interesting information to document its future evolution and responsiveness against upcoming natural or anthropogenic events.


Las descripciones de disturbios naturales, provocados por tormentas o huracanes, sobre las comunidades de pastos marinos son altamente variables. Del 29 de noviembre al 5 de diciembre 2008 se determinaron los efectos del huracán Paloma, categoría tres en la escala Saffir-Simpsom, sobre los pastos marinos del extremo oriental del Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina. Se llevó a cabo una evaluación rápida de campo mediante recorridos con arrastre (manta tow) y se muestreo cuantitativamente en seis sitios. Se utilizaron técnicas de teledetección para estimar la extensión de los pastos. La densidad media regional fue de 1 321±721vástagos/m², valor considerado como alto para la zona del Caribe. El pasto marino sufrió afectaciones parciales provocadas por acumulación de sedimentos sobre los vástagos de Thalassia testudinum o desenterramiento de rizomas. El área bajo disturbios fue de 7.6km² que representa el 1% del total de pastos marinos. Sitios más cercanos al ojo del huracán no mostraron afectaciones en la vegetación marina. La distribución de los cayos con respecto a la trayectoria del huracán se define como la causa más probable del patrón de afectación observado. Después de tres años del paso del huracán, la evolución del área afectada apunta hacia una pérdida de vegetación y re-colonización del sedimento por especies de macroalgas, se observa un paisaje con vegetación por parches. El sitio se encuentra en una sucesión temporal, por lo que se hace oportuno evaluar el área afectada mediante un programa de monitoreo para documentar su evolución futura y ante nuevos episodios naturales y/o antrópicos.


Assuntos
Tempestades Ciclônicas , Hydrocharitaceae , Cuba , Dinâmica Populacional
3.
J Environ Biol ; 2012 Nov; 33(6): 1033-1037
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-148466

RESUMO

Seagrass rhizosphere generally supports high bacterial population density which plays a major role in determining the nutrient cycles of the sea. Higher densities of total heterotrophic bacteria (26.3 ?06 CFU g-1), nitrogen fixing (27.3 ?03 CFUg-1), ammonifying (44.66 X 106 MPN g-1) and nitrifying bacteria (42.33 X 106 MPN g-1 ) have been registered in the seagrass areas than the non seagrass area. In particular, all these rhizosphere microbial population was higher in Thalassia hemprichii. The rates of nitrogen fixation was recorded in the different species of seagrasses such as Enhalus acoroides (1.166 n mol g-1d-1), Halophila ovalis (0.166 n mol g-1d-1), Thalassia hemprichii (18.5 n mol g-1d-1), Cymodocea serrulata (10.5 n mol g-1d-1), Halodule uninervis (5.375 n mol g-1d-1) and Syringodium isoetifolium (0.666 n mol g-1d-1) using gas chromatography. The average nitrogen fixation by the seagrasses of Gulf of Mannar alone was estimated to be 7640.58 n mol m-2 d-1 and the contributions from the rhizosphere microbes will increase the quantity to many fold.

4.
Rev. biol. trop ; 58(supl.3): 89-98, Oct. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-638090

RESUMO

Seagrass beds are the largest organism-built marine habitat in Dominica, yet have only been surveyed since 2007. Standardized examinations along a depth gradient between 0 and 24m, focusing on magnoliophyte species composition and benthic cover of shoots at 17 seagrass bed sites, were carried out between September 10 and December 7, 2008. The Cymodoceaceae Syringodium filiforme (Kuetzing 1860) and Halodule wrightii (Ascherson 1868), as well as the Hydrocharitaceae Halophila decipiens (Ostenfeld 1902), H. stipulacea (Fosskal & Ascherson 1867) and Thalassia testudinum (Banks ex König 1805) displayed distinct regional and horizontal distribution patterns. Syringodium filiforme is the island’s dominant seagrass along the western and northern coasts, occurring at depths between 2 and 18m and with a mean benthic cover ranging from 0.9-10% along the West coast. Along the North coast it grew between 0.2 and 1m depth with a mean maximum benthic cover of 48.9%. Halodule wrightii grew along the North and West coasts, in depths between 1 and 14m in areas of recent and chronic disturbances. Its delicate morphology and sparse benthic cover (<0.1%) did not constitute seagrass beds. Halophila decipiens grew along the deep, shallow and lateral margins of west coast S. filiforme beds and monospecifically in depths between 3 and 24m. Halophila stipulacea, an invasive species, was widespread along 45km of the West coast and was found in depths between 5 and 24m. Both Halophila species formed extensive beds at depths beyond the survey limit of 24m thus playing a potentially important role in the resettlement of shallow areas after storms. H. decipiens and H. stipulacea are currently the second and third most common seagrasses on the island respectively, despite their absence along the North coast. T. testudinum was confined to North coast’s sheltered reef flats at depths 1m or less with mean a benthic cover ranging from 2 to 76%. It grew monospecifically in the most turbulent and in the calmest locations, yet intermixed with S. filiforme in areas of moderate turbulence. Strong surge along the West coast (October 15-16, 2008), associated with Hurricane Omar, caused uprooting and burial of seagrass beds in varying degrees, in particular along the shallow margins between 2 and 10m depth. This event also demonstrated the dynamic nature of Dominica’s shallow seagrass bed margins and the resistance level of individual beds to storm disturbances. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 89-98. Epub 2010 October 01.


Pastos marinos son los ambientes más grandes constituidos por organismos en Dominica. Sin embargo, sólo se han examinado desde 2007. Entre el 10 de septiembre y 9 de diciembre 2008, se examinaron la composicion de especies y la densidad de magnoliofitas en profundidades de 0 a 24m. Los Cymodoceaceae: Syringodium filiforme y Halodule wrightii, tal como los Hydrocharitaceae: Halophila decipiens, H. stipulacea y Thalassia testudinum, mostraron una distribución regional y horizontal muy distinta. Syringodium filiforme fue la especie dominante en las costas del oeste y del norte de la isla. Se encontró en profundidades de 2 a 18m y con un promedio de cobertura béntica de 0.9-10% en la costa del oeste. En las costas del norte creció entre 0.2 y 1m de profundidad con un pormedio de cobertura béntica de 48.9%. Halodule wrightii creció en las costad del norte y oeste, en profundidades de 1 a 14m en áreas de perturbaciones recientes o crónicas. Su morfología delicada y su baja cobertura béntica (<0.1%) no constituyeron pastos. Halophila decipiens creció en los márgenes profundos, llanos y laterales de pastos dominados por S. filiforme, pero también en forma mono-específica entre 3 y 24m. Halophila stipulacea, una especie invasora, se encontró comúnmente a lo largo de 45km de la costa del oeste en profundidades entre 5 y 24m. Ambas especies de Halophila formaron pastos extensos en profudidades mayores al límite de este estudio y puden ser importantes en la recolonización de áreas llanas después de tormentas destructivas. H. decipiens y H. stipulacea ahora son las especies más comunes después de S. filiforme, a pesar de su ausencia en la costa del norte. T. testudinum, sólo creció en la costa del norte, encima de áreas arrecifales con un pormedio de cobertura béntica entre 2 y 76%, en aguas con 1m o menos de profundidad. Crecieron mono-específicamente en áreas de turbulencia máxima y mínima, pero entre S. filiforme en áreas de turbulencia moderada. Oleaje fuerte en la costa del oeste (octubre 16), asociado con el Huracán Omar, causó la erosión y el enterramiento variado de las márgenes llanas de pastos marinos, particularmente entre 2 y 10m de profundidad. Este evento demostró la dinámica en las márgenes llanas de pastos marinos de Dominica y el nivel de resistencia a perturbaciones de pastos individuales.


Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Poaceae/classificação , Oceano Atlântico , Dominica , Densidade Demográfica
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; 58(2): 589-602, jun. 2010. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-638026

RESUMO

Surveys of benthic marine habitats encompassing 1 814.7ha and lining 90% of Dominica’s shoreline were carried out to build the first composite picture of the distribution and size of the island’s near-shore sublittoral habitats, and the epibenthic communities they harbor. Field survey sites covered areas ranging from 1 425 to 29.6ha, lining the shore in bands ranging between 50 and 250m in width, in waters no deeper than 30m. Thus a total of 755ha of benthos were surveyed in October and November of 2007. The benthic habitat composition of an additional 1 059.7ha was inferred with the help of unpublished data and satellite imagery. Seagrass beds were the most widespread organism-built habitat type with 265ha. Coral reefs covered 72.2ha. Both of these habitats were predominantly established along the West and North coasts, which included the island’s most habitatdiverse regions. Rocky environments (911.5ha) dominated the East and South coast and together with sandy areas (566ha) constituted 81% of the island’s marine benthos. It is apparent that seagrass beds, which include four native and one invasive seagrass species, had not been surveyed as previous distribution reports could not be confirmed. Similarly, the benthic cover of Dominica’s coral reefs is evidently far below the previously reported 7 000ha. Such discrepancies highlight the advantage of environmental assessments based on field surveys and systematic data compilation, particularly in cases like Dominica where a narrow island shelf stages marginal marine resources in spatial proximity to each other and human settlements. This study has demonstrated how low-tech field methods can be applied on an island-wide scale to build an inventory of marine resources in the form of habitat maps and data repositories publicly accessible for future use. In the absence of such efforts, the development of conservation measures and status reports will remain ill founded. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 589- 602. Epub 2010 June 02.


Los ambientes béntico-marinos de Dominica, Antillas Menores, incluyen 1 814.7ha y cerca del 90% de la costa. Este es el primer trabajo sobre el tamaño y distribución de los ambientes costeros sublitorales y sus comunidades epibénticas. Los pastos marinos constituyeron el ambiente más extenso, con 265ha. Los arrecifes coralinos presentaron una cobertura de 72.2ha. Ambos tipos de ambientes se encontraron principalmente en la costa oeste y norte, regiones con la mayor diversidad de ambientes marinos. Las áreas rocosas (911.5ha) dominaron las costas este y sur de la isla, y junto con las áreas arenosas (566ha) constituyeron el 81% de los ambientes bénticos. La distribución de pastos marinos, que incluyeron cuatro especies nativas y una invasiva, no se pudo corroborar con los pocos informes previos. La cobertura béntica de los arrecifes coralinos de Dominica fue mucho menor que las 7 000ha que se habían reportado previamente. Estas discrepancias ilustran la ventaja de los estudios ambientales basados en trabajo de campo y la compilación sistemática de datos ambientales, especialmente en casos como Dominica donde por lo angosto de la plataforma insular, los ambientes marinos sublitorales quedan muy cerca de los centros urbanos. Se demuestra que técnicas simples pueden ser utilizadas a gran escala alrededor de una isla para realizar inventarios de los recursos marino-costeros, mediante mapas y repositorios públicos de datos para usos futuros, que permiten el desarrollo de medidas de conservación efectivas.


Assuntos
Animais , Antozoários , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poaceae , Oceano Atlântico , Dominica , Densidade Demográfica
6.
Rev. biol. trop ; 54(2): 329-339, jun. 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-492065

RESUMO

Annual biomass and productivity of Thalassia testudinum were determined during a year at a seagrass bed located in the Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela. Leaf, rhizome and root biomass were determined monthly, together with short-shoot density, from February 1992 to January 1993, from nine replicated core samples. Productivity was measured using the methodology by Zieman (1974) with minor modifications, and leaf turnover rate was calculated. Leaf biomass values ranged between 101.73 dry g m(-2) in February and 178.11 dry g m(-2) in August. Productivity ranged from 1.69 dry g m(-2) d(-1) in April and October to 3.30 dry g m(-2) d(-1) in July, showing two annual peaks: one in July and one in March. The leaf turnover rate showed the highest value in June (2.41% d(-1)) and the lowest in May (1.23% d(-1)). Sampling time differences in leaf biomass, productivity and turnover rate were statistically significant. Short-shoot density values varied between 811.10 shoots m(-2) in April and 1226.08 shoots m(-2) in December, but the differences were not significant along the year. These results indicated seasonal trends for leaf biomass, productivity and turnover rate of T. testudinum in the Southern Caribbean (latitude 10 degrees N).


Durante un año se determinaron mensualmente la productividad foliar, la densidad de tallos cortos y la biomasa de hojas, tallos cortos, rizomas y raíces de Thalassia testudinum, en una “pradera” localizada en el Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela. Los valores de biomasa foliar estuvieron entre 101.73 g/m2 en febrero y 178.11 g/m2 en agosto, los de productividad foliar se ubicaron entre 1.69 g/m2/d en abril y octubre y 3.30 g/m2/d en julio, mostrando dos picos anuales, uno en julio y otro en marzo. La tasa de recambio foliar mostró el mayor valor en junio (2.41%/d) y el menor en mayo (1.23%/d). Tales diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas durante el año para todas estas variables. La densidad de tallos cortos fluctuó entre 811.10 tallos/m2 en abril y 1 226.08 tallos/m2 en diciembre, pero las diferencias no fueron significativas a lo largo del año. Estos resultados indicaron una tendencia estacional para la biomasa foliar, la productividad foliar y la tasa de recambio de las hojas de T. testudinum en el Caribe Sur, a 10º N de latitud.


Assuntos
Biomassa , Clima , Hydrocharitaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água do Mar/análise , Análise de Variância , Clima Tropical , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do Ano , Região do Caribe , Temperatura , Venezuela
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