Disfunção familiar em nonagenários e centenários: importância das condições de saúde e suporte social / Family dysfunction in nonagenarians and centenarians: the importance of health conditions and social support

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os fatores relacionados à disfunção familiar (DF) entre 227 nonagenários e centenários identificados e avaliados no domicílio, aleatoriamente selecionados, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. A DF foi avaliada pelo instrumento "APGAR da família", sendo considerado, no presente estudo, de zero a seis com DF e de sete a dez sem DF. Foram avaliados, entre abril e novembro de 2016, dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, funcionalidade física, autopercepção de saúde, comorbidades, sintomas depressivos, função cognitiva, suporte e interação social. A média do APGAR foi de 9,05±1,81, a DF ocorreu em 9,69% dos participantes. Foram relacionados à DF a autopercepção de saúde (p=0,0003), número de sintomas depressivos (p<0,0001), ter ajuda em caso de doença (p=0,0090) e necessidade de ajuda para administrar medicamentos (p=0,0602). Na análise ajustada, foram independentemente associados à DF em nonagenários e centenários a autopercepção de saúde, a presença de sintomas depressivos e a necessidade de ajuda para administrar medicamentos. Conclui-se que esses fatores parecem interferir na satisfação do nonagenário ou centenário com suas relações familiares.

Abstract The scope of this study is to evaluate factors related to family dysfunction (FD) among 227 randomly selected nonagenarians and centenarians in Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, who were visited and assessed in their homes. FD was evaluated by the "Family APGAR score," being considered with FD from 0 to 6, and without FD from 7 to 10 in this study. Sociodemographic and economic data, physical functionality, health self-perception, comorbidities, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, social support and interaction were evaluated. The mean APGAR score was 9.05±1.81, and FD occurred in 9.69% of the participants. Among the health conditions, the self-perception of health (p=0.0003), the number of depressive symptoms (p<0.0001), receiving visits (p=0.0994), having recourse to help in case of illness (p=0.0090), and the need for help to administer medication (p=0.0602), were significantly related to FD. In the adjusted analysis, self-perception of health, the presence of depressive symptoms and the need for help in administering medication were associated with FD among nonagenarians and centenarians. These factors may influence the satisfaction of nonagenarians and centenarians with their family relationships.

Calidad de Vida Relacionada con Salud Oral y Autopercepción de Salud: Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida y Salud 2015-2016 en Chile / Quality of Life Related to Oral Health and Self-Perception of Health: National Survey of Quality of Life and Health 2015-2016 in Chile

RESUMEN: La calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral permite evaluar como los problemas bucodentales pueden ser determinantes el estado de su salud, relaciones sociales, trabajo y bienestar. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la asociación entre la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada a salud oral y la autopercepción de la salud. Estudio transversal de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida y Salud (ENCAVI 2015-2016) del Ministerio de Salud, de personas mayores de 15 años de las 15 regiones de Chile. La calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral se midió a través de la versión abreviada del instrumento Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-7). La autopercepción de salud se midió con una pregunta única. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística para identificar la asociación en términos de Odds Ratio utilizando STATA v15.0. De 7041 encuestas el 50,8 % son mujeres, la media de edad fue de 42,3 años (d.t. 0,41), el 60,3 % tiene menos de 12 años de educación, el 36 % declara tener alguna enfermedad crónica. El 18,5 % percibe que sus problemas de salud oral impactan en su calidad de vida. Los factores que se asociaron significativamente con una mala percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral fueron mala autopercepción de salud general OR=4,84 (IC95 % 3,51; 6,67), edad (45-54 años) OR=1,98 (IC95 % 1,26;3,12) y uso frecuente de medicamentos (>3) OR=3,67 (IC95 % 2,17;6,). La calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral está asociada con la autopercepción en salud, es decir que una mala autopercepción de salud tiene probablemente más riesgo de tener una peor calidad de vida asociada a salud oral, siendo más fuerte a medida que avanza la edad y con el uso frecuente de medicamentos.

ABSTRACT: Quality of life related to oral health assessment oral problems affect an individual´s health, social relations, work and well-being. The objective of the study is to determine the association between the perception of the quality of life related with oral health and self-perception of health. A cross-sectional study of data from the National Survey of Quality of Life and Health (2015-2016) of the Ministry of Health was carried out, for people older than 15 years of age, reported from the 15 regions of Chile. Impact profile in oral health (OHIP-7) used to measure Quality of life related to oral health. The self-perception of health was measured with one question. Logistic regression models were adjusted to identify the association in terms of Odds Ratio using STATA v15.0. Out of 7041 surveys, 50.8 % were women, the average age was 42.3 years (d.s., 0.41), 60.3 % had less than 12 years of education, 36 % reported having a chronic disease. 18.5 % perceive that their oral health problems impact on their quality of life. Factors that are associated with poor perception of the quality of life related to oral health, were a poor self-perception of health OR = 4.84 (95 % CI 3.51, 6.67), age (45-54) years) OR = 1.98 (95 % CI 1.26, 3.12) and frequent use of medications (> 3) OR = 3.67 (95 % CI 2.17, 6,). In conclusion, quality of life related to oral health, is directly related to poor selfperception of health and becomes significantly worse with age, as well as with the frequent use of medications.

The work and the health of elderly butchers: case reports from a municipal market / O trabalho e a saúde de açougueiros idosos: relato de casos em um mercado municipal

Abstract The present study aimed to verify the health and work conditions of seven elderly workers carrying out informal labor activities in a municipal market and to describe the accidents they suffered at work. A qualitative case study was carried out with seven elderly butcher workers from a municipal market in Bahia, Brazil. The participants were men and women with limited schooling (up to high school level in one case), who lived with others at home and had worked for an average of 31 years in the butcher business. Despite the stress involved, such as uncomfortable physical positioning and few days off, all the participants said they were satisfied with their jobs. They were affected by chronic diseases, especially arterial hypertension, and said they were aware of the risks involved in their work. They had suffered accidents at work from finger cuts to amputation. Such workers require activities that promote health and protection from work-related accidents and injuries to avoid the problems that transform the process of senescence into senility.

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar as condições de saúde e laborais e descrever os acidentes de trabalho sofridos por sete trabalhadores idosos que desenvolvem atividades informais em um mercado municipal da Bahia, Brasil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de casos, junto a sete trabalhadores idosos que desenvolvem atividades laborais em açougues de um mercado municipal da Bahia. Os participantes foram homens e mulheres com poucos anos de estudo (até o ensino médio em um caso), coabitam com outras pessoas em domicílio, e estão, em média, a 31 anos no ramo de açougue. Apesar do estresse referido, de posições incômodas, de poucas folgas, todos concordaram que estão satisfeitos com o trabalho. São acometidos por doenças crônicas, especialmente hipertensão arterial. Referem conhecer os riscos presentes no processo de trabalho. Sofreram acidentes laborais, desde corte em dedos até amputações. Os trabalhadores necessitam de atividades de promoção à saúde e de proteção a eventos e agravos voltados ao processo de trabalho, com vistas a não ocorrência de problemas que transformem o processo de senescência em senilidade.

Multimorbidity associated with polypharmacy and negative self-perception of health / Multimorbidade associado à polifarmácia e autopercepção negativa de saúde

Abstract Objective: to verify the association between the multimorbidity of the elderly and sociodemographic variables, self-perception of health and polypharmacy. Method: a cross-sectional study was performed. The research data was collected using the Health, Well-Being and Aging questionnaire. The sample was composed of 676 people aged 60 years or more, who were residents of small towns in the north of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The dependent variable was multimorbidity, that is, the occurrence of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases in the same person. The independent variables were demographic, socioeconomic and health-related characteristics. Poisson's raw and robust regression model was used to analyze the effect of the independent variables in relation to the outcome and p was considered significant when <0.05. Result: among the elderly interviewed, 45% presented multimorbidity, 51.1% reported a self-perception of poor/very poor health and 37.1% used polypharmacy. After the analysis was adjusted to the occurrence of multimorbidity, association with the following variables was found: health perception (regular/poor/very poor) PR=1.15 (CI95%; 1.09 - 1.22) and use of polypharmacy PR=1.29 (CI95%; 1.22 - 1.35). Conclusion: Multimorbidity may interfere negatively in the self-perception of health of the elderly contributing to increased medicine consumption. AU

Resumo Objetivo: verificar a associação entre multimorbidade em idosos e variáveis sociodemográficas, autopercepção de saúde e polifarmácia. Método: Estudo de corte transversal, para a coleta de dados utilizou-se o questionário Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento. A amostra foi constituída de 676 indivíduos com 60 anos de idade ou mais residentes em municípios de pequeno porte do norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A variável dependente foi a multimorbidade, isto é, a ocorrência de duas ou mais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no mesmo indivíduo. As variáveis independentes foram as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e relativas à saúde. O modelo de regressão de Poisson bruta e ajustada foi utilizado para analisar o efeito das variáveis independentes em relação ao desfecho e p foi considerado significativo quando <0,05. Resultados: Dos idosos entrevistados, 45% apresentam multimorbidade, 51,1% relatam autopercepção de saúde ruim/muito ruim e 37,1% faz uso de polifarmácia. Após análise ajustada à ocorrência de multimorbidade, apresentou-se associação às variáveis: percepção de saúde negativa. RP=1,15; (IC95%; 1,09 - 1,22) e uso de polifarmácia RP=1,29; (IC95%; 1,22 - 1,35). Conclusão: A multimorbidade pode interferir negativamente na autopercepção de saúde dos idosos contribuindo para o aumento do consumo de medicamentos. AU

Fragilidad y asociaciones de riesgo en adultos mayores de una comunidad urbana / Frailty and risk associations in older adults from an urban community

Introducción: fragilidad en adultos mayores es un síndrome caracterizado por una disminución de la resistencia y de las reservas fisiológicas. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de fragilidad en relación con variables biopsicosociales y funcionales. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, puerta a puerta, de prevalencia, y analítico, estudio de casos y testigos. Se seleccionaron 315 adultos mayores, que habitan en el municipio La Lisa. Se diagnosticó fragilidad según criterios de expertos. Para buscar factores de riesgo se realizó análisis univariado entre cada una de las covariables explicativas y la variable de respuesta, mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado. Se realizó regresión de Poisson para el análisis univariado, calculando la razón de prevalencia. Resultados: la prevalencia de fragilidad fue del 42,9 %. Se constató mayor prevalencia en las féminas (59,5 %) y en aquellos con: comorbilidad (61,9 %), polifarmacia (63,8 %), deficiente movilidad (61,3 %), bajo peso (51,9 %), depresión severa (100,0 %), deterioro cognitivo (100,0 %), discapacidad (84,0 %), mala autopercepción de salud (75,0 %) y con apoyo familiar subordinado a crisis (71,4 %). La presencia de comorbilidad, alteraciones de las pruebas de flexibilidad y movilidad, estado nutricional bajo peso, deterioro cognitivo, discapacidad, caídas y mala autopercepción de salud, aparecieron como los factores que se asociaron a la aparición del síndrome en la población. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del síndrome de fragilidad es alta en la comunidad estudiada y se asociaron a factores biomédicos, psicológicos y funcionales de riesgo para la salud.

Introduction: frailty in older adults is a syndrome characterized by a reduction in resistance and physiological reserves. Objective: describe the prevalence of frailty in terms of biopsychosocial and functional variables. Methods: descriptive analytical cross-sectional door-to-door case-control prevalence study. 315 elderly persons were selected from the municipality of La Lisa. Frailty was diagnosed on the basis of expert criteria. With the purpose of finding risk factors, a univariate analysis was conducted between each of the explanatory covariables and the response variable, using the chi-square test. Poisson regression was performed for the univariate analysis, estimating the prevalence ratio. Results: the prevalence of frailty was 42.9 %. A higher prevalence was found among women (59.5 %) and among subjects with comorbidity (61.9 %), polypharmacy (63.8 %), poor mobility (61.3 %), low weight (51.9 %), severe depression (100.0 %), cognitive impairment (100.0 %), disability (84.0 %), poor self-perception of health (75.0 %) and family support limited to critical events (71.4 %). Comorbidity, altered mobility and flexibility test results, nutritional status, low weight, cognitive impairment, disability, falls and poor self-perception of health were the factors associated with the emergence of the syndrome in the population. Conclusions: prevalence of the frailty syndrome was found to be high in the community studied, and was associated to biomedical, psychological and functional health risk factors.

Evaluación sobre las características del proceso de envejecimiento a través de relatos de vida / Avaliação sobre as características do processo de envelhecimento por meio de histórias de vida / Assesment of the process of ageing through life reports of elder people

En esta investigación se evalúa la percepción que presentan los mayores sobre los factores que influyen en su salud y el desarrollo vital a través del tiempo como punto de partida para mejorar su calidad de vida. Se analizan 147 relatos de vida de pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 65 y 90 años. Se aborda una investigación evaluativa desde un enfoque biográfico-narrativo. Como resultados y conclusiones hay que destacar que las personas mayores compaginaron su trabajo en el sector industrial o servicios con las labores del campo. En cuanto a las actividades que realizan en su tiempo libre destacan para las mujeres coser y para los varones los juegos de cartas y seguir los deportes por televisión. Están satisfechos con la asistencia sanitaria que reciben, aunque demandan nuevos servicios de especialidad y formación en educación para la salud. En general los pacientes se enfrentan positivamente al deterioro de la salud.

In this paper, we assess elderly people's perception of the factors that influence their health and their vital development as a starting point to improve their quality of life. We analyze 147 life stories of patients aged between 65 and 90, in an evaluative research with a biographical-narrative approach. As results and conclusions, we emphasize that the elderly reconciled their work in the industrial or services sectors with ploughing. The most common activities they perform in their free time are sewing for women and card games and watching sports on TV for men. They are satisfied with the medical assistance they receive, although they demand new specialty services and health education. Most of the patients face the deterioration of their health in a positive way.

Avalia-se a percepção que apresentam as pessoas idosas sobre os fatores que influenciam sua saúde e seu desenvolvimento vital como ponto de partida para melhorar sua qualidade de vida. São analisadas 147 histórias de vida dos pacientes com idades entre 65 e noventa anos, em uma investigação avaliativa com abordagem biográfico-narrativa. Como resultados e conclusões, ressalta-se que as pessoas idosas conciliaram seu trabalho no setor industrial, ou de serviços, com a lavoura no campo. Quanto às atividades que realizam no seu tempo livre, destacam-se a costura para as mulheres e os jogos de cartas e a programação desportiva da televisão para os homens. Estão satisfeitos com a assistência que recebem na saúde, embora demandem novos serviços de especialidade e formação na educação para a saúde. De um modo geral, os pacientes defrontam-se com a deterioração da saúde positivamente.

Nutrient Intake of the Rural Elderly Living in Kyungnam -Focusing on Health and Aging Status, and Life-Satisfaction / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in nutrient intake according to the level of self-perception of health status, aging status and life satisfaction of the rural elderly. The factors for the study were surveyed by interview method. The subjects were 270 people(71 male, 129 female) aged over 65 years(73.5 +/- 5.6ys) in the Ham-an area. The obtained results as follows : By evaluation of self-perception of health status, 57.5% of subjects answered they are in a bad health condition. The 91.5% of subjects had diseases(rheumatitis & arthritis 31.4%, cardiovascular disease 20.2%, gastric disease 10.2%). The women had more diseases than the men(p<0.01). The subjects took medical treatment in private hospital(40.5%) and public health centers(35.0%). The men showed better level of aging status(p<0.001) and life satisfaction index(p<0.01) than the worsen. Living with spouse influenced the aging status(p<0.05) and the more pocket money influenced life satisfaction(p<0.05) and aging status(p<0.05). The elderly who eat regularly 3 times a day(p<0.05) and have a good appetite(p<0.001) appeared to have positive effect on the self perception of health status and aging status. An increasing level of the self-perception of health status and regular exercise worked to improve aging status(p<0.001). The habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, however had no effect on any index. The self-perception of health status affected the nutrient intake, but only in female elderly. The aging status and the life satisfaction index related overall positively to the intake of nutrients. In conclusion, the study shows that gender did influence nutrient intake in the elderly. The women who live alone rated lowest in social resources and health condition therefore their nutrient intake was also extremely in deficit. For successful aging, a program for rural elderly is needed, i.e. actions to provide minimum economic life, food delivery and psychological/physical health care through regional public health centers.