Development and evaluation of Tamil Matrix Sentence Test Performance in young adults

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of the study was to develop the Tamil Matrix Sentence Test (TMST) and evaluate the performance of a group of young adults with normal hearing on the developed test. The developed sentences were also administered at varying intensities to obtain a performance-intensity (PI) function. Methods A base matrix with 10 sentences containing 5 words each with a total of 50 words was used to develop the TMST. The sentences had a fixed semantic sentence structure of Tamil language in the order of noun, number, adjective, object and verb. The developed test consisted of 30 lists with 10 sentences in each list. The performance of 60 young adults with normal hearing aged 18 to 24 years across the 30 lists were compared for list equivalency. To obtain the PI function the sentences were administered on 20 young adults with normal hearing at intensities from 20 dB HL to 100 dB HL in 10 dB increments. The performance across the intensity levels were compared. Results The 30 lists of TMST were found to be acoustically equivalent. However, few lists showed significant difference in the scores obtained on them compared to the rest of the lists. The PI function revealed a saturation in performance beyond 40 dB HL. Conclusion From the results it was construed that TMST can be used to evaluate the speech identification abilities of Tamil speaking listeners. Multiple lists offer the advantage of retesting without the influence of practice or listeners memorizing the test material.

Comprehension of Chinese spoken garden path sentences for children with high-functioning autism / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the psychological and behavioral characteristics of understanding Chinese garden path sentences in children with high-functioning autism (HFA). MethodsFrom April to August, 2019, 35 children with HFA and 35 age-matched typically developing (TD) children were recruited by social recruitment method in the Key Laboratory of Speech and Hearing of East China Normal University in Shanghai. The Garden Path Sentence Comprehension Test was designed based on the psycholinguistic method, and the mental process and the ability of understanding garden path sentences were tested by the agent task experiment paradigm. Finally, the processing strategies and error types of Chinese spoken garden path sentences for HFA children were explored. ResultsThe score in understanding garden path sentences was lower (t = -2.941, P < 0.01), and the reaction time in processing garden path sentences was significantly longer (t = 6.132, P < 0.001) in HFA children than in TD children, however, there was no significant difference in the number of childern mastering garden path sentences between two groups (χ2 = 2.954, P > 0.05). In terms of the error types of "animate noun + verb + animate noun + 's + noun" (AVA) and "animate noun + verb + inanimate noun + 's + noun" (AVI) garden path sentences, both groups showed more errors in "pursuit of correct word order" than in "pursuit of semantically correct" (t > 2.503, P < 0.05). In "inanimate noun + verb + animate noun + 's + noun" (IVA) sentences, HFA children showed less erros in "pursuit of correct word order" than in "pursuit of semantically correct" (t = -6.523, P < 0.001), however, no difference was found between them in TD children (t = 2.024, P > 0.05). ConclusionThe processing and comprehension ability of Chinese spoken garden path sentences in HFA children aged five to seven yeas are poor. HFA children are more sensitive to semantics, and garden path sentences with semantic violations are more likely to lead to HFA children's understanding errors. In the garden path sentence patterns of AVA and AVI, HFA children appear similar sentence understanding and processing strategies as TD children. In the garden path of IVA, HFA children use a sentence processing strategy combining word order and semantics, but semantics play a more prominent role, while TD children use a more stable word order processing strategy.

Spatial language understanding and expression in children with autism: a study of “(go/come) to” sentence in Chinese / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To investigate the characteristics of spatial orientation language comprehension and expression behavior ofchildren with autism. MethodsA three-ladder test was designed to test the comprehension and expression of "(go/come) to" sentences, including general subject-predicate sentences, conjunctive-predicate sentences with displacement purposes, and conjunctive-predicate sentences with displacement modes. March to June, 2022, the test was conducted on 17 children with autism from a special education school and 17 healthy children matched the scores of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Chinese revised from a kindergarten. The typical errors were analyzed for children with autism. ResultsThe main effects of sentence ladders (F > 3.718, P < 0.05) and children groups (F > 8.782, P < 0.001) were significant on comprehension and expression of sentences, while the performance was poor for the complex sentences and for the children with autism. The common types of errors in expression were missing components, mixed sentences, autonomous sentences, inaccurate wording, inconsistent content, blending errors and non-response. The numbers and the distribution of error types were quite different from the children with autism to the healthy children. ConclusionChildren with autism are more difficult to understand and express "(go/come) to" sentences, mainly manifested in a higher error frequency and more kinds of error.

Are prosodic effects on sentence comprehension dependent on age? / Os efeitos prosódicos na compreensão de frases variam de acordo com a idade?

ABSTRACT Purpose to investigate prosodic boundary effects on the comprehension of attachment ambiguities in Brazilian Portuguese and to test two hypotheses relying on the notion of boundary strength: the absolute boundary hypothesis (ABH) and the relative boundary hypothesis (RBH). Manipulations of prosodic structure influence how listeners interpret syntactically ambiguous sentences. However, the role of prosody in spoken language comprehension of sentences has received limited attention in languages other than English, particularly from a developmental perspective. Methods Twenty-three adults and 15 children participated in a computerized sentence comprehension task involving syntactically ambiguous sentences. Each sentence was recorded in eight different prosodic forms with acoustic manipulations of F0, duration and pause varying the boundary size to reflect predictions of the ABH and RBH. Results Children and adults differed in how prosody influenced their syntactic processing and children were significantly slower than adults. Results indicated that interpretation of sentences varied according to their prosodic forms. Conclusion Neither the ABH or the RBH explained how children and adults who speak Brazilian Portuguese use prosodic boundaries to disambiguate sentences. There is evidence that the way prosodic boundaries influence disambiguation varies cross-linguistically.

RESUMO Objetivo investigar os efeitos de fronteiras prosódicas na compreensão de ambiguidades sintáticas no português brasileiro além de testar duas hipóteses baseadas na noção de intensidade de fronteira: a hipótese de fronteira absoluta (ABH) e a hipótese de fronteira relativa (RBH). Manipulações da estrutura prosódica influenciam como os ouvintes interpretam frases sintaticamente ambíguas. No entanto, o papel da prosódia na compreensão da linguagem oral tem recebido atenção limitada em línguas além do inglês, particularmente do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento. Método Vinte e três adultos e 15 crianças participaram de uma tarefa computadorizada de compreensão de frases envolvendo frases sintaticamente ambíguas. Cada frase foi gravada em oito formas prosódicas diferentes com manipulações acústicas de F0, duração, e pausa, variando o tamanho da fronteira prosódica de modo a transparecer as previsões da ABH e RBH. Resultados Crianças e adultos diferiram em como a prosódia influenciou o processamento sintático; as crianças foram significativamente mais lentas que os adultos. Os resultados indicaram que a interpretação das frases variou de acordo com suas formas prosódicas. Conclusão Nenhuma das hipóteses (ABH ou RBH) explica como crianças e adultos falantes do Português brasileiro utilizam as fronteiras prosódicas para desambiguar frases. Há evidências de que a maneira com a qual os limites prosódicos influenciam a desambiguação de frases varia entre os idiomas.

A Sentence Repetition Task in Spanish language: a valid tool for early language assessment

ABSTRACT Purpose Sentence Repetition Tasks (SRT) have been widely used to assess early language abilities in different languages and populations. In addition, it has been proved that performance in SRTs serve as a clinical marker to detect language difficulties. However, most of the research has been conducted in English language and with children older than 4 years of age. Despite this scarcity, [1] developed a SRT for monolingual Spanish-speaking children between 2 and 4 years of age. Initial findings showed that it is a useful tool for discriminating children with different linguistic levels. In addition, the task showed concurrent validity with a nonword repetition task. In the current study we want to explore the predictive validity of this task. Methods We conducted a longitudinal study including 20 monolingual Spanish-Speaking children who were tested twice, at 33 months of age and six months later. In addition to the SRT, participants completed a nonword repetition task [2] and the Spanish version of the Merrill-Palmer-R Developmental Scales [3]. Results showed strong and positive relationships between the different tests when first assessed. We also found strong and predictive relationships between the SRT at time 1 and SRT and the Merrill-Palmer-R at time 2. Conclusion We conclude that the SRT developed [1] is a valid tool for examining early language abilities and its changes over time.

Valoración de prácticas sociales que hacen uso de especies animales no humanas

Introducción: Los científicos han explorado las capacidades intelectuales de los animales, su importancia para la salud física y emocional de los humanos, su uso como sujetos en la investigación biomédica y psicológica, pero se ha prestado poca atención a las valoraciones que hacen las personas del común sobre estas prácticas sociales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar los resultados sobre las valoraciones de prácticas de divertimiento, producción industrial, investigación biológica y psicológica, que involucran animales, a partir de las dimensiones: ética, legal, las capacidades intelectuales, los beneficios para la salud física y emocional de las personas y la preocupación por su bienestar. Método: Se construyó un instrumento online a partir una frase mapa compuesto por 28 ítems, que exploran la evaluación de 255 personas, hombres y mujeres sobre estas prácticas, bajo la condición de tener o no mascota. Las respuestas se analizaron mediante un análisis de escalamiento multidimensional. Resultados: Queda en evidencia la preocupación de las personas por las condiciones en que se usan los animales, en particular, de quienes tienen o han tenido mascota. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos se discuten a partir del soporte de las facetas incluidas en la frase mapa y la propuesta para nuevos estudios sobre prácticas sociales que involucre animales en la población general.

Introduction: Scientifics have explored the intellectual capacities of animals, their importance for the physical and emotional health of humans, its use as subjects for biomedical and psychological research. However, little attention has been involved to studying how lay people think about these types of social practices. The objective of this research was to present the results of the evaluations of social practices involving animals in entertainment, industrial production, biological and psychological research. The practices were evaluated on the following dimensions: ethics, legal, intellectual capacities, benefits for the physical and emotional health of people; and concern for their well-being. Method: An instrument based on a mapping sentence and composed of 28 items was responded online by 255 people, men and women with the condition of having a pet or not. Item responses were analyzed using multidimensional scaling analysis. Results: It is evident people's concern for the conditions in which the animals are used particularly in people that have or has have pets. Conclusions: The findings are discussed on the evidence that support the mapping sentence, and on the proposal for new studies on social practices involving lay people.

¿Contribuye el aumento del catálogo de penas alternativas y el resto de modificaciones legales a cambiar el perfil de la población condenada en el sistema abierto? Evidencia para Chile / Do the Increase in the Catalogue of Alternative Penalties and Other Legal Modifications Contribute to Changing the Profiles of People Convicted in the Open System? Evidence for Chile / O aumento do elenco de penas alternativas e as demais modificações legais contribuem para a mudança do perfil da população condenada no regime aberto? Evidência para Chile

Resumen Este estudio, con base en una metodología cuantitativa, describe y analiza variables sociodemográficas y criminógenas de una muestra representativa de condenados a penas alternativas (denominadas sustitutivas) a la cárcel, en Chile, tras la reforma de la Ley N° 20.603. Esta modificación cambió el paradigma imperante hasta ese entonces en lo que a este régimen de sanciones se refiere. También, compara algunos de los resultados con aquellos obtenidos en otro estudio previo a la reforma. Los resultados muestran características propias de los sujetos condenados a estas sanciones, que se presentan tanto en los diversos tipos de penas alternativas, como también respecto de los condenados a una pena privativa de libertad. Existen patrones sociodemográficos y criminógenos que permiten el perfilamiento de los penados y una mejor focalización de los recursos, en programas de reinserción social y de reducción de la reincidencia. También muestran que existe un componente de género que debe ser materia de estudio y análisis de las políticas públicas a la hora de abordar el comportamiento delictual.

Abstract This study, based on a quantitative methodology, describes and analyzes sociodemographic and criminal variables from a representative sample of people sentenced to alternative penalties (called alternatives) in Chile after Law No. 20,603 was reformed. This modification changed the prevailing paradigm with respect to what this penalty regime references. In addition, the study compares some results with those obtained in another study before the reform. The results show characteristics inherent to the subjects convicted to these sentences, which can be observed both in the various types of alternative penalties and in those sentenced to a term of imprisonment. There are sociodemographic and criminal patterns that allow profiling convicts and focusing resources better on social reintegration and recurrence reduction programs. They also show that there is a gender component that public policies must study and analyze when attending to criminal behavior.

Resumo Este estudo, baseado em uma metodologia quantitativa, descreve e analisa variáveis sociodemográficas e criminológicas de uma amostra representativa dos condenados a penas alternativas (denominadas substitutivas) à prisão, no Chile, após a reforma da Lei n° 20.603. Essa modificação mudou o paradigma vigente até então em relação a este regime de sanções. Além disso, compara alguns dos resultados com os obtidos em um outro estudo prévio à reforma. Os resultados mostram características próprias dos sujeitos condenados a estas sanções, que ocorrem tanto nos diversos tipos de penas alternativas, quanto em relação aos condenados à pena privativa de liberdade. Existem padrões sociodemográficos e criminológicos que permitem traçar o perfil dos condenados e um melhor direcionamento dos recursos em programas de reinserção social e redução da reincidência. Também mostram que existe um componente de gênero que deve ser objeto de estudo e análise de políticas públicas no momento de abordar o comportamento criminoso.

El aborto legal en Colombia: opiniones de un grupo de estudiantes de Enfermería / Legal abortion in Colombia: Opinion by colombian nursing students' opinions / O aborto legal na Colômbia: conceitos dum grupo de estudantes de Enfermagem

Resumen Introducción: En el año 2006, el Estado colombiano legalizó el aborto en tres situaciones específicas, mediante la Sentencia C-355, marcando un hito importante en una sociedad impregnada por fuertes valores patriarcales. Sin embargo, han sido escasos los estudios adelantados sobre las experiencias de los principales actores implicados en este fenómeno social, como los profesionales de la salud y las mujeres. Objetivo: Indagar por las opiniones de los estudiantes de último año del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad Surcolombiana acerca de la Sentencia C-355 de 2006, que legaliza el aborto en tres situaciones específicas, en Colombia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio. Participaron veintiséis estudiantes, seleccionados con un muestreo por conveniencia hasta saturar la información. Para recolectar esta, se crearon tres grupos de discusión y se hicieron tres entrevistas a profundidad, observados mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: Las opiniones acerca de la Sentencia son favorables, por sus beneficios sociales y en pro de la defensa de los derechos de las mujeres. El tema emergente en los discursos construidos fue el impedimento que significan, para la aceptación del aborto en Colombia, los fuertes valores patriarcales impregnados en la sociedad, los cuales son reforzados por los "discursos de verdad" de la Iglesia y la institucionalidad médica. Conclusiones: Se hace necesario persistir en la socialización de la Sentencia entre las intuiciones y los profesionales de la salud, y en el aborto legal y los derechos de las mujeres como un tema de discusión pública y política; para esto, es imprescindible la labor conjunta de la academia e investigadores, con las organizaciones sociales defensoras de los derechos de las mujeres.

Abstract Introduction: In 2006, the Colombian government legalized abortion for three specific situations by means of sentence C-355, setting an important milestone in a society soaked by strong patriarchal values. Nevertheless, studies regarding these experiences of the main actors, as well as Healthcare professionals and women involved in this social phenomenon have been scarce. Objective: To ask senior students of the nursing program at Universidad Surcolombiana their opinion regarding sentence C-355 of 2006, which legalized abortion for three specific situations in Colombia. Methodology: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted. 26 students participated and they were selected using convenience sampling until saturation of the information. To collect the data, three discussion groups were created, and three in-depth interviews were conducted. Both were observed using content analysis. Results: Opinions regarding the sentence are favorable, because of its social benefits and it is in Pro of Defending women's rights. The topic arising in the constructed discourses was the impediment to accept abortion in Colombia, as a result of those strong patriarchal values that have soaked society, which are reinforced by the church's "discourses of the truth" as well as those of medical institutions. Conclusions: it is necessary to persist on the socialization of the sentence in institutions and among healthcare professionals, and to persist on legal abortion and women's rights as a topic for public and political discussion. To do so, academia and investigators must work together with social organizations defending women's rights

Resumo Introdução: No ano 2006, o Estado colombiano legalizou o aborto em três situações específicas, mediante a Sentencia C-355, gravando um hit importante numa sociedade imbuída por fortes valores patriarcais. Contudo, tem sido escassos os estudos adiantados alusivos aos experienciais dos mais relevantes atores envolvidos neste fenómeno social, como os professionais da saúde e as mulheres. Objetivo: Pesquisar pelos pareceres dos alunos de último ano do Programa de Enfermagem da Universidade Surcolombiana concernente da Sentencia C-355 de 2006, que legaliza o aborto nas três situações específicas, na Colômbia. Metodologia: Se realizou um estudo qualitativo exploratório. Participaram vinte e seis alunos, escolhidos com uma amostragem por conveniência até saturar a informação. Para colher ela, se criaram três grupos de discussão e se fizeram três entrevistas a profundidade, enxergados mediante análises de conteúdo. Resultados: As repercussões alusivas a esta Sentencia são favoráveis, pelos seus proveitos sociais em pro da defesa dos direitos das mulheres. O tema emergente nos discursos construídos foi a barragem que traduzem, para a aceitação do aborto na Colômbia, as fortes crenças patriarcais inseridas na sociedade, as quais são reforçadas pelas "palestras da verdade" das Igrejas e a institucionalidade médica. Conclusões: Se faz quesito teimar na socialização da Sentencia entre as instituições e os profissionais da saúde, e no aborto legal e os direitos das mulheres como um tópico de discussão pública e política; para isto, é imprescindível o trabalho enxuto da academia e investigadores de mãos dadas com as organizações sociais paladinas dos direitos das mulheres.

Control constitucional en demandas de alimentos caso 012-17-SIN-CC / Constitutional control in food demands case 012-17-SIN-CC / Controle constitucional de demanda de alimentos caso 012-17-SIN-CC

Resumen Introducción: En el año 2008 se emite la constitución que abriría el camino de la supremacía constitucional y la rigurosidad de las leyes, como entidad superior de respeto e integridad en los procesos judiciales. Considerándose a partir de entonces la obligatoriedad de los jueces y juezas, y demás servidores públicos, aplicar la normativa presente en la constitución, que constituye el máximo órgano de control constitucional, como organismo de Estado. Objetivo: El presente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el impacto del Control Constitucional que se hizo efectiva en la Sentencia 012-17-SIN-CC de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador con respecto a elementos procesales en materia de alimentos en la Ciudad de Guayaquil. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó una investigación de tipo descriptiva de campo, además empleando método inductivo-deductivo para a su vez emplear la técnica de encuesta a través de una entrevista estructurada con preguntas cerradas dirigida a aquellas personas con apremio que se encuentran en el Centro de Detención Provisional de Guayas en Guayaquil, con nueve ítems que pudo servir de insumo para generar un análisis teórico y empírico de la aplicación del control constitucional concreto en el COGEP y el Código de la Niñez, en sus enumerados correspondientes al apremio personal en los obligados subsidiarios y principales, así como de los aspectos procesales que se debieron modificar conforme a la decisión de la máxima entidad constitucional en el país. Resultados: A través de ello se determinó que existen aspectos que no se están cumpliendo como es el caso de la audiencia previa a la emisión del apremio personal, que obliga al juzgador a no emitir boletas de apremio de forma unilateral, violando el debido proceso, la modificación de la emisión de apremio personal contra obligados subsidiarios, pues se evidencia que existen casos en los que algunos obligados subsidiarios fueron aprehendidos empleando boletas extemporáneas, y otros problemas propios del sistema que deben ser tomados en cuenta para el futuro. Conclusión: En cuanto a la práctica es necesario que juzgadores asuman el compromiso impuesto por los Jueces de la Corte Constitucional de Ecuador y los legisladores deben sancionar nuevos parámetros para el Código de la Niñez y Adolescencia que evite menoscabar la libertad personal de obligados subsidiarios, incluyendo la posibilidad de medidas alternativas para los obligados principales, quienes por diversos motivos están siendo víctimas del sistema.

Abstract Introduction: In 2008, the constitution that would open the way to constitutional supremacy and the strictness of the laws was issued, as a superior entity of respect and integrity in judicial actions. Considering thereafter the obligation of judges and other public servants, apply the regulations present in the constitution, which is the highest constitutional control body, as a state agency. Objective: The objective of this research study was to characterize the impact of the Constitutional Control that was made effective in Sentence 012-17-SIN-CC of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador regarding procedural elements regarding food in the City of Guayaquil. Materials and methods: A descriptive field research was designed, in addition to the inductive-deductive method to use the survey technique through a structured interview with closed questions addressed to those people with constraints who are in the Provisional Detention Center. Guayas in Guayaquil, with nine items that could serve as input to generate a theoretical and empirical analysis of the application of concrete constitutional control in the COGEP and the Childhood Code, in their innumerable corresponding to the personal constraint in the subsidiary and principal obligors, as well as the procedural aspects that had to be modified according to the decision of the highest constitutional entity in the country. Results: Through this, it was determined that there are aspects that are not being met, as in the case of the hearing prior to the issuance of the personal constraint, which obliges the judge not to issue unilateral enforcement tickets, violating the due process, the modification of the issuance of personal constraint against subsidariaries, since it is evident that there are cases in which some subsidiary obligors were apprehended using extemporaneous ballots, and other system-specific problems that must be taken into account for the future. Conclusion.

Resumo Introdução: Em 2008, a constituição que abriria o caminho para a supremacia constitucional e o rigor da lei foi emitida, como uma entidade superior de respeito e integridade nas ações judiciais. Considerando a partir daí a obrigação de juízes e outros servidores públicos, aplicar os regulamentos presentes na constituição, que é o mais alto órgão de controle constitucional, como uma agência estatal. Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar o impacto do Controle Constitucional que foi efetivado na Sentença 012-17-SIN-CC do Tribunal Constitucional do Equador, referente aos elementos processuais relativos à alimentação na cidade de Guayaquil. Materiais e métodos: uma investigação de campo descritivo foi projetada também utilizando o método indutivo-dedutivo para ligar usando a técnica de pesquisa através de uma entrevista estruturada com perguntas fechadas destinadas a aqueles encontrados com urgência no Centro de Detenção Provisória Guayas em Guayaquil, com nove itens que poderiam servir como uma entrada para gerar uma análise teórica e empírica da aplicação do controle constitucional concreto no Processo de Código orgânico Geral e do Código de Crianças, em sua respectiva vontade pessoal numeradas no forçados subsidiária e principal, bem como os aspectos processuais que tiveram que ser modificados de acordo com a decisão da mais alta entidade constitucional do país. Resultados: Através desta determinou-se que há aspectos que não estão sendo atendidas, como no caso da audiência prévia à emissão de restrição pessoal, que obriga o tribunal não emitir cédulas urgência unilateralmente, violar o devido processo, a modificação emissão de urgência pessoal contra subsidariarios forçados, porque é evidente que há casos em que algumas controladas foram apreendidos usando cédulas necessários extemporâneas e outros problemas do sistema que devem ser tidos em conta para o futuro. Conclusão: Em relação à prática requer que os juízes assumem o compromisso imposta pelos juízes do Tribunal Constitucional do Equador e legisladores devem promulgar novos parâmetros para o Código da Infância e Adolescência para evitar minar a liberdade pessoal da subsidiária forçado s, incluindo a possibilidade de medidas alternativas para os principais devedores, que por várias razões estão sendo vítimas do sistema.

El procesamiento del género y el número en la producción de la concordancia del español / Gender and number processing in the agreement production in Spanish

En este trabajo se investigó el procesamiento de los rasgos de género y número en la producción de la concordancia sujeto-verbo y sujeto-adjetivo predicativo del español. Bajo el paradigma de elicitación de errores diseñamos un experimento en el que se manipuló el género del sustantivo núcleo del sujeto (N1) y del sustantivo interfiriente (N2) (masculino-femenino), y el número de N1 y de N2 (singular-plural): Ejemplo: El abuelo (N1) del chico (N2). Participaron del experimento 20 sujetos a los que se les presentó en forma visual la base del adjetivo por 500 ms (PEINAD_) y luego el preámbulo (4000 ms.) que debían leer y completar con el verbo ser o estar y el adjetivo flexionado. Ejemplo: El abuelo del chico está peinado. A cada sujeto se le administró una lista con 128 targets. Se analizó el patrón de errores y de omisiones de la concordancia sujeto-verbo (S-V) y sujeto-predicativo (S-P). Los resultados arrojaron efectos de marcación de número y de género. Los datos indicaron que los participantes produjeron más errores de concordancia S-V cuando el sustantivo interfiriente estaba en plural; mientras que el rasgo más influyente para la concordancia S-P fue el género femenino del sustantivo núcleo del sujeto. Los datos obtenidos en nuestro trabajo experimental fueron analizados en términos de una teoría general del procesamiento de modo que permiten informar un modelo de producción de la concordancia aún en desarrollo.

In this work the processing features of gender and number in subject-verb agreement and subject-predicate adjective in the sentence production in Spanish was investigated. As a general objective, in this work we set out to investigate the processing of the features that come into play in both subject-verb and subject-adjective predicative agreement in our language. Specifically, an attempt will be made to answer if the features of gender and number are processed in the same way, if the feature have a default value and if the values present differences, that is, if the singular differs from the plural, and the masculine from the feminine. This will allow us to establish if any of these values is more error-sensitive. In addition, we seek to identify the role of the marking concept. Under the paradigm of error elicitation we designed an experiment in which the Gender of the head noun (N1) and local noun (N2) (Masculine-Feminine),and the Number of N1 and N2 (Singular-Plural) was manipulated: Example: El abuelo (N1) del niño (N2). 20 subjects participated in the experiment which were presented in visual form the basis of the adjective for 500 ms. (PEINAD_) and then the preamble (4000 ms.) The participants read and completed with the verb "to be" and inflected adjective: Example: El abuelo del niño está peinado. Each participant was given a list of 128 targets. The pattern of errors and omissions of subject-verb agreement (S-V) and subject-predicate (S-P) was analyzed. The results showed main effects of number and gender. The data indicated that the participants produced more attraction errors of S-V when the local noun was in plural; while the most influential feature for S-P agreement was the feminine gender of the head noun of the subject. In summary, in relation to the agreement between the subject and the verb, and specifically, for the number feature, classical asymmetry was found, with greater interference when the head noun appeared in singular and the local noun in plural. The surprising fact, which could come to light given the characteristics of the design of the experiment, is that the attraction occurred more strongly when the gender of both nouns matched. With regard to agreement of subject- adjective predicate, and with respect to the gender of the nouns and the adjective, a main effect of the gender of the head noun was found, with more errors when the N1 appeared in feminine. We also found an interaction between the gender of N1 and the gender of N2, with more errors when the N1 appeared in feminine and N2 in masculine, and at the same time when the number of both coincided. The data suggest that it seems that the most influential feature to make the agreement between the subject and the predicate adjective is the gender of head noun, with a higher probability of interference when it appears in the feminine gender. In sum, our experimental research gathered evidence that allows us to progress in the characterization of how and when the processing of agreement and interference occurring in situations forced by experimental conditions as in natural speech. In particular, we analyze the characteristics of the gender and number features and the role of the marking concept. The data obtained in our experimental work were analyzed in terms of a general theory of processing so as to inform a production model of the still developing agreement.

Sentencia judicial, delito sexual y pericial psicológica: enfoque transcultural / Judicial Sentence, Sexual Assaults and Psychological Expertise: A Cross-Cultural Approach

Resumen Se analiza la influencia de la pericial psicológica en las decisiones judiciales en delitos sexuales infantiles en tres departamentos de Colombia y una provincia española. El estudio transcultural compara las sentencias entre los años 2000 y 2014. Los resultados arrojaron que en el 91.7 % de sentencias de juicios celebrados, los magistrados españoles hacen referencia explícita a la pericial psicológica. En tanto que en Colombia, la proporción fue del 88.8 %. La cercanía de estos porcentajes es alentadora, porque a estos resultados se llega utilizando examen de datos distintos, desiguales códigos penales y recorridos dispares en la aplicación de la pericial psicológica. Se obtienen conclusiones similares que refrendan la importancia del psicólogo en la toma de decisiones judiciales.

Abstract It was analyze the influence of psychological evaluation in judicial decisions of child sexual abuse in three departments of Colombia and in a Spanish province. The transcultural analysis compares judgments of child sexual abuse in both countries between the year of 2000 and 2014. The 91.7% of judgments of the Spanish judges or magistrates made explicit reference to the psychological evaluation while in Colombia the proportion was 88.8%. The proximity of these percentages is encouraging because these results were reached using different test data, different criminal codes and different routes in the application of psychological expertise. Similar conclusions in both countries confirm the value of the contribution of psychologist on judicial decisions.

Comparison of Single-Task versus Dual-Task for Listening Effort

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Depending on the kind of task and/or material, listeners sometimes need to pay attention to understand communication. The present study aimed to estimate a listener’s amount of effort needed to understand communication by using recognition score and response time as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and to confirm his/ her task dependency for listening effort. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight young adults with normal hearing participated in the study. As stimuli, Korean Speech Perception in Noise test without a question tag and three consecutive digits were used for sentence recognition (or single-task) and arithmetic (or dual-task), respectively. Both tasks were measured in quiet and under four SNR (i.e., 0, -4, -8, -12 dB) conditions. Their outcomes were analyzed and compared in terms of percent correct and response time. RESULTS: Sentence recognition scores and arithmetic scores decreased as the level of noise increased. Response time for sentence recognition decreased as noise increased, whereas the response time for arithmetic increased as noise increased. In addition, there was a negative correlation between error percent and response time in the sentence recognition. Conversely, a positive correlation between error percent and response time appeared in the arithmetic test. CONCLUSIONS: Listening effort showed a different pattern based on the kind of task, single vs. dual, while the dual-task required greater effort from the listener.

El medio abierto en España como vía de acceso a una expulsión tras la reforma de la LO 1/2015 / The open institution system in Spain as the access path to an expulsion following the reform of Organic Law LO 1/2015 / O meio aberto na Espanha como via de acesso a uma expulsão após a reforma da LO 1/2015

Resumen Se analiza la aplicación de las instituciones del tercer grado y de la libertad condicional a infractores extranjeros, tras la reforma operada en el art. 89 del Código Penal español por la LO 1/2015, para poner de manifiesto que nos encontramos ante una modificación que utiliza ambas herramientas como vías de acceso a la expulsión de infractores extranjeros, en lugar de como vías útiles para su reinserción. Para ello, se parte del estudio del declive que ha sufrido la reinserción social en España a raíz de diversas medidas legales que el legislador ha venido adoptando, principalmente desde el año 2003, así como del análisis e interpretación de sentencias de la Audiencia Provincial española, en aras de conocer los criterios que siguen al aplicar la libertad condicional y el tercer grado a los condenados extranjeros. Se llegó a la conclusión de que se trata de medidas que no son proclives a la reinserción social de los infractores extranjeros, puesto que, en vez de utilizarse para reinsertarlos en la sociedad, se emplean para practicar su expulsión.

Abstract The application of both third grade institutions and probation/parole to foreign offenders after the reform introduced in art. 89 of the Spanish Criminal Code by organic law la LO 1/2015, in order to make clear that we are facing an amendment that uses both tools as access paths to the expulsion/deportation of foreign offenders, in lieu of useful ways for their reintegration. For this purpose, it was necessary to begin studying the decline suffered by social reintegration in Spain due to diverse legal measures that legislator have been adopting, particularly since year 2003, as well as the analysis and construction of Spanish Provincial Court judgments, in favor of getting to know those criteria following the application of conditional release/probation/parole and the third grade to convicted foreigners. The conclusion reached is that we are dealing with measures that are neither nor keen on the social reintegration of foreign offender, since in lieu of being used to reinsert them into society, they serve to put their expulsion into practice.

Resumo Analisa-se a aplicação das instituições do terceiro grau e da liberdade condicional aos infratores estrangeiros, após a reforma operada no artigo 89 do Código Penal espanhol pela LO 1/2015, para mostrar que ficamos perante uma modificação que usa ambas as ferramentas como vias de acesso à expulsão dos infratores estrangeiros, em vez de como vias úteis para sua reinserção. Para este efeito, partimos do estudo do declínio sofrida pela reinserção social em Espanha em consequência das medidas legais diversas que o legislador tem adotado, principalmente do ano 2003, assim como da análise e a interpretação das sentenças da Audiência Provincial espanhola, em favor de conhecer os critérios que seguem ao aplicar a liberdade condicional e o terceiro grau aos condenados estrangeiros. Pôde se concluir que trata-se de medidas que não são suscetíveis à reinserção social dos infratores estrangeiros, porque em vez de ser usado para sua reinserção na sociedade, são usadas para praticar sua expulsão.

Factors Affecting Sentence-in-Noise Recognition for Normal Hearing Listeners and Listeners with Hearing Loss

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite amplified speech, listeners with hearing loss often report more difficulties understanding speech in background noise compared to normal-hearing listeners. Various factors such as deteriorated hearing sensitivity, age, suprathreshold temporal resolution, and reduced capacity of working memory and attention can attribute to their sentence-in-noise problems. The present study aims to determine a primary explanatory factor for sentence-in-noise recognition difficulties in adults with or without hearing loss. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty normal-hearing (NH) listeners (23-73 years) and thirty-four hearing-impaired (HI) listeners (24-80 years) participated for experimental testing. For both NH and HI group, the younger, middle-aged, older listeners were included. The sentence recognition score in noise was measured at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. The ability of temporal resolution was evaluated by gap detection performance using the Gaps-In-Noise test. Listeners' short-term auditory working memory span was measured by forward and backward digit spans. RESULTS: Overall, the HI listeners' sentence-in-noise recognition, temporal resolution abilities, and digit forward and backward spans were poorer compared to the NH listeners. Both NH and HI listeners had a substantial variability in performance. For NH listeners, only the digit backward span explained a small proportion of the variance in their sentence-in-noise performance. For the HI listeners, all the performance was influenced by age, and their sentence-in-noise difficulties were associated with various factors such as high-frequency hearing sensitivity, suprathreshold temporal resolution abilities, and working memory span. For the HI listeners, the critical predictors of the sentence-in-noise performance were composite measures of peripheral hearing sensitivity and suprathreshold temporal resolution abilities. CONCLUSIONS: The primary explanatory factors for the sentence-in-noise recognition performance differ between NH and HI listeners. Factors affecting sentence-in-noise recognition performance differed between NH and HI listeners. The working memory was the primary predictor of the sentence-in-noise scores for the NH individuals. In contrast, a combination of factors seemed to contributed to speech-in-noise understanding for the HI listeners. Given this, we must be careful not to generalize findings from the NH listeners to the HI individuals.

The Correlation between the Cognitive Function and Speech Recognition Ability in Young OSAHS Patients / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To study the relationship between the cognitive function and speech recognition ability in young patients with OSAHS.Methods We selected 60 young male patients,according to the apnea-hypopnea index(AHI)and the severity of hypoxemia.They were divided into three subgroups on the basis of their syndrome severities:mild group (n= 19;AHI 5~15/h,85%≤minimum SaO2≤90%),moderate group (n= 20;AHI>15~30/h,80%≤minimum SaO230/h,minimum SaO2<80%).First,we used the MoCA scale for cognitive function tests and recorded the scores.Then 15 lists of sentence Mandarin Speech Test Materials(MSTMs)were utilized to test each group.A data analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software. Results The total MoCA scores(mild group:27.32±1.16;moderate group:25.85±1.23;severe group:24.52± 1.69;control group:28.52 ±1.16)decreased progressively as the disease severity increased,showing significant differences between the control group and the mild,moderate and severe groups of OSAHS patients (allP<0.05). When sound stimuli were presented at 22,24,and 26 dB SPL,the speech recognition rates in the patients with se-vere(35.4±22.6,56.3±23.9,75.2±16.5)lower than the other groups (mild group:38.4±23.5,58.3±25.5,79.2 ±18.5;moderate group:38.8±21.6,58.7±22.7,78.5±16.7;control group:39.4±23.5,60.3±24.3,80.2±16.4, respectively,allP<0.05).The differences in intensity of 50% recognition rate between the severe group(4.15± 0.80)and the control(3.62±0.41),mild (3.66±0.50)and moderate groups(3.72±0.55)of OSAHS patients were statistically significant(allP<0.05).Conclusion With hypoxia and disease severity increased,speech recogni-tion abilities in OSAHS patients decreased.This may be an important factor associated with cognitive assessment scale score.

El beneficio penitenciario del adelantamiento de la libertad condicional en España. Análisis histórico-evolutivo de la institución / The prison system's benefit of granting parole in advance in Spain. Historical-evolutionary analysis of the Institution / O benefício penitenciário do adiantamento da liberdade condicional na Espanha. Análise histórico-evolutivo da instituição

Se tiene como objetivo analizar la evolución histórica y normativa del beneficio del adelantamiento de la libertad condicional, desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días, que constituye actualmente un mecanismo fundamental para que la ejecución de la pena cumpla con su función preventiva especial positiva, traducida en la resocialización del penado. Asimismo, se prestará especial atención a las limitaciones y restricciones impuestas por las reformas de los últimos años para su concesión y disfrute. Para ello, se plantea una metodología basada en un estudio sobre los antecedentes internacionales del sistema progresivo de ejecución de condenas, y un análisis evolutivo de la normativa penal y penitenciaria española, abordando la temática de manera analítica, descriptiva y sucinta de la normativa reguladora de la institución, poniendo de manifiesto la constante y creciente rigidez de la normativa punitiva reguladora del beneficio del adelantamiento de la libertad condicional. Y es que un siglo después de que se instaurase la libertad condicional en España, el mecanismo de otorgamiento de su adelantamiento se concibe de extremada, si no imposible, concesión.

The objective here is to analyze the historical and normative evolution of the benefit of granting parole in advance, from its origins to this day. At present it has become an essential mechanism to make sentence enforcement fulfill its special positive function translated into the resocialization of the convicted prisoner. Likewise, particular attention will be given to the limitations and constraints imposed to both parole granting and enjoyment in the past years. For this purpose, a methodology has been proposed on the basis of a study on international backgrounds of the gradual serving of sentences, and an evolutionary analysis of the Spanish criminal and penitentiary normative. The matter is approached in an analytical, descriptive and concise manner, while highlighting the persistent and even growing rigidity of the Institution's punitive regulations governing the benefit of granting an early release from prison. And, notwithstanding benefits, a century after having introduced parole in Spain the advancement of the granting of parole is being deemed to be an extreme -if not impossible- concession.

O objetivo é analisar a evolução histórica e normativa do benefício de adiantamento da liberdade condicional, de suas origens ao tempo atual, que é um mecanismo fundamental para que a execução da pena cumpra sua função preventiva especial positiva, traduzida no ressocialização do punido. Também, prestará atenção especial às limitações e às restrições impostas pelas reformas dos últimos anos para sua concessão e usufruto. Para isso, se considera a metodologia baseada em um estudo sobre os antecedentes internacionais do sistema progressivo da execução das sentenças, e uma análise evolutiva da normativa penal e penitenciária espanhola, abordando a temática de maneira analítica, descritiva e sucinta da normativa reguladora da instituição, mostrando a constante e crescente rigidez da normativa punitiva reguladora do benefício do adiantamento da liberdade condicional. E é que um século depois que a liberdade condicional em Espanha foi restaurada, o mecanismo de conceder de outorgamento do seu adiantamento e concebido do extremada, se não impossível, concessão.

Presença de aglutininas anti-Leptospirasppem bovinos abatidos em frigorífico no extremo sul do estado da Bahia e fatores de risco associados / Presence of agglutinins anti-Leptospira in slaughtered bovine in the extreme south of Bahia and risk factors

INTRODUÇÃO: A bovinocultura no Brasil é uma das principais atividades que compõem o agronegócio do país, sendo o segundo maior rebanho do mundo. O estado da Bahia tem papel importante neste setor, sendo o 10º estado em número de animais abatidos no Brasil em 2015 (4,4% dos animais abatidos no Brasil). Mesmo com índices animadores, a produtividade da pecuária baiana ainda é baixa, tendo as doenças infecciosas e parasitárias como principais entraves à sua melhora. Dentre essas doenças a leptospirose apresenta uma prevalência de 45,42% nos bovinos no estado da Bahia em prévio inquérito. OBJETIVOS: Assim, o presente projeto teve como objetivo: i) analisar a sororeatividade contra Leptospira de bovinos abatidos em estabelecimento com serviço de inspeção federal, no estado da Bahia, utilizando o teste microaglutinação (MAT), ii) avaliar qual o sorovar predominante na população animal pesquisada, iii) avaliar os rins dos animais abatidos em estabelecimento com serviço de inspeção federal, no estado da Bahia quanto a presença de lesões macroscópicas e a sua associação com as reações positivas ao MAT, vi) avaliar possíveis fatores de risco que poderão propiciar o desencadeamento da infecção por Leptospira. Foram analisados soros de 400 bovinos abatidos...

INTRODUCTION: cattle raising in Brazil is one of the activities that comprise the agribusiness of the country, the second largest herd in the world. The state of Bahia has an important role in this sector, being the 10th state in the number of animals slaughtered in Brazil in 2015 (4.4% of the animals slaughtered in Brazil). Despite encouraging rates, productivity of the Bahian livestock is still low, and infectious and parasitic diseases as major barriers to improvement. Among these diseases leptospirosis has a prevalence of 45.42% in cattle in the state of Bahia in a previous survey. OBJECTIVES: The present project aimed to: i) analyze the seroreactivity against Leptospira from bovine animals slaughtered in establishments with federal inspection service in the state of Bahia, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), ii) assess what the predominant serovar in animal population studied, iii) evaluate the kidneys of animals slaughtered in an establishment with federal inspection service in the state of Bahia and the presence of gross lesions and their association with the positive reactions to the MAT, vi) evaluate possible risk factors that may promote the onset of Leptospira infection. 400 slaughtered cattle sera were analyzed...

Percepción, expectativas y temores frente al regreso a la libertad en una muestra de reclusos colombianos en el año 2011 / Perception, expectations and fears of return to freedom in a sample of Colombian prisoners in 2011 / Percepção, expectativas e temores perante ao retorno à liberdade em uma amostra de reclusos colombianos em 2011

El objetivo fue conocer la percepción frente al regreso a la libertad en una muestra de internos e internas condenados en doce establecimientos carcelarios y penitenciarios del Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario (INPEC), y explorar las expectativas y los temores frente al regreso a la libertad. Para ello se aplicó el instrumento denominado "cuestionario de expectativas, percepciones y temores frente al regreso a la libertad" a 202 internos e internas, al igual que se realizaron unas preguntas sociodemográficas. Entre los resultados se encontró que más del 50 % de los internos e internas presentan un nivel alto de expectativas, percepciones y temores frente al regreso a la libertad, lo cual se relaciona con percepciones positivas, elevados niveles de seguridad y altas expectativas, a excepción de los ítems relacionados con las expectativas frente a la consecución de empleo, la formación recibida y su relación con la oferta laboral; los ítems relacionados con la confianza de la comunidad hacia ellos y la solidaridad y apoyo de la misma, y finalmente un ítem referido a la percepción de la ayuda económica por parte de la familia hacia ellos. Con referencia a la escala, presentó un Alfa de Cronbach de 0,77, un índice de confiabilidad alto.

The objective was to know the perception of convicted male and female inmates in a sample examined at twelve prison facilities of the National Penitentiary and Prison Institute (INPEC) with respect to their return to freedom, and explore their expectations and fears in the face of that eventuality. For this purpose, the instrument known as "questionnaire of expectations, perceptions and fears in the face of return to freedom" was applied in the case of 202 male and female inmates. Likewise, some sociodemographic questions were made, and among them it was found that those perceptions, expectations and fears were nurtured by more than 50% of them, this associated in turn with positive perceptions, high security levels, and high expectations with the exception of items relating to their prospects about getting a job, the training or instruction received and its relationship with labor supply, along with doubts having to do with confidence and trust from the community, as well as with its solidarity and support. Finally, an item referring to their perception about help and economic help to be expected from their families was included. Concerning the scale, it showed a Cronbach Alfa of 0.77, a high reliability index.

O objetivo foi conhecer a percepção perante ao retorno à liberdade em uma amostra de presos homens e mulheres condenados em doze prisões e penitenciárias do Instituto Nacional Penitenciário e Carcerário (INPEC), e explorar as expectativas e os temores perante ao retorno à liberdade. Deste modo, o instrumento chamado "questionário das expectativas, percepções e temores perante ao retorno à liberdade" foi aplicado para 202 presos mulheres e homens, e também foram realizadas perguntas sociodemográficas. Entre os resultados achou-se que mais de 50% dos presos homens e mulheres têm um nível alto de expectativas, percepções e temores perante ao retorno à liberdade, que é relacionado às percepções positivas, níveis elevados da segurança e altas expectativas, exceto os itens relacionados às expectativas perante à procura de emprego, treinamento recebido e sua relação com a oferta de trabalho; os itens relacionados à confiança da comunidade e a solidariedade e suporte, e finalmente um item referido à percepção da ajuda econômica por parte da família deles. Com referência à escala, apresentou um Alfa de Cronbach de 0.77, um índice elevado de confiabilidade.

Ensino de Leitura de Sentenças: Contribuições da Análise do Comportamento / Teaching of Sentence Reading: Contributions of Behavior Analysis

RESUMOO paradigma da equivalência de estímulos tem sido pouco usado para estudar o ensino de leitura de sentenças. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou o efeito de um procedimento de ensino e testes de relações condicionais seguidos pelo encadeamento de palavras sobre a leitura com compreensão de sentenças e a generalização de leitura. Participaram oito escolares, com 7 e 9 anos de idade. O procedimento incluiu pré e pós-teste, três fases de ensino e testes de leitura com compreensão, um teste de conectividade e um teste de construção de sentenças. A leitura de palavras e de sentenças melhorou do pré para o pós-teste em todos os casos, demonstrando que o procedimento foi efetivo para ensinar leitura com compreensão de sentenças.

ABSTRACTThe stimulus equivalence paradigm has been used infrequently in studies of sentence reading. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of a procedure involving teaching and testing conditional relations followed by the chaining of words upon sentence reading with comprehension and reading generalization. Eight students, 7 to 9 years old, participated in the study. The procedure included a pre- and post-test, three teaching phases and reading with comprehension tests, a connectivity test, and a sentence construction test. Words and sentences reading improved from pre- to post-test in all cases, showing that the procedure was effective in teaching sentence reading with comprehension.

Application of the Sentence Completion for Events in the Future Test in evaluating episodic future thinking abilities in patients with schizophrenia / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the episodic future thinking in patients with schizophrenia from three per-spectives including the specificity,emotional valence,and content.Methods:Totally 25 patients with schizophrenia who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ)criteria and 25 healthy controls matched with gender,age,and years of education participated in this study.The Sentence Completion for E-vents in the Future Test (SCEFT)was used to test episodic future thinking.Results:Schizophrenia patients showed deficits in episodic future thinking[(0.13 ±0.10)vs.(0.31 ±0.12),P <0.01].They had problems in imaging the specific events even after controlling for working memory and verbal memory [F(1,54)=6.60,P <0.05].More-over,they generated less positive events compared with the healthy controls [(0.36 ±0.20)vs.(0.48 ±0.16),P <0.01].As to the content,schizophrenia patients generated more events about hospitalization [0 (0,0.64)vs.0,P <0.01],more events that were unclassifiable [0.36 (0.09,0.64)vs.0.09 (0,0.36),P <0.01],and less events re-lated with personal career [0 (0,0.27)vs.0.18 (0,0.45),P <0.01].Conclusion:It suggests that schizophrenia patients show deficits in episodic future thinking.They have problems in imaging the specific events,and they have more negative thinking.