Sex Determination from the Patella in a Thai Population / Determinación del Sexo a Partir de la Rótula en una Población Tailandesa

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to derive the equations for sex determination and to test the accuracy of discrimination between sexes using measurements of the patella in the Thai population. The sample comprised 254 Thai skeletons (134 males and 120 females) aged between 22 and 97 years, with an average age of 63.3years, obtained from the Osteology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai. Six variables were measured in 254 pairs of normal patellae. The mean values of patellar measurements in males were significantly greater than those in females for all variables (P<0.05). Statistical analysis further showed that all variables were useful in sex determination. Stepwise discriminant function analysis yielded an accuracy of 83.2 % (83.8 % male, 82.5 % female) and 85.5 % (85.3 % male, 85.8 % female) for the left and right patellae, respectively. These results suggested that measurement of the right patella is preferable for skeletal sexing. If this is not available, the forensic specialist can use the left patella instead, with an average accuracy of more than 80.0 % in giving a correct classification. The findings of this study demonstrate that the patella is an important bone in sex determination. They suggest that either the left or right patella can be used for sex determination, especially in the Northern Thai population.

El objetivo de este estudio fue derivar las ecuaciones para la determinación del sexo y probar la precisión de la discriminación entre sexos utilizando mediciones de la patela en la población tailandesa. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 254 esqueletos tailandeses (134 hombres y 120 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre 22 y 97 años, con una edad promedio de 63,3 años, del Centro de Investigación y Capacitación en Osteología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai. Se midieron seis variables en 254 pares de patelas normales. Los valores medios de las mediciones patelares en los hombres fueron significativamente mayores que los de las mujeres, para todas las variables (P <0,05). Además, el análisis estadístico mostró que todas las variables fueron útiles para la determinación del sexo. El análisis de la función discriminante por pasos arrojó una precisión del 83,2 % (83,8 % hombres, 82,5 % mujeres) y 85,5 % (85,3 % hombres, 85,8 % mujeres) para las patelas izquierda y derecha, respectivamente. Estos resultados sugieren que la medición de la patela derecha es preferible para la determinación del sexo en esqueletos. En caso de no estar disponible y para dar una clasificación correcta, el especialista forense puede utilizar la patela izquierda, con una precisión promedio de más del 80,0 %. Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran que la patela es un hueso importante en la determinación del sexo. Se sugiere que se pueda utilizar la patela izquierda o derecha para determinar el sexo, especialmente en la población del norte de Tailandia.

Machine Learning Algorithms for Sex Classification by Using Variables of Orbital Structures: A Computed Tomography Study / Algoritmos de Aprendizaje Automático para la Clasificación del Sexo Mediante el Uso de Variables de Estructuras Orbitales: Un Estudio de Tomografía Computarizada

SUMMARY: Since machine learning algorithms give more reliable results, they have been used in the field of health in recent years. The orbital variables give very successful results in classifying sex correctly. This research has focused on sex determination using certain variables obtained from the orbital images of the computerized tomography (CT) by using machine learning algorithms (ML). In this study 12 variables determined on 600 orbital images of 300 individuals (150 men and 150 women) were tested with different ML. Decision tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Naive Bayes (NB) algorithms of ML were used for unsupervised learning. Statistical analyses of the variables were conducted with Minitab® 21.2 (64-bit) program. ACC rate of NB, DT, KNN, and LR algorithms was found as % 83 while the ACC rate of LDA and RFC algorithms was determined as % 85. According to Shap analysis, the variable with the highest degree of effect was found as BOW. The study has determined the sex with high accuracy at the ratios of 0.83 and 0.85 through using the variables of the orbital CT images, and the related morphometric data of the population under question was acquired, emphasizing the racial variation.

Dado que los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático dan resultados más fiables, en los últimos años han sido utilizados en el campo de la salud. Las variables orbitales dan resultados muy exitosos a la hora de clasificar correctamente el sexo. Esta investigación se ha centrado en la determinación del sexo utilizando determinadas variables obtenidas a partir de las imágenes orbitales de la tomografía computarizada (TC) mediante el uso de algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (AA). En este estudio se probaron 12 variables determinadas en 600 imágenes orbitales de 300 individuos (150 hombres y 150 mujeres) con diferentes AA. Se utilizaron algoritmos de AA de árbol de decisión (DT), K-Nearest Neighbour, regresión logística (RL), Random Forest (RF), análisis discriminante lineal (ADL) y Naive Bayes (NB) para el aprendizaje no supervisado. Los análisis estadísticos de las variables se realizaron con el programa Minitab® 21.2 (64 bits). La tasa de ACC de los algoritmos NB, DT, KNN y RL se encontró en % 83, mientras que la tasa de ACC de los algoritmos ADL y RFC se determinó en % 85. Según el análisis de Sharp, la variable con el mayor grado de efecto se encontró como BOW. El estudio determinó el sexo con alta precisión en las proporciones de 0,83 y 0,85 mediante el uso de las variables de las imágenes de TC orbitales, y se adquirieron los datos morfométricos relacionados de la población en cuestión, enfatizando la variación racial.

Determining Sex from Thai Radius: Discriminant Function Analysis Including the Dry Bone Weight as an Effective Variant / Determinación del Sexo a Partir del Radio Tailandés: Análisis de Función Discriminante que Incluye el Peso del Hueso Seco como Variante Eficaz

SUMMARY: In forensic anthropology, the radius bone has been shown to determine the sex of human remains in a number of different populations. The dry mass and growth of long bones, including the radius, are associated with sex hormone levels; however, the use of bone weight to determine sex has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to apply bone morphometric parameters, including maximum length of radius (MLR), circumference at the midshaft of radius (CMR), and weight of radius (WR), to 400 sample radii from a Northeastern Thai population. Univariate and multivariate discriminant functions of all parameters were systemically applied. Equations for calculating sex classification were also determined. Descriptive data analysis showed significant sexual dimorphism in all variables (p < 0.05). The canonical correlation was highest in CMR (0.772) and the ratio of weight to length (0.747). Multivariate discriminant function analysis showed that the measured indices of the right radius were slightly greater than those of the left radius. The parameters demonstrating the highest values of the standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients were CMR (Rt. = 0.496, Lt. 0.431) and WR (Rt. = 0.681, Lt. = 0.715). Moreover, the results of the multivariable (stepwise method) indicated that the best accuracy rates for using combinations of CMR and WR were 94 % (right side) and 92 % (left side). In conclusion, the weight of the radius (rather than the length) is an effective parameter in determining sex.

En antropología forense, se ha demostrado que el hueso radio determina el sexo de los restos humanos en varias poblaciones diferentes. La masa seca y el crecimiento de los huesos largos, incluido el radio, están asociados con los niveles de hormonas sexuales; sin embargo, el uso del peso de los huesos para determinar el sexo no se ha investigado suficientemente. El objetivo de este estudio fue aplicar parámetros morfométricos óseos, incluida la longitud máxima del radio (LMR), la circunferencia en la mitad del radio (CMR) y el peso del radio (PR), a 400 radios de muestra de una población del noreste de Tailandia. Se aplicaron sistémicamente funciones discriminantes univariadas y multivariadas de todos los parámetros. También se determinaron ecuaciones para calcular la clasificación por sexo. El análisis descriptivo de los datos mostró un dimorfismo sexual significativo en todas las variables (p < 0,05). La correlación canónica fue mayor en CMR (0,772) y la relación peso-longitud (0,747). El análisis de función discriminante multivariante mostró que los índices del radio derecho eran ligeramente mayores que los del radio izquierdo. Los parámetros que demostraron los valores más altos de los coeficientes de la función discriminante canónica estandarizada fueron CMR (Rt. = 0,496, Lt. 0,431) y PR (Rt. = 0,681, Lt. = 0,715). Además, los resultados del método multivariable (método paso a paso) indicaron que las mejores tasas de precisión al usar combinaciones de CMR y PR fueron del 94 % (lado derecho) y del 92 % (lado izquierdo). En conclusión, el peso del radio (más que la longitud) es un parámetro eficaz para determinar el sexo.

Factors influencing gender preference and awareness against sex determination in antenatal women in rural tertiary hospital in South India

Background: Discrimination begins in the womb even before a baby is born. Sex ratio is an important social indicator that measures extent of prevailing equity between males and females in society and a balanced sex ratio is essential for a stable society. The main objective of this study is to find out the awareness of sex determination and to study the factors influencing gender preference among antenatal women.Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was done among antenatal women at Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences, B.G. Nagara, Mandya. Information regarding the type of family, number of family members, socioeconomic status, gender preference, factors influencing gender preference and obstetric details was collected after taking consent from the antenatal women attending the outpatient department in Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences as well as inpatient antenatal women. Details of about the awareness of sex determination and the perception of women regarding sex determination were also collected.Results: Total 114 pregnant women were included in this study. Among multigravidas 31.4% of them had male preference based on the sex of 1st baby being female, 44.7% (51) participants had son preference and 36% (41) had daughter preference and 19.3% (22) participants had no gender preference. Among study participants 95 (83.3%) of them were aware of punishment regarding sex determination and 19 (16.7%) of them were unaware of legal punishment.Conclusions: Awareness regarding sex determination facilities was found to be increased and pregnant women were also aware of the punishable act regarding sex determination. Factors influencing gender preference mainly included the gender of the first baby in multigravidas and the socioeconomic status.

Biological Identification of Skulls in Indonesian and Thai Populations: Ancestry Estimation, Sex Determination, Stature Estimation, and Age Estimation / Identificación Biológica de Cráneos en Poblaciones de Indonesia y Tailandia: Estimación de Ascendencia, Determinación del Sexo, Estimación de Estatura y Estimación de Edad

SUMMARY: This review article will present an overview of biological profiles in forensic utilities. The biological profile of the skull in the existing literature can help to identify humans, especially if the condition of the victim found is a result of mutilation or a bomb explosion. When it comes to the precision of identifying skeletal remains, the human skull is frequently cited as being first in the estimation of age and ancestry and second in terms of sex and stature. It can be an alternative to assessing the following biological parameters: sex, age, stature, and ancestry. The implementation of biological profiles in the identification process is very important considering that some cases require the assistance of forensic anthropology. This review article shows the importance of the value of skulls. The method that can be applied is craniometry which can be used to determine sex, age, stature, and estimated ancestry. Different results will occur depending on the completeness of the skull. Therefore, estimation formulas have different accurate results. Discriminant function analysis has been performed on various measurement sets and its discriminant power has been validated by many researchers. Geometric morphometric analysis has become the main tool for shape analysis and many attempts have been made to use it in analyzing skulls. Several methods supported by technology have also been developed. It is hoped that the review article will show significant differences in results between studies in Thailand and Indonesia, even though they are in the same racial group.

Este artículo presenta una descripción general de los perfiles biológicos en las utilidades forenses. El perfil biológico del cráneo en la literatura existente puede ayudar a identificar a los humanos, especialmente si la condición en la que se encuentra la víctima es el resultado de una mutilación o la explosión de una bomba. Cuando se trata de la precisión en la identificación de restos óseos, el cráneo humano se cita con frecuencia como el primero en la estimación de edad y ascendencia y el segundo en términos de sexo y estatura. Puede ser una alternativa para evaluar los siguientes parámetros biológicos: sexo, edad, estatura y ascendencia. La implementación de perfiles biológicos en el proceso de identificación es importante considerando que algunos casos requieren la asistencia de la antropología forense. Este artículo de revisión muestra la importancia del valor de las cnezas óseas. El método que se puede aplicar es la craneometría para determinar el sexo, la edad, la estatura y la ascendencia estimada. Se pueden obtener diferentes resultados dependiendo de la integridad del cráneo. Por lo tanto, las fórmulas de estimación tienen resultados precisos diferentes. Se ha realizado un análisis de función discriminante en varios conjuntos de medidas y muchos investigadores han validado su poder discriminante. El análisis a través de la morfometría geométrica se ha convertido en la principal herramienta para el análisis de formas y se ha utilizado frecuentemente en el análisis de cráneos. También se han desarrollado varios métodos apoyados en la tecnología. Se espera que este trabajo muestre diferencias significativas en los resultados entre los estudios realizados en Tailandia e Indonesia, aunque pertenezcan al mismo grupo racial.

Evaluation of Diagnostic Values of a Gender Discrimination Function, Based on Mandibular Dimorphic Parameters in Iranian Population

Abstract Objective: To evaluate mandibular dimorphic parameters for sex determination by using panoramic radiographs and comparing the results with another equation. Material and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the mandible variables, including the ramus height, the coronoid height, the mental height, and the distance between the right and left condyle, were measured in 326 panoramic radiographs. The discriminant function of the statistical method has previously been used to evaluate the diagnostic value of sex. The level of significance was considered 0.05. Results: The detection function obtained was statistically significant in quantitative correlation (p<0.001) with 99% agreement. Moreover, good sensitivity (81.72%), specify (80.25%), and moderate to good predictive values (PPV: 62.29 and NPV:91.6) were found. Among the mandibular parameters, chin height, ramus height, coronoid height, and distance between two condyles showed the highest gender dimorphism. Conclusion: Chin height, and ramus height have the most quality in gender dimorphism. A unique gender discrimination function has been obtained from the results.

Evaluation of Easy and Economic Protocols for High Quality Genomic DNA Extraction and Sex Determination in Papaya Using SCAR Markers

Rapid and precise identification of three sex types (male, hermaphrodite and female flowers) is the key in achieving good returns in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation. This study presents a simple, reliable, fast and cost-efficient DNA isolation protocol and a rapid and precise method of sex determination in papaya. Three DNA isolation protocols viz., CTAB method, Modified Dellaporta method and BioBasic DNA isolation kit were comparatively evaluated for their simplicity, economic, DNA quantity and purity. Among them, CTAB method was regarded as relatively economic, with a cost of Rs. 11.80943 per sample with higher amount of DNA (4667.4 µg/ µl). However, it was noticed that DNA isolation with the BioBasic kit was fastest method, which took only 6 hours 7 minutes. On the other hand, relatively better DNA purity was noticed with the Modified Dellaporta method (average ratio of absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm range between 1.8-2.0) and yielded clear, intact and distinct DNA bands. Hence, Modified Dellaporta method is suggested as an ideal DNA isolation protocol for papaya. Molecular markers (such as SCAR derived from RAPD T12, W11, NAPF-2 and PKBT-4) were employed in this study to identify the sex type and they have successfully distinguished between male and hermaphrodite plants in both dioecious and gynodioecious varieties; especially, NAPF-2 has successfully distinguished male in dioecious varieties. Evaluation of different kinds of molecular markers has shown that the SCAR marker T12 can be used as reliable marker for rapid and precise identification of papaya sex type.

Application of Sphenoid Sinus Morphological Characteristics in Sex Estimation Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Images / Aplicación de las Características Morfológicas del Seno Esfenoidal en la Estimación del Sexo Basada en Imágenes de Resonancia Magnética

SUMMARY: Sex determination of unknown persons plays an important role in forensic science. As most bones used for sex determination are recovered in incomplete state, it is often necessary to use bones that are recovered intact e.g., the sphenoid sinus. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of sphenoid sinuses dimensions for sex determination using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images in Chinese adults. MRI images of 79 sphenoid sinuses (from 44 men and 35 women) were retrospectively selected. The height, anterior-posterior diameter, area, and perimeter were measured in the midsagittal view of the sphenoid sinuses. All data were subjected to descriptive and discriminative functional analysis with unpaired t-test and canonical discriminant. Comparison between male and female groups showed significant statistical differences regarding the height, anterior-posterior diameter, area, and perimeter of sphenoid sinuses. The predictive accuracy rate of the sphenoid sinus to identify sex was 63.6 % in males and 62.9 % in females with an overall accuracy of 63.3 %. This study proposed the importance of sexual dimorphism of sphenoid sinus dimensions, especially if other methods are not available. It suggested using MRI in forensics science thus obviating the complete dependence on the usage of conventional computed tomography (CT) and facilitating the study of forensic anatomy at the level of soft tissue.

La determinación del sexo de personas desconocidas juega un papel importante en la ciencia forense. Como la mayoría de los huesos utilizados para la determinación del sexo se recuperan en un estado incompleto, a menudo es necesario utilizar huesos recuperados intactos, por ejemplo, el seno esfenoidal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el valor diagnóstico de las dimensiones de los senos esfenoidales para la determinación del sexo utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética en individuos adultos chinos. Se seleccionaron retrospectivamente imágenes de resonancia magnética de 79 senos esfenoidales (de 44 hombres y 35 mujeres). La altura, el diámetro anteroposterior, el área y el perímetro de los senos esfenoidales, se midieron en vista mediana sagital. Todos los datos se sometieron a análisis funcional descriptivo y discriminativo con prueba t no pareada y discriminante canónico. La comparación entre los grupos de hombres y mujeres mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas en cuanto a la altura, el diámetro anteroposterior, el área y el perímetro de los senos esfenoidales. La tasa de precisión predictiva del seno esfenoidal para identificar el sexo fue del 63,6 % en hombres y del 62,9 % en mujeres, con una precisión general del 63,3 %. Este estudio propuso la importancia del dimorfismo sexual de las dimensiones del seno esfenoidal, especialmente si no se dispone de otros métodos. Se sugiere utilizar la resonancia magnética en la ciencia forense, obviando así la dependencia total del uso de la tomografía computarizada convencional y facilitando con esto el estudio de la anatomía forense a nivel de los tejidos blandos.

Sex Determination by the Machine Learning Algorithms Through Using Morphometric Measurements of the Carpal, Metacarpal, and Phalangeal Bones / Determinación del Sexo Mediante Algoritmos de Aprendizaje Automático Mediante el Uso de Mediciones Morfométricas de los Huesos del Carpo, el Metacarpo y las Falanges

SUMMARY: In the study, it was aimed to predict sex from hand measurements using machine learning algorithms (MLA). Measurements were made on MR images of 60 men and 60 women. Determined parameters; hand length (HL), palm length (PL), hand width (HW), wrist width (EBG), metacarpal I length (MIL), metacarpal I width (MIW), metacarpal II length (MIIL), metacarpal II width (MIIW), metacarpal III length (MIIL), metacarpal III width (MIIIW), metacarpal IV length (MIVL), metacarpal IV width (MIVW), metacarpal V length (MVL), metacarpal V width (MVW), phalanx I length (PILL), measured as phalanx II length (PIIL), phalanx III length (PIIL), phalanx IV length (PIVL), phalanx V length (PVL). In addition, the hand index (HI) was calculated. Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and Naive Bayes (NB) were used as MLAs. In the study, the KNN algorithm's Accuracy, SEN, F1 and Specificity ratios were determined as 88 %. In this study using MLA, it is understood that the highest accuracy belongs to the KNN algorithm. Except for the hand's MIIW, MIIIW, MIVW, MVW, HI variables, other variables were statistically significant in terms of sex difference.

En el estudio, el objetivo era predecir el sexo a partir de mediciones manuales utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (MLA). Las mediciones se realizaron en imágenes de RM de 60 hombres y 60 mujeres. Parámetros determinados; longitud de la mano (HL), longitud de la palma (PL), ancho de la mano (HW), ancho de la muñeca (EBG), longitud del metacarpiano I (MIL), ancho del metacarpiano I (MIW), longitud del metacarpiano II (MIIL), ancho del metacarpiano II (MIIW), longitud del metacarpiano III (MIIL), ancho del metacarpiano III (MIIIW), longitud del metacarpiano IV (MIVL), ancho del metacarpiano IV (MIVW), longitud del metacarpiano V (MVL), ancho del metacarpiano V (MVW), longitud de la falange I (PILL), medido como longitud de la falange II (PIIL), longitud de la falange III (PIIL), longitud de la falange IV (PIVL), longitud de la falange V (PVL). Además, se calculó el índice de la mano (HI). Regresión logística (LR), Random Forest (RF), Análisis discriminante lineal (LDA), K-vecino más cercano (KNN) y Naive Bayes (NB) se utilizaron como MLA. En el estudio, las proporciones de precisión, SEN, F1 y especificidad del algoritmo KNN se determinaron en un 88 %. En este estudio que utiliza MLA, se entiende que la mayor precisión pertenece al algoritmo KNN. Excepto por las variables MIIW, MIIIW, MIVW, MVW, HI de la mano, otras variables fueron estadísticamente significativas en términos de diferencia de sexo.

Sex Determination in Kerala Population Using Morphometric Analysis of Orbital and Mandibular Height: An Institutional Based Study

Introduction: Measurement of orbital space and height of the mandible are used as tools for estimation of sex, which can be done by using different radiographic techniques like CT, MRI, frontal and lateral skull view, which gives superior accuracy and reproducibility. Aims: To determine the sex of the individual using orbital and mandibular height. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional retrospective study was conducted using a study group consisting of 100 lateral cephalograms both male and female of 18-30 years of age. Lateral cephalograms available in orthodontics department ar- chives were used. In the lateral cephalogram height of orbit was measured by marking the points at supra orbital and infra orbital margin & height of mandible was measured by marking the points at condylion superior (the most superior point on the mandibular condyle) and gonion with the help of GIMPS (GNU Image Manipulation Program) software. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, discriminant function analysis using Wilk’s Lambda test. Results: Discriminant function analysis was used to describe the data with appropriate method of presentation. Descriptive statistics showed that mandibular height was statistically significant between males and females. However, the orbital height difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Mandibular height can be used in sex determination, which can be utilized as an adjunct in forensic identification

Crista Galli Morphometry and Morphology: An Anatomical, Radiological, and Machine Learning Application Study / Crista Galli Morfometría y Morfología: Un Estudio de Aplicación Anatómica, Radiológica y de Aprendizaje Automático

SUMMARY: The study purposed to examine the morphometry and morphology of crista galli in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and apply a new analysis, supervised Machine Learning techniques to find the answers to research questions "Can sex be determined with crista galli morphometric measurements?" or "How effective are the crista galli morphometric measurements in determining sex?". Crista galli dimensions including anteroposterior, superoinferior, and laterolateral were measured and carried out on 200 healthy adult subjects (98 females; 102 males) aged between 18-79 years. Also, crista galli was classified with two methods called morphological types and Keros classification. In this study, the Chi-square test, Student's t-test, and Oneway ANOVA were performed. Additionally, Machine Learning techniques were applied. The means of the CGH, CGW, and CGL were found as 14.96 mm; 3.96 mm, and 12.76 mm in males, respectively. The same values were as 13.54 mm; 3.51 mm and 11.59±1.61 mm in females, respectively. The CG morphometric measurements of males were higher than those of females. There was a significant difference between sexes in terms of morphological classification type. Also, when the sex assignment of JRip was analyzed, out of 102 male instances 62 of them were correctly predicted, and for 98 female instances, 70 of them were correctly predicted according to their CG measurements. The JRip found the following classification rule for the given dataset: "if CGH<=14.4 then sex is female, otherwise sex is male". The accuracy of this rule is not high, but it gives an idea about the relationship between CG measurements and sex. Although the issue that CG morphometric measurements can be used in sex determination is still controversial, it was concluded in the analysis that CG morphometric measurements can be used in sex determination. Also, Machine Learning Techniques give an idea about the relationship between CG measurements and sex.

En el estudio se propuso examinar la morfometría y la morfología de la crista galli del hueso etmoides usando tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) y aplicar un nuevo análisis, técnicas de aprendizaje automático supervisado para encontrar las respuestas a las preguntas de investigación "¿Se puede determinar el sexo con mediciones morfométricas de la crista galli?" o "¿Qué tan efectivas son las medidas morfométricas de la crista galli para determinar el sexo?". Las dimensiones de la crista galli, incluidas los diámetros anteroposterior, superoinferior y laterolateral, se midieron y realizaron en 200 sujetos adultos sanos (98 mujeres; 102 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 79 años. La crista galli se clasificó con dos métodos llamados tipos morfológicos y clasificación de Keros. En este estudio, se realizaron la prueba de Chicuadrado, la prueba t de Student y ANOVA de una vía. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron técnicas de Machine Learning. Las medias de CGH, CGW y CGL se encontraron en 14,96 mm; 3,96 mm y 12,76 mm en hombres, respectivamente. Los mismos valores fueron 13,54 mm; 3,51 mm y 11,59 ± 1,61 mm en mujeres, respectivamente. Las medidas morfométricas del CG de los hombress fueron más altas que las de las mujeres. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre sexos en cuanto al tipo de clasificación morfológica. Además, cuando se analizó la asignación de sexo de JRip, de 102 instancias masculinas, 62 de ellas se predijeron correctamente, y de 98 instancias femeninas, 70 de ellas se predijeron correctamente de acuerdo con las mediciones de CG. El JRip encontró la siguiente regla de clasificación para el conjunto de datos dado: "si CGH<=14.4, por tanto el sexo es femenino, de lo contrario, el sexo es masculino". La precisión de esta regla no es alta, pero da una idea de la relación entre las medidas del CG y el sexo. Aunque la pregunta si las medidas morfométricas CG se pueden usar en la determinación del sexo sigue aún siendo controvertida. Se concluyó en el análisis que las medidas morfométricas CG se pueden usar en la determinación del sexo. Además, las técnicas de aprendizaje automático dan una idea de la relación entre las medidas de CG y el sexo.

Sex determination from scapula by volume rendering technique in Turkish population / Determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula mediante la técnica de representación de volumen en la población turca

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to measure the significant parameters on scapula at computed tomography images and to determine the effects of these parameters for sex determination. The second aim is to find the most effective single and combined parameters to use for sex determination using scapula in Turkish population. In this study, morphometric measurements of scapula on the computed tomography images of 60 male and 60 females were evaluated and their impacts on sex determination were examined via stepwise logistic regression analysis. 10 parameters and 6 indexes calculated via using these parameters were measured. Scapular breadth of the right scapulae (86.7%), maximum scapular length of the left scapulae (85%), scapular breadth of all scapulae (80%) were found to be the most effective single parameters. Combination of the scapular breadth and maximum scapular length were 85%, 90%, 86.7% effective in sex determination on the right scapulae, on the left scapulae and on all of the scapulae, respectively. We believe that the results of this study will contribute to sex determination studies using the scapula in Turkish population for anatomist, anthropologist and forensic scientists.

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir los parámetros significativos en la escápula en imágenes de tomografía computarizada y determinar los efectos de estos parámetros para la determinación del sexo. El segundo objetivo fue encontrar los parámetros individuales y combinados más efectivos para determinar el sexo utilizando la escápula en la población turca. Se evaluaron las medidas morfométricas de la escápula en las imágenes de tomografía computarizada de 60 hombres y 60 mujeres y se examinó su impacto en la determinación del sexo mediante un análisis de regresión logística paso a paso. Se midieron 10 parámetros y 6 índices calculados mediante el uso de estos parámetros. El ancho escapular de la escápula derecha (86,7 %), la longitud escapular máxima de la escápula izquierda (85 %), el ancho escapular de todas las escápulas (80 %) resultaron ser los parámetros individuales más efectivos. La combinación del ancho escapular y la longitud máxima escapular fueron 85%, 90%, 86,7% efectivas en la determinación del sexo en la escápula derecha, en la escápula izquierda y en todas las escápulas, respectivamente. Creemos que los resultados de este estudio contribuirán a los estudios de determinación de sexo utilizando la escápula en la población turca para anatomistas, antropólogos y científicos forenses.

Sex Determination Using Direct Photography Technique: a Mobile-phone Camera: A Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley) (Penentuan Jantina Menggunakan Teknik Fotografi Terus: Kamera telefon bimbit: Pendekatan Digital untuk Analisis Cetakan Bibir dalam Penduduk Melayu Malaysia (Lembah Klang) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Cheiloscopy may not be as well-known as other techniques of identification, such as fingerprint or DNA analysis, but it has its own impact in the appropriate circumstances. Cheiloscopy has been recognized as an important tool for human identification. A manual approach of studying lip prints was utilised by many researchers (magnifying glasses). Nonetheless, the current study relied solely on a mobile phone camera to visually capture lip prints for sex determination. 377 samples of lip prints were analysed with Adobe Photoshop software and classified into six different types of lip print patterns, according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classifications. Lip prints were divided into six sections including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower left, lower middle and lower right. Pearson's Chi-square test revealed significant differences between male and female lip prints (p < 0.05) among the Malaysian Malay population of the Klang Valley, with Type V (irregular pattern) lip prints being the most prevalent. In comparison to magnifying glasses, our studies proved the ability to record and examine lip prints utilising a digital approach.

Sex differences in the morphology of the distal humerus in Ming and Qing Dynasties population in North China / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the feasibility and accuracy of sex determination by morphology of the distal humerus in North China population. Methods Observing sexually dimorphic differences of olecranon fossa shape, trochlear symmetry, trochlear constriction and angle of medial epicondyle. Each characteristic was divided into three categories: male, unknown and female. The morphological characteristics of the humerus of 70 individuals (35 males and 35 females) from the Ming and Qing Dynasties in North China were counted to compare the occurrence rate of different categories of distal humeral morphology and the accuracy rate of sex determination. Results There were statistically significant differences in the performance of the four traits of the distal humerus between males and females. The accuracy rate of angle of medial epicondyle was the highest at 76%, while the lowest accuracy rate of trochlear constriction was only 52%. The accuracy of the combined four traits was higher than the single ones, with an accuracy rate of 76% (83% for males and 68% for females). Conclusion Distal humerus morphology can be used to determine sex when skulls and pelvis are absent.

A geometric morphometric study on sexual dimorphism in mandible / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the mandible using geometric morphometric techniques which are based on marker points,to provide a further exploration of morphological characteristics of the mandible,new ideas and theoretical foundation to support sex difference.Methods The craniofacial thin-layer CT images of 164 northern Han Chinese adults(80 males and 84 females)were used in the study,and three-dimensional coordinates of 18 landmarks were acquired.Sex differences in mandibular size and shape were assessed using the generalized procrustes superimposition,principal component analysis,and regression analysis.Results Allometric analysis showed a statistically significant effect of mandible size on shape(P<0.001),the significance of the sex differences were found in size and shape,with male mandibles larger than female mandibles,PCA plots showed considerable overlap of the male and female mandible along the extracted PCs,and logistic regression showed that the overall sex inference accuracy was 67.1%to 89.6%.Conclusion Male and female mandibles differ more in size than in shape,and when shape and size information are combined in the analysis,the accuracy of sex classification is improved to a greater extent.

Avaliação tomográfica de quatro medidas lineares cranianas para a estimativa do sexo / Tomographic evaluation of four linear cranial measurements for sex estimation

Introdução: O processo de identificação humana passa pela análise para estimativas de característica antropológicas do indivíduo como sexo, idade, estatura e ancestralidade. As tomografias computadorizadas (TCs) têm sido amplamente utilizadas para fins diagnóstico sendo que as reproduções de imagens são fidedignas em relação ao crânio estudado e isto permite avaliações quantitativas quanto a estimativas antropométricas. Objetivo: Avaliar quatro medidas lineares cranianas em TCs buscando verificar a presença de dimorfismo sexual: Parede externa do forame jugular do lado direito (PEFJLD) a parede externa do forame jugular do lado esquerdo (PEFJLE); Parede externa do forame jugular do lado direito (PEFJLD) a espinha nasal anterior (ENA); Parede externa do forame jugular do lado esquerdo (PEFJLE) a espinha nasal anterior (ENA); Parede externa do forame redondo do lado direito (PEFRLD) a parede externa do forame redondo do lado esquerdo (PEFRLE). Pretendeu-se ainda a construção de um modelo de regressão logística para estimativa do sexo. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo CEP/FOP/UNICAMP CAAE 54171916.0.0000.5418 e utilizou 200 TCs do Biobanco osteológico e tomográfico, todas com sexo, idade, ancestralidade e causa da morte conhecidas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise pelos Testes de Shapiro-Wilke e Levene para analisar respectivamente a distribuição e a igualdade de variâncias (homocedasticidade) das variáveis em estudo. Também foram realizados os testes t não pareado e o de Pearson e uma regressão logística (Hachward Stepwire-wald, teste de Homer & Lemeshow e Nagelkerke). Resultados e Conclusão: As quatro medidas avaliadas apresentaram-se dimórficas e as medidas PEFJD-PEFJE e PEFJD-ENA apresentaram-se como melhores variáveis para a construção de um modelo matemático de regressão logística para estimar o sexo, com acurácia de 55,3% na determinação do sexo feminino, 75,2% no sexo masculino e acurácia geral de 66,8%

Introduction: The process of human identification involves analysis to estimate the anthropological characteristics of the individual, such as sex, age, height, and ancestry. Computed tomography (CT) has been widely used for diagnostic purposes and the image reproductions are reliable in relation to the skull studied and this allows quantitative assessments regarding anthropometric estimates. Objective: To evaluate four linear cranial measurements on CTs seeking to verify the presence of sexual dimorphism, namely: External wall of the jugular foramen right side (PEFJLD) to the external wall of the jugular foramen left side (PEFJLE); External wall of jugular foramen right side (PEFJLD) to anterior nasal spine (ENA); External wall of jugular foramen left side (PEFJLE) to anterior nasal spine (ENA); External wall of the foramen rotundum right side (PEFRLD) to the wall of the foramen rotundum left side(PEFRLE). It was also intended to build a logistic regression model for sex estimation. Methodology: The research was approved by CEP/FOP/UNICAMP CAAE 54171916.0.0000.5418 and used 200 CTs from the osteological and tomographic Biobank, all with known sex, age, ancestry, and cause of death. The data obtained were submitted to analysis by the Shapiro-Wilke and Levene tests to analyze respectively the distribution and equality of variances (homoscedasticity) of the variables under study. The unpaired t-test and Pearson's test and a logistic regression were also performed (Hachward Stepwire-wald, Homer & Lemeshow and Nagelkerke test). Results and Conclusion: The four measures evaluated were dimorphic, and among them the PEFJD-PEFJE and PEFJD-ENA measures were the best variables for the construction of a mathematical model of logistic regression to estimate sex, with an accuracy of 55, 3% in the determination of females, 75.2% of males and an overall accuracy of 66.8%

Sex determination using scapular and clavicular parameters in modern Thai population / Determinación del sexo utilizando parámetros escapulares y claviculares en la población tailandesa moderna

SUMMARY: As natural disasters or crimes, precise postmortem identification is needed especially in case of unknown human remains. The aim of the study is to assess sexual dimorphism by formulating new multivariate equations based on scapular and clavicular parameters for a modern Thai population. Eight left scapular and six left clavicular parameters were measured from 278 individuals (124 males and 124 females for training group; and 15 males and 15 females for test group) of a modern Thai population with age ranges from 19 to 101 years. All scapular and clavicular parameters were sexually dimorphic. Direct and stepwise multivariate discriminant function analysis was performed to generate models. Three direct multivariate discriminant functions showed accuracy rates from 91.1c to 92.3 % (cross-validated range from 90.3 % to 91.5 %). Similarly, three stepwise multivariate discriminant functions showed accuracy rates from 90.7 % to 92.7 % (cross-validated range from 90.7 % to 92.7 %). Moreover, the test group showed 86.67 % to 100 % of sex determination accuracy in six discriminant functions. As recommendation for sex determination by using combination of the scapular and clavicular parameters yields statistically high accuracy for sex determination. Therefore, the accuracies of these multivariate discriminant function equations obtained from scapula and clavicle can be applied for forensic sex determination, especially in modern Thais.

RESUMEN: En casos de desastres naturales o crímenes se requiere una identificación post mortem precisa, especialmente en el caso de restos humanos desconocidos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el dimorfismo sexual mediante nuevas ecuaciones multivariadas basadas en parámetros escapulares y claviculares para una población tailandesa moderna. Se midieron ocho parámetros escapulares izquierdos y seis claviculares izquierdos de 278 individuos (124 hombres y 124 mujeres para el grupo de entrenamiento; y 15 hombres y 15 mujeres para el grupo de prueba) de una población tailandesa moderna con rangos de edad de 19 a 101 años. Todos los parámetros escapulares y claviculares presentaban dimorfismo sexual. Se realizaron análisis de funciones discriminantes multivariadas directas paso a paso para generar modelos. Tres funciones discriminantes multivariadas directas mostraron tasas de precisión de 91,1 % a 92,3 % (rango de validación cruzada de 90,3 % a 91,5 %). De manera similar, tres funciones discriminantes multivariadas mostraron tasas de precisión de 90,7 % a 92,7 % (rango de validación cruzada de 90,7 % a 92,7 %). Además, el grupo de prueba mostró del 86,67 % al 100 % de precisión en la determinación del sexo en seis funciones discriminantes. Como recomendación para la determinación del sexo mediante el uso de la combinación de los parámetros escapulares y claviculares, se obtiene una precisión estadísticamente alta para la determinación del sexo. Por lo tanto, las precisiones de estas ecuaciones de funciones discriminantes multivariadas obtenidas de la escápula y la clavícula se pueden aplicar para la determinación forense del sexo, especialmente en los tailandeses modernos.

Sex determination from glenoid cavity by computed tomography in Turkish population / Determinación del sexo de la cavidad glenoidea mediante tomografía computarizada en la población turca

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to contribute to sex determination studies from the scapula in the Turkish population and compare with previous studies. This study was performed with 200 scapulae (100 males and 100 females). The age range of the patients was between 18-93 years old. Computed tomography scans were used and length of glenoid cavity (LGC), breadth of glenoid cavity (BGC), depth of glenoid cavity (DGC), perimeter (PM) and volume (VL) were measured. Randomly selected 20 scapulae were measured three times for examine the intra-rater reliability from those measurements. Gender logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the significant variables at sex determination from the scapula. The most effective parameter in determining sex from scapula was found to be VL (88.5%). The effects of LGC, PM, BGC and DGC at sex determination from scapula were found to be 83%, 82.5%, 79.5%, 66%, respectively. The combination of VL and PM (89.5%) was found to be the most effective combination at sex determination from the scapula. The intraclass correlation values of all measurements were found to be at high reliability. According to the literature, PM and DGC along with the VL in Turkish population, were not used previously for sex determination from the scapula. A combination of the VL and PM was found to be the most effective parameters at sex determination from scapula in the Turkish population. There are few studies on the sex determination from scapula in the Turkish population. This study will guide anthropologists, forensic scientists and anatomists at sex determination studies from scapula and surgeons by morphometrically in clinical situations related to the scapula.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue contribuir a la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula en la población turca y comparar con estudios previos. Esta investigación se realizó con 200 escápulas (100 hombres y 100 mujeres). El rango de edad de los pacientes estaba entre de 18 años y 93 años. Escaner de tomografía computada se usó para medir en la cavidad glenoidea los siguientes parámetros: longitud (LCG), ancho (ACG), profundidad (PCG), perímetro (PG) y volumen (VCG). Se midieron 20 escápulas seleccionadas tres veces al azar para examinar la confiabilidad intraevaluador de estas mediciones. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística de género para encontrar las variables significativas en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. El parámetro más eficaz para determinar el sexo a partir de la escápula resultó ser VCG (88,5%). Los efectos de LCG, PG, ACG y PCG en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula fueron del 83 %, 82,5 %, 79,5 % y 66 %, respectivamente. La combinación de VCG y PG (89,5%) resultó ser la combinación más efectiva en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. Se encontró que los valores de correlación intraclase de todas las mediciones tenían una alta confiabilidad. De acuerdo con la literatura, PG y PCG junto con el VCG en la población turca, no se han utilizado previamente para la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. Se determinó que una combinación de VCG y PG son los parámetros más efectivos en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. Existe escasa información sobre la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula en la población turca. Este estudio guiará a los antropólogos, forenses y anatomistas en los estudios de determinación del sexo de la escápula y sera útil para los cirujanos en situaciones clínicas relacionadas con la escápula.

Regulación genética de la determinación sexual y diferenciación gonadal en peces teleósteos / Genetic regulation of sex determination and gonadal differentiation in teleost fish / Regulação genética da determinação sexual e diferenciação gonadal em peixes teleósteos

RESUMEN Comprender el control de la determinación del sexo y la diferenciación sexual en peces es fundamental para mejorar aspectos de manejo, productividad, economía y conservación de las especies. El objetivo de esta revisión es brindar información de los principales mecanismos genético-moleculares de determinación y diferenciación sexual en peces teleósteos. La búsqueda de información se desarrolló entre 2019 - 2021 a través de bases de datos bibliográficas utilizando frases como: "sex determination fish", "sexual differentiation fish'" y "sex neotropical fish". La selección de la información se realizó llevando en consideración máximo 10 años de publicación, descartando documentos considerados como tesis de maestra o doctorado. La determinación del sexo puede ser definido por sistemas cromosómicos como XX/XY ZZ/ZW XX/X0, ZZ/Z0, XXI, XX2 y XIX2Y o modulado por diferentes genes autosómicos tales como cyp19al , fox12, figla, dmrtl , sox9, amh ygsdf sin embargo, a pesar de los grandes avances en la investigación en el área molecular; el proceso de regulación en la determinación y diferenciación del sexo en peces aún no está completamente dilucidado, especialmente en especies Neotropicales.

AВSTRАСT Understanding the control of sex determination and sexual differentiation in fish is essential to improve aspects of management, productivity economy and conservation of the species. The objective of this review is to provide information on the main genetic-molecular mechanisms of sexual determination and differentiation in teleost fish. The information search was developed between 2019 - 2021 through bibliographic databases using phrases such as: "sex determination fish", "sexual differentiation fish" and "sex neotropical fish". The selection of the information was carried out taking into consideration a maximum of 10 years of publication, discarding documents considered as master's or doctoral theses. The sex determination can be defined by chromosome systems such as XX/XY, ZZ/ZW, XX/X0, ZZ/ Z0, XXI, XX2 and XIX2Y or modulated by different autosomal genes such as cyp19al1 fox12, figla, dmrtl: sox9, amh, and gsdf, However despite the great advances in research in the molecular area, the regulation process in the determination and differentiation of sex in fish is not yet fully elucidated, especially in species Neotropical.

RESUMO Compreender o controle da determinação do sexo e a diferenciação sexual nos peixes é fundamental para melhorar a gestão, produtividade, economia e conservação das espécies. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer informação sobre os principais mecanismos genéticos-moleculares da determinação e diferenciação sexual em peixes teleósteos. A busca da informação foi realizada entre 2019 - 2021 através de bases de dados bibliográficas, utilizando frases como: "sex determination fish", ""sexual differentiation fish" y ""sex neotropical fish". A seleção da informação foi realizada levando em consideração no máximo 10 años de publicação, descartando-se documentos considerados como teses de mestrado ou doutorado. A determinação do sexo pode ser definida por sistemas cromossômicos como XX/XY, ZZ/ZW XX/X0, ZZ/Z0, XXl, XX2 e XIX2Y ou modulada por diferentes genes autossômicos tais como cyp19al , fox12, figla, dmrtl1 sox9, amh e gsdf no entanto, apesar dos grandes avanços na pesquisa molecular o processo de regulação na determinação e diferenciação do sexo nos peixes ainda não está totalmente elucidado, especialmente nas espécies Neotropicais.

Morphometric assessment methods for estimation of sexual dimorphism from cranial occipital condyles / Métodos de evaluación morfométrica para la estimación del dimorfismo sexual de los cóndilos occipitales craneales

SUMMARY: Identification of fragmentary human remains is an integral par of medico legal investigations. Occipital region is commonly not affected in traumatic injuries and accidents due to its secluded position which makes it the integral part in determination of sex in the absence of entire skeleton. Occipital condylar region is also the most common area for degenerative and neoplastic diseases. So thorough knowledge of anatomy of occipital condyle is very essential during surgical interventions. 86 skulls were studied from osteological collections of Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College. Maximum length and breadth of the occipital condyle, anterior intercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance was measured with the help of vernier callipers. Descriptive statistics was calculated for the parameters considered. Metric data of right and left sides were compared with student t test and p value was calculated.All data obtained was subjected for discriminant function analysis to derive the statistical model. All the measurements were significantly high in males compared to females. Condylar length and width, anterior and posterior intercondylar distance can be used to derive formula for determination of sex in south Indian population with an accuracy of 66.3 %.

RESUMEN: La identificación de restos humanos fragmentarios es una parte integral de las investigaciones médico legales. La región occipital comúnmente no se ve afectada en lesiones traumáticas y accidentes debido a su posición apartada que la convierte en parte integral en la determinación del sexo en ausencia de un esqueleto completo. La región condilar occipital es también el área más común de enfermedades degenerativas y neoplásicas. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento integral de la anatomía del cóndilo occipital es esencial durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Se estudiaron 86 cráneos de colecciones osteológicas del Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina de Yenepoya. Se midió el largo y ancho máximo del cóndilo occipital, la distancia intercondilar anterior y la distancia intercondilar posterior con la ayuda de un calibrador vernier. Se calculó la estadística descriptiva para los parámetros considerados. Los datos métricos de los lados derecho e izquierdo se compararon con la prueba t de Student y se calculó el valor de p. Todos los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de función discriminante para derivar el modelo estadístico. Todas las medidas fueron significativamente altas en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres. La longitud y el ancho del cóndilo, la distancia intercondilar anterior y posterior se pueden utilizar para derivar la fórmula para determinar el sexo en la población del sur de la India con una precisión del 66,3 %.