Avaliação tomográfica de quatro medidas lineares cranianas para a estimativa do sexo / Tomographic evaluation of four linear cranial measurements for sex estimation

Introdução: O processo de identificação humana passa pela análise para estimativas de característica antropológicas do indivíduo como sexo, idade, estatura e ancestralidade. As tomografias computadorizadas (TCs) têm sido amplamente utilizadas para fins diagnóstico sendo que as reproduções de imagens são fidedignas em relação ao crânio estudado e isto permite avaliações quantitativas quanto a estimativas antropométricas. Objetivo: Avaliar quatro medidas lineares cranianas em TCs buscando verificar a presença de dimorfismo sexual: Parede externa do forame jugular do lado direito (PEFJLD) a parede externa do forame jugular do lado esquerdo (PEFJLE); Parede externa do forame jugular do lado direito (PEFJLD) a espinha nasal anterior (ENA); Parede externa do forame jugular do lado esquerdo (PEFJLE) a espinha nasal anterior (ENA); Parede externa do forame redondo do lado direito (PEFRLD) a parede externa do forame redondo do lado esquerdo (PEFRLE). Pretendeu-se ainda a construção de um modelo de regressão logística para estimativa do sexo. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo CEP/FOP/UNICAMP CAAE 54171916.0.0000.5418 e utilizou 200 TCs do Biobanco osteológico e tomográfico, todas com sexo, idade, ancestralidade e causa da morte conhecidas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise pelos Testes de Shapiro-Wilke e Levene para analisar respectivamente a distribuição e a igualdade de variâncias (homocedasticidade) das variáveis em estudo. Também foram realizados os testes t não pareado e o de Pearson e uma regressão logística (Hachward Stepwire-wald, teste de Homer & Lemeshow e Nagelkerke). Resultados e Conclusão: As quatro medidas avaliadas apresentaram-se dimórficas e as medidas PEFJD-PEFJE e PEFJD-ENA apresentaram-se como melhores variáveis para a construção de um modelo matemático de regressão logística para estimar o sexo, com acurácia de 55,3% na determinação do sexo feminino, 75,2% no sexo masculino e acurácia geral de 66,8%

Introduction: The process of human identification involves analysis to estimate the anthropological characteristics of the individual, such as sex, age, height, and ancestry. Computed tomography (CT) has been widely used for diagnostic purposes and the image reproductions are reliable in relation to the skull studied and this allows quantitative assessments regarding anthropometric estimates. Objective: To evaluate four linear cranial measurements on CTs seeking to verify the presence of sexual dimorphism, namely: External wall of the jugular foramen right side (PEFJLD) to the external wall of the jugular foramen left side (PEFJLE); External wall of jugular foramen right side (PEFJLD) to anterior nasal spine (ENA); External wall of jugular foramen left side (PEFJLE) to anterior nasal spine (ENA); External wall of the foramen rotundum right side (PEFRLD) to the wall of the foramen rotundum left side(PEFRLE). It was also intended to build a logistic regression model for sex estimation. Methodology: The research was approved by CEP/FOP/UNICAMP CAAE 54171916.0.0000.5418 and used 200 CTs from the osteological and tomographic Biobank, all with known sex, age, ancestry, and cause of death. The data obtained were submitted to analysis by the Shapiro-Wilke and Levene tests to analyze respectively the distribution and equality of variances (homoscedasticity) of the variables under study. The unpaired t-test and Pearson's test and a logistic regression were also performed (Hachward Stepwire-wald, Homer & Lemeshow and Nagelkerke test). Results and Conclusion: The four measures evaluated were dimorphic, and among them the PEFJD-PEFJE and PEFJD-ENA measures were the best variables for the construction of a mathematical model of logistic regression to estimate sex, with an accuracy of 55, 3% in the determination of females, 75.2% of males and an overall accuracy of 66.8%

Sex dimorphism according to the nasozygomatic triangle

Sex is one of the first features to be diagnosed in human identification, composing, with age, ancestry and stature, the so called "big four". Aim: The present study aimed to metrically analyze the sexual dimorphism in skulls of known age and sex from Rio Grande do Sul ­ Brazil. Methods: This was a crosssectional study of metrical analysis, which used a sample comprised of 209 human skulls (106 male and 103 female) older than 22 years old at the time of death, undamaged and without signs of trauma or abnormalities. The point nasion and the most superior points on the zygomaticotemporal sutures from each side were connected forming a triangle. This area was calculated using Heron's formula, and the results were submitted for statistical analysis. Results: All measurements showed significant values for sexual dimorphism. Through the area of the triangle, it was possible to determine sex with an accuracy of 83.97% for males and 83.50% for females. Conclusion: This simple method requires only a caliper, and still can be reliable for forensic human identification. It must be diffused and tested on other samples, and can be used as a good and inexpensive tool for experts in day-to-day practice

Sexing the cranium from the foramen magnum using discriminant analysis in a brazilian sample

Abstract In the identification process, the foramen magnum has shown controversial results in sex estimation. The present study aimed to analyze the morphometric variables of the foramen magnum in Brazilian adult cranium for sex estimation. The sample was composed of 100 craniums (53 males and 47 females) from the documented collection of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences. The protocol measurement was constituted of two linear measurements: maximum length of the foramen magnum and maximum breadth of the foramen magnum and two formulas to calculate the area, method one (M1) and method two (M2). Descriptive statistics showed statistically significant differences between sex (p<0.05) for all variables. The univariate discriminant functions showed an accuracy between 56.0-62.0%, and the multivariate analysis showed a percentage of accuracy between 60.0-65.0%, the greatest accuracy was found combining the two linear measurements with M1(71.7%), even after cross-validation (66%). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that M2 is the best parameter for estimating sex (AUC=0.693). A reference table for Brazilians using the foramen magnum parameters was developed based on the results of the ROC curve analysis. In conclusion, the foramen magnum should be used with caution to estimate sex in forensic cases of fragmentary craniums, due to the limited accuracy.

Resumo No processo de identificação humana, a análise do forame magno apresenta resultados controversos para estimativa do sexo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as variáveis morfométricas do forame magno em crânios adultos brasileiros para estimação sexual. A amostra foi composta por 100 crânios (53 sexos masculino e 47 sexo feminino) pertencentes a coleção osteológica documentada do Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências Forenses. A medida do protocolo foi constituída por duas medidas lineares: comprimento máximo do forame magno e largura máxima do forame magno e duas fórmulas para calcular a área, método um (M1) e método dois (M2). As estatísticas descritivas evidenciaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) para todas as variáveis. As funções discriminantes univariadas apresentaram uma porcentagem de acerto entre 56,0-62,0% e a análise multivariada mostrou uma porcentagem de acerto entre 60,0-65,0%. A análise da curva ROC apontou que M2 é o melhor parâmetro para estimar o sexo (AUC=0,693). Uma tabela de referência para brasileiros que utilizam os parâmetros do forame magnum foi desenvolvida com base nos resultados da análise da curva ROC. Em conclusão, o foram e magnum deve ser usado com precaução para estimar o sexo em casos forenses de cranio fragmentado, devido à precisão limitada.

Gender determination by Morphometry measuring of the 12th thoracic vertebra three-dimensional reconstruction image / 中国法医学杂志

Objective This article aims to investigate the effect of gender determination for measuring the 12th Thoracic Vertebra by using computed tomography (CT) and explore the feasibility for the research of human skeleton measuring by CT technique in the ifeld of forensic anthropology.Methods After ascertaining 11 radial line indicators,we measured Multi-planner Reformation (MPR)image of the 12th Thoracic Vertebra. Four ratio indicators were calculated after eliminating measurement uncertainty of results. We inspected the effect of gender determination for measuring the 12th Thoracic Vertebra by using computed tomography (CT) on account of statistical measurement data.Results Gender determination of 12 indicators is remarkable after eliminating 3 unstable indicators. Sevene quations were established. The equation established by centrum indicators predicted sex up to 91.6% accuracy.Conclusion The morphometry indicators of 12th Thoracic Vertebra have gender difference. CT technology can accurately measure skeleton and is valuale for study of human skeleton measuring research in the ifeld of forensic anthropology.