Association between maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the association between maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exposure and the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring.@*METHODS@#A case-control study was conducted, recruiting 221 children with ASD and 400 healthy children as controls. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information on general characteristics of the children, socio-economic characteristics of the family, maternal pregnancy history, and maternal disease exposure during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between maternal GDM exposure and the development of ASD in offspring. The potential interaction between offspring gender and maternal GDM exposure on the development of ASD in offspring was explored.@*RESULTS@#The proportion of maternal GDM was significantly higher in the ASD group compared to the control group (16.3% vs 9.4%, P=0.014). After adjusting for variables such as gender, gestational age, mode of delivery, parity, and maternal education level, maternal GDM exposure was a risk factor for ASD in offspring (OR=2.18, 95%CI: 1.04-4.54, P=0.038). On the basis of adjusting the above variables, after further adjusting the variables including prenatal intake of multivitamins, folic acid intake in the first three months of pregnancy, and assisted reproduction the result trend did not change, but no statistical significance was observed (OR=1.94, 95%CI: 0.74-5.11, P=0.183). There was an interaction between maternal GDM exposure and offspring gender on the development of ASD in offspring (P<0.001). Gender stratified analysis showed that only in male offspring of mothers with GDM, the risk of ASD was significantly increased (OR=3.67, 95%CI: 1.16-11.65, P=0.027).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Maternal GDM exposure might increase the risk of ASD in offspring. There is an interaction between GDM exposure and offspring gender in the development of ASD in offspring.

Neuropsychological Characteristics of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy:Lesion Laterality-Sex Interaction

BACKGROUND: We investigated the neuropsychological features of laterality-sex interactions in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), using a broad and comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. METHODS: Eighty-nine consecutive patients (female 46) with MTLE (left 46) were included in the study. They underwent anterior temporal lobectomy and became seizure-free for at least one year postoperatively. All patients had a language dominancy in the left hemisphere. The following neuropsychological tests including : Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale (KWIS), Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Color Trails Test (CTT), were performed preoperatively. Each variable of the neuropsychological tests were analyzed with regard to laterality-sex interactions. RESULTS: General memory, verbal memory, and delayed recall of WMS-R and a executive function measured by WCST were significantly decreased in patients with left MTLE compared to those with right MTLE. However, this laterality effect especially on verbal memory and some variables of WCST including the number of category completed was observed only in female patients. Interference index of CTT had a tendency to be increased in the male patients with right MTLE. The intelligence scale of KWIS was not correlated with lesion laterality or sex. CONCLUSIONS: Laterality-sex interactions were evident for verbal memory and an executive function in female patients with MTLE. Further studies need to be done on these neuropsychological features. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(2):132~138, 2001)

Neuropsychological Characteristics of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy:Lesion Laterality-Sex Interaction

BACKGROUND: We investigated the neuropsychological features of laterality-sex interactions in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), using a broad and comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. METHODS: Eighty-nine consecutive patients (female 46) with MTLE (left 46) were included in the study. They underwent anterior temporal lobectomy and became seizure-free for at least one year postoperatively. All patients had a language dominancy in the left hemisphere. The following neuropsychological tests including : Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale (KWIS), Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Color Trails Test (CTT), were performed preoperatively. Each variable of the neuropsychological tests were analyzed with regard to laterality-sex interactions. RESULTS: General memory, verbal memory, and delayed recall of WMS-R and a executive function measured by WCST were significantly decreased in patients with left MTLE compared to those with right MTLE. However, this laterality effect especially on verbal memory and some variables of WCST including the number of category completed was observed only in female patients. Interference index of CTT had a tendency to be increased in the male patients with right MTLE. The intelligence scale of KWIS was not correlated with lesion laterality or sex. CONCLUSIONS: Laterality-sex interactions were evident for verbal memory and an executive function in female patients with MTLE. Further studies need to be done on these neuropsychological features. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(2):132~138, 2001)