Papéis sexuais, amor e satisfação conjugal em indivíduos heterossexuais e homossexuais / Sex roles, love, and conjugal satisfaction in heterosexual and homosexual individuals / Roles sexuales, amor y satisfacción conyugal en individuos heterosexuales y homosexuales

A experiência do amor entre pessoas do mesmo sexo ainda é percebida numa ótica social estigmatizante. Na tentativa de contribuir com a discussão dessa questão, neste estudo, foram geradas evidências de validade e fidedignidade para o Bem Sex Role Inventory - reduzido por meio da análise dos escores de 331 indivíduos heterossexuais e homossexuais, de ambos os sexos, que coabitavam com seus parceiros amorosos há pelo menos um ano no Rio de Janeiro/RJ. Também foi realizada uma análise confirmatória da Escala Triangular do Amor - reduzida, que revelou bom ajuste do modelo e invariância de medida para homossexuais e heterossexuais. Além disso, foram verificadas as relações entre orientação sexual, papéis sexuais, amor e satisfação conjugal. A intimidade e o compromisso no amor foram os melhores preditores da satisfação conjugal para ambos os grupos. Foram encontradas algumas evidências que questionam os estereótipos sociais vinculados às relações amorosas de pessoas de mesmo sexo. (AU)

The experience of same-sex love is still perceived from a stigmatizing social perspective. In an attempt to contribute to the discussion of this issue, this study generated evidence of validity and reliability for the Bem Sex Role Inventory-Reduced by analyzing the scores of 331 heterosexual and homosexual individuals, of both sexes, who cohabited with their partners for at least one year in the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro. A confirmatory analysis of the Triangular Scale of Love-Reduced was also performed, which revealed good model fit and invariance of measurement for homosexuals and heterosexuals. In addition, the relationships between Sexual Orientation, Sex Roles, Love and Conjugal Satisfaction were verified. Intimacy and Commitment were the best predictors of Conjugal Satisfaction for both groups. Some evidence was found questioning the social stereotypes associated to same-sex relationships. (AU)

La relación amorosa entre personas del mismo sexo aún es percibida desde una estigmatizante perspectiva social. Tratando de contribuir con la discusión de este tema, en este estudio se generaron evidencias de validez y fidedignidad para el Bem Sex Role Inventory-Reducido, por medio del análisis de los resultados obtenidos de 331 individuos heterosexuales y homosexuales, de ambos sexos, que viven con sus parejas por lo menos desde hace un año en Río de Janeiro / RJ. También se realizó un análisis confirmatorio de la Escala Triangular del Amor-Reducida, que reveló buen ajuste del modelo e invariancia de medida para homosexuales y heterosexuales. Se verificaron las relaciones entre Orientación Sexual, Roles Sexuales, Amor y Satisfacción Conjugal. La Intimidad y Compromiso en el amor fueron los mejores predictores de Satisfacción Conjugal para ambos grupos. Se encontraron algunas evidencias que cuestionan los estereotipos sociales vinculados a relaciones amorosas entre personas del mismo sexo. (AU)

Relation between sex role and social anxiety and the mediating effect of self-acceptance study in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between social anxiety and sex role in college students,and to analyze the mediating effect of self-acceptance between them.Methods:Data came from a sample of 2000 col-lege students in Daqing,who were selected by stratified random cluster sampling method according to the constitu-ent ratio of the college students.We used the Interaction Anxiety Scale (IAS)to assess subjective experience of so-cial anxiety,Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI)to evaluate sex-role classification and Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ)to measure characteristics of self-acceptance.Results:In the college,the distribution of sex-role classifica-tion were androgynous 656 (34.9%),undifferentiated 650 (34.6%),masculine 287 (15.3%),feminine 284 (15.1%).The differences of gender in scores of IAS and SAQ were not significant (Ps >0.05),but there were significant differences among sex roles (P <0.001).IAS scores of feminine were significantly higher than the oth-ers,and the scores of androgyny and masculine were both lower than the other two significantly.SAQ scores offeminine and undifferentiated were both significantly lower than the other two respectively (Ps <0.05).By Boot-strap test,masculine,undifferentiated and feminine (vs.androgynous)could mediate IAS through self-acceptance, the mediating effects were 0.76 (95%CI:0.09 -1.42),4.14 (95%CI:3.43 -4.93),and 4.03 (95%CI:3.47 -4.64) respectively.There was a mediating effect.Both undifferentiated (vs.androgynous ) and feminine (vs.androgynous)directly influenced IAS significantly (Ps <0.05).Conclusion:Social anxiety may be related to sex role but not gender,social anxiety level of feminine students is higher,the sex-role types could influence social anxiety through self-concept indirectly.

Life Stress, Social Support and Sex-role among Women.

Background: Emotions or stress can have a major impact on the physical as well as the psychological well-being of an individual. Methodology: The study was conducted on 30 females. The aim was to study life stress along with social support and sex role in their life. The urban and rural women has equal numbers,all were educated and were in age groups 15-54 years. Results: The result shows that life stress as dependent variable on social support and sex role play a significant role in maladaptive behavior among females.

Homofobia e sexualidade em adolescentes: trajetórias sexuais, riscos e vulnerabilidades / Homophobia and sexuality in adolescents: sexual trajectories, risks and vulnerabilities / Homofobia y sexualidade en adolescentes: trayectorias sexuales, riesgos y vulnerabilidades

Esta pesquisa é um estudo transversal realizado junto a 2282 estudantes de ambos os sexos que cursavam as três séries do ensino médio em três cidades do interior do oeste paulista. O instrumento de coleta de dados empregado foi um questionário autoaplicável com 131 questões. Neste artigo, abordamos as trajetórias sexuais de adolescentes de ambos os sexos que mantêm práticas sexuais homoeróticas ou não. Discutimos as relações desses adolescentes com seus familiares e grupos de pares e a questão de sair do armário como ferramenta política. Tendo como base as concepções de Sedgwick, analisamos os momentos em que sair do armário pode ser uma entre tantas maneiras de manifestação das diferentes sexualidades em relação à heteronormatividade. Apoiando-nos nas colocações de teóricos pós-estruturalistas, abordamos também as construções teóricas e as produções discursivas sobre a adolescência, apontando novas manifestações da juventude na contemporaneidade. Por fim, percebemos a existência de amplos fatores que afetam as decisões de jovens não heterossexuais quanto a sair (ou não) do armário para além da homofobia: eventos pessoais, histórias de vida e mesmo a revelação de sua sexualidade aos pais e/ou a outras pessoas...

This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study conducted with 2282 male and female students who attended high school in three cities of the western interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection was done by a self-reported questionnaire with 131 questions. This paper discusses the sexual trajectories of these adolescents who enrolled in homoerotic sexual practices or not. These adolescents’ relationships with their families, peer groups and the subject of “coming out” are discussed as political tools. Based on Sedgwick’s concepts we analyze the moments when “coming out” can be one in many other ways of manifestation of different sexualities in relation to heteronormativity. Relying on post-structuralism theories, we also discuss theoretical constructions and discourses about adolescence, pointing at new manifestations of juvenile in contemporaneity. Finally, we realize the existence of many factors that affect the decisions of non-heterosexual youths in relation to “coming out of the closet” beyond homophobia: personal events, life stories and even the revelation of their sexuality to their parents and/or to others.

Se trata de estudio transversal realizado junto a 2.282 estudiantes de ambos sexos cursando los tres cursos de la Enseñanza Media en tres ciudades del interior del Oeste Paulista. El instrumento de colecta de datos empleado fue un cuestionario auto-aplicable con 131 cuestiones. En este artículo abordamos las trayectorias sexuales de adolescentes de ambos los sexos que mantienen prácticas sexuales homoeróticas o no. Discutimos las relaciones de esos adolescentes con sus familiares y grupos de pares y la cuestión de “salir del armario” como herramienta política. Teniendo como base las concepciones de Sedgwick, analizamos los momentos en que ‘salir del armario’ puede ser una entre tantas maneras de manifestación de las diferentes sexualidades en relación a la heteronormatividad. Apoyándonos en las propuestas de teóricos posestructuralistas abordamos también las construcciones teóricas y las producciones discursivas sobre la adolescencia, apuntando hacia nuevas manifestaciones de la juventud en la contemporaneidad. Por fin, percibimos la existencia de amplios factores que afectan a las decisiones de jóvenes no heterosexuales en lo referente a ‘salir (o no) del armario’ más allá de la homofobia: eventos personales, historias de vida e incluso la revelación de su sexualidad a sus padres y/o a otras personas...

Bienestar psicológico y orientación de rol sexual en estudiantes universitarios / Psychological well-being and sex role orientation in university students

Este estudio examinó la relación entre el bienestar psicológico, las dimensiones de masculinidad y feminidad y las categorías de orientación de rol sexual (masculino, femenino, andrógino, indiferenciado). Los participantes fueron 346 estudiantes de ambos sexos de la Universidad de Concepción (Chile) con edades entre 18 y 31 años, quienes respondieron instrumentos referentes a bienestar psicológico y dimensiones de rol sexual. Los resultados mostraron que el bienestar psicológico presentaba mayor relación con la dimensión de masculinidad que con la de feminidad, y que los participantes categorizados como indiferenciados presentaron un nivel significativamente menor de bienestar psicológico que el resto de las orientaciones de rol sexual, siendo los individuos andróginos los que informaron el mayor nivel de bienestar. Se proponen diversos factores para explicar los resultados obtenidos.

This study was designed to estimate the relationships between psychological well-being, masculinity, femininity and the sex role orientation categories (masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated). Participants were 346 male and female students, 18 to 31 y ears old, from the University de Concepción (Chile). Individuals completed measures of psychological well-being and sex role orientation. Results show that psychological well-being had higher relationships with masculinity than with femininity and those participants with undifferentiated orientation reported lower well-being scores than did those with other orientations, being the androgynous category associated with the highest reported well-being. Diverse explanatory factors for obtained results are proposed.

Analysis of Path Model Based on Objectification Theory for College Women's Eating Disorder Symptomatology / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the fitness of a path model based on the objectification theory and to expand it by including the new variables to explain eating disorder symptomatology (EDS). METHODS: The subjects consisted of 444 college women. Data was collected through self-report questionnaires that measured self-objectification (SO), social physique anxiety (SPA) and EDS as the original variables in the objectification theory, and influence of mass media (IMM) and sex-role attitude (SRA) as the new variables. Data was analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 and Amos 5.0 programs. RESULTS: IMM and SRA showed direct effect on SO. IMM had direct and indirect effect on SPA and EDS. SRA had direct and indirect effect on EDS, but only indirect effect on SPA. SO and SPA influenced EDS directly, and SO influenced indirectly EDS. CONCLUSION: Path analyses indicated support for the original theory and the expanded theory. It is necessary for repeated studies including various age groups of women to clarify the applicability of the objectification theory to Korean women's eating disorders. And it were recommended that we should promote womens' criticism of the image and message about the perfect female body presented in the mass media, and to highlight the relationship of gender equality to women's eating disorders in health education.

The Relationship between 2nd Digit/4th Digit Ratio and Empathy, Aggression, and Sex Role in College Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the role of prenatal testosterone on the development of sexually dimorphic psychological phenotype. Finger length ratio (2nd digit/ 4th digit, 2D/4D), especially on the right hand, is thought to be influenced by prenatal exposure to testosterone. We evaluated the relationship between 2D/4D and psychological characteristics in college students. METHODS: Participants were 137 college students who completed 3 self-report measures : the Emotional Empathy Scale, Aggression Scale, and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). After copying right ventral surface of the participant's hand, we measured the lengths of the 2nd and 4th fingers, from basal crease to tip, using vernier calipers. We performed statistical analyses using correlation tests and t-tests to examine the relationship between 2D/4D and psychological characteristics (empathy, aggression, and sex role) RESULTS: We observed significant correlations between sex differences and average 2D/4D ratio. Men had a lower 2D/4D ratio than women, confirming the typical sex difference in digit proportions. In women, there was a significant correlation between 2D/4D ratio and empathy. Women with higher, more feminine, finger length ratios had higher empathy scores. We found no correlation between 2D/4D and aggression or sex role. CONCLUSION: There was a positive correlation between 2D/4D and empathy, but in women only. Low prenatal testosterone might play important role in the development of an essential, typically feminine, psychological phenotype (empathy), in women.

Sex Role Identities and Attitudes on the Sexual Violence of Female College Students / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This investigation was carried out to understand how various sex role identities in female college students affect attitudes on the sexual violence. METHODS: From September 1, 2008 to September 30, 2008, the questionnaire composed of instruments developed by Park (2002) and Shin (2004) was distributed to 295 female college students. Frequency, chi2 test, ANOVA were conducted for data analysis using SPSS/WIN 10.0 Program. RESULTS: In the four kinds of sex role identity, Androgyny type was most common (30.7%). There was significant difference between the sex role identity and communication for conflict. Subjects have positive attitudes on the sexual violence. And there was significant difference between the sex role identity and attitudes on the sexual violence. CONCLUSION: Sex role identity has to be considered in research and practice about sexual violence. The program that focus on problem solving of sexual education for subjects who were undifferentiated typed group, should be provided.

Reavaliando o Bem Sex-Role Inventory / Reevaluating the Bem Sex-Role Inventory

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura do Bem Sex Role Inventory respondido por uma amostra não probabilística de homens e mulheres brasileiras. Mais de uma década após a última revisão brasileira do inventário, um novo exame faz-se necessário, devido à forte influência cultural sobre seus itens. A escala foi aplicada junto a 922 sujeitos, recrutados em diversos locais de Porto Alegre (RS) e região metropolitana. Foi realizada uma avaliação da estrutura da escala usando a técnica estatística análise fatorial. Além disso, foi examinada a fidedignidade do instrumento. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os estudos anteriores. Em geral, apareceram evidências que dão forte apoio à versão verificada e, desta forma, habilitam-na para ser usada na pesquisa psicológica.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, answered by a non-probabilistic sample of Brazilian men and women. More than a decade after the last Brazilian review of the Inventory, it has become necessary to conduct a fresh examination, due to the strong cultural influence regarding its content. The scale was applied to 922 subjects recruited from several locations in Porto Alegre (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul) and its metropolitan area. An evaluation of the structure of the scale was carried out using Factorial Analysis. In addition, the reliability of the scale was also examined. The findings were compared to previous studies. Generally speaking, the evidence strongly supports the approved version, thereby qualifying it to be used in psychological research.

Relationship between Sex Role Identity Type, Sexual Consciousness, Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Impulse of University Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to survey the university student's sex role identity type, sexual consciousness, sexual behaviors, and sexual impulse. METHODS: The subjects were 332 university students who were eligible and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from May 22 to June 9, 2007. RESULTS: Difference of sex role identity type by gender was that the androgyny was the most prevalent. There was a difference in sex role identity type which was classified by gender. Boy students were high in undifferentiation, where as girl students were high in androgyny. In difference of sexual consciousness and sexual behaviors and sexual impulse by gender, it showed that boy students were higher girl students. Difference of sexual consciousness by sex role identity type was high in masculinity. CONCLUSION: To improve positively the attitudes to sexuality of students who have had undifferentiation type, it need to provide various sexual education and sexual counselling.

A Study on Sex Role Identity and Family Group Characteristics among University Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex role identity and family group characteristics among university students. METHOD: The participants of the study were 325 university students at S university in Seoul from September 1st to 30th, 2001 and from September 1st to 30th, 2003. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, sex role identity scale, and family group characteristics type scale. Data were analyzed by frequency, means, t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation in the SPSS Win Program. RESULT: In this study, there was a high prevalence of androgyny to female(31.9%) and masculinity to male(39.4%) university students. There was a significant difference between male and female students in sex role identity(p=.000). "Family concord" indicated a high mean score of family group characteristics (4.71+/-.80). There were significant differences between family group characteristics and masculinity and femininity type. CONCLUSION: There is a high relationship between family group characteristics and sex role identities of university students. It is necessary to explore the varied aspects of the androgyny concept, and further research is needed on factors of family group characteristics.

The Relationship between Premenstrual Syndrome and Sex Role of College Students

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. METHOD: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature (2.76+/-.97), anxiety (2.76+/-1.09), and impulsivity (2.72+/-1.02). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). CONCLUSION: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

Perception of Parental Sex Role by University Student / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe the perception of parental sex role held by university students and to examine differences in perception of parental sex role according to student characteristics. METHOD: The participants were 336 university students in Gangreung city. The instrument of parental sex role was developed by the researcher and consisted of 3 subcategories; general parent role, parental sex role as a father and parental sex role as a mother. RESULTS: The most positive item of parental sex role as a father is 'the Father's role is teaching about the value of society'. The most positive item of parental sex role as a mother is 'the Mother's role is to be a counselor or friend'. There were significant differences in perception of a father's role according to sex, type of college, fathers who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, the plan of marriage and having a child, responsibility of child-rearing, and the need for education for the parental role. There were significant differences in perception of the mother's role according to sex, grade, type of college, birth order, type of family, persons who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, plan of marriage and having a child, responsibility of child-rearing, and the need for education for the parental role. CONCLUSION: The parental sex role changes overtime. Thus, it is important to identify university student's perception of parental sex roles as pre-parent preparation for parenting.

The Effect of Sexuality Course on Sex - Role Stereotypes and Sexual Attitude in University Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was 1) to classify university student's attitudes toward sex, 2) to confirm the effects of sexuality course on sex-role stereotypes and sexual attitude in university students. METHOD: The subjects in this study were 212 K university students in Kangwon Province between 3/7/2001 ~ 6/13/2001. The instruments used for this study were the general characteristics, sexual attitude and sex-role stereotypes. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha using the SPSS program. RESULT: 1.University students' attitude toward sex are divided into three types. Type I are called open mined : 16, 33, 28, 10, 18, 2, 30, 25, 26, 27, 22, 19, 29, 21, 9, 5 items. Type II are supporters of virginal purity: 8, 6, 31, 17, 14, 33 items. Type III express love through sexual intercourse: 20, 24, 7, 3, 15, 32 items. 2.There was a significant difference in the appearance and occupational characteristics of sex-role stereotypes before and after the sexuality course(t=2.562, p<.05). 3. In Type III, there was a significant difference in sexual attitude before and after the sexuality course(t=3.576, p<.0001). 4.The data showed the relationships between type III of sexual attitude and sex-role stereotypes(r=-.315, p<.0001). 5.Sex-role stereotypes according to the demographic characteristics before sexuality course were significantly different by age, gender, experience of military service, experience of sex education and experience of sexual intercourse. Sex-role stereotypes according to the demographic characteristics after sexuality course were significantly different by gender and experience of sexual intercourse. 6.Sexual attitude according to the demographic characteristics before sexuality course were significantly different by major(type I), age, grade, experience of military service and experience of sexual intercourse(type II), age, grade, gender, experience of military service, experience of sex education and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual attitude according to the demographic characteristics after sexuality course were significantly different by religion and major(type I), age and grade(type II), age, grade, gender, religion and experience of sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: This study showed that a sexuality course was effective in changing the sex-role stereotypes and sexual attitude of university students.

The Relationships between Sex-Role Identity and the Meaning in Life for a Matriarch / 여성건강간호학회지

The purposes of this study were to understand the sex role identity and the meaning in life(MIL) of matriarchs and analyze their relationships to offer basic data for effective nursing strategies for improving MIL. The data for this study was collected from the 10th of August to the 30th of November, 2000. The subjects were women registered in an occupational training program for unemployed matriarchs which is held in the Working Women's Center in Busan. The measurement tools of this study were MIL(unpublished)developed by researchers and sex role inventory designed by Kim Deuk Ran(1992). The results of this study were as follows: 1.Sex role identities of matriarchs were feminity 13.7%, masculinity 13.4%, androgyny 37.8% and undifferentiated 35.1%. 2. The mean MIL for matriarchs was 173.46+/-16.09. 3. The levels of MIL were 57.2% of the subjects felt a loss of meaning in life, i. e. existential vacuum, 42.8% were in pursuit of meaning but had not discovered it completely and 6.0% felt they had established meaning in life. 4.There were significant differences in MIL levels, concurrent to 4 types of sex role identities(F=11.93, P=.000). And according to Scheffe's post test, between feminity and masculinity, feminity and androgyny, masculinity and the undifferentiated, androgyny and the undifferentiated, there were significant differences. From the results of this study, most matriarchs felt loss of meaning in life, i. e. existential vacuum, and the group with masculine sex role identity had the highest level of MIL. In conclusion, the factors related to masculine sex role identity are necessary to develop nursing strategies for improving levels of MIL.

Revision of Bem Sex Role Inventory / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To test the validity and reliability of BSRI (Bem Sex Role Inventory) in Chinese culture Method:340 undergraduates from three universities in two cities were collected as the subjects They all completed the BSRI Item analysis and factor analysis were done followed by item revision making the inventory more suitable to Chinese culture Result:The new brief scale was composed of 14 masculine items and 12 feminine items The reliability and validity were improved after the revision Conclusion:The new brief scale is more suitable to Chinese culture

Dieting and Eating Disorder of Female Students in Colleges in Beijing / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To study dieting status and prevalence of eating disorder in female students of colleges in Beijing Method:211 female students were investigated with Dieting Status Measurement, Eating Disorder Symptom Questionnaire (EDSQ), Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction of EDI, Experience of Shame Scale and Sex Role Inventory Result:Female college students showed more serious tendency of dieting than those had been found in middle or high school girls Ten students of our subjects met the criteria of eating disorder not otherwise specified by EDSQ The body mass index (BMI) and drive for thinness could predict on dieting behavior There was no significant difference between the scores on dieting and scores of sex role, while there were substantial differences existing in Experience of Shame Scale and its subscales among subjects with different type of sex role

Determinants of Smoking-Cessation Behaviors in Female University Students / 간호학회지

This study was done to determine the factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior in female university students. a total of 534 students participated in this cross sectional study by answering a questionnaire. The data collection was done between September 1 and October 31, 1997. The measurement tools used in this study were the self help change process scale(Cronbach's alpha=.9930 : developed by Oh&Kim, 1996) for smoking-cessation behaviors, the self efficacy scale(Cronbach's alpha=.8250 : developed by Sherer et al, 1982), the sex role acceptance scale(KR-20=.7757 : developed by Kim, 1991) and the social support scale(Cronbach's alpha=.9172 : developed by Park, 1985). The summarized results are follows : 1. The mean scores for smoking-cessation behaviors in smokers(N=150) was 91.72 that was considered a middle score compared to the total possible score of measurement tool(150.0). The mean score for smoking-cessation behaviors by smoking-cessation step showed significant different between the groups(F=11.71, p= .000). 2. The group with no experience in smoking(N=332) showed a high general self efficacy score(t=5.24, p= .000), and more openness to sex role acceptance(t=-2.15, p= .032) compared to the group with smoking experience(N=202). 3. General self efficacy, sex role acceptance, and social support were not different significantly between the groups according to the steps in smoking-cessation. 4. Significant factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior(total, sub concepts) were religion, sex role acceptance, social support, smoking duration, smoking attitude, time of smoking onset, amount of smoking, drinking, and perception of health status. 5. Smoking-cessation behaviors which explained 11% of the variance were smoking attitude, and smoking duration. In conclusion, this study identified factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior. Thereby it will help in the development of smoking-cessation ration other determinants of smoking cessation behaviors, evaluation of intervention efficiency, and comparative study by gender characteristics are needed.

Determinants of Smoking-Cessation Behaviors in Female University Students / 간호학회지

This study was done to determine the factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior in female university students. a total of 534 students participated in this cross sectional study by answering a questionnaire. The data collection was done between September 1 and October 31, 1997. The measurement tools used in this study were the self help change process scale(Cronbach's alpha=.9930 : developed by Oh&Kim, 1996) for smoking-cessation behaviors, the self efficacy scale(Cronbach's alpha=.8250 : developed by Sherer et al, 1982), the sex role acceptance scale(KR-20=.7757 : developed by Kim, 1991) and the social support scale(Cronbach's alpha=.9172 : developed by Park, 1985). The summarized results are follows : 1. The mean scores for smoking-cessation behaviors in smokers(N=150) was 91.72 that was considered a middle score compared to the total possible score of measurement tool(150.0). The mean score for smoking-cessation behaviors by smoking-cessation step showed significant different between the groups(F=11.71, p= .000). 2. The group with no experience in smoking(N=332) showed a high general self efficacy score(t=5.24, p= .000), and more openness to sex role acceptance(t=-2.15, p= .032) compared to the group with smoking experience(N=202). 3. General self efficacy, sex role acceptance, and social support were not different significantly between the groups according to the steps in smoking-cessation. 4. Significant factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior(total, sub concepts) were religion, sex role acceptance, social support, smoking duration, smoking attitude, time of smoking onset, amount of smoking, drinking, and perception of health status. 5. Smoking-cessation behaviors which explained 11% of the variance were smoking attitude, and smoking duration. In conclusion, this study identified factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior. Thereby it will help in the development of smoking-cessation ration other determinants of smoking cessation behaviors, evaluation of intervention efficiency, and comparative study by gender characteristics are needed.

Transcultural Differences on Perimenstrual Discomforts, Menstrual Attitudes and Sex Role Acceptance between Korean and American college Students / 간호학회지

This study was performed to compare the transcultural differences on perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes and sex role acceptance between Korean and American college students. The subjects, 2557 nursing students were selected from 13 universities all around Korea, and 4 universities in the eastern, western, and middle areas of the United States. The data were collected using the MDQ(Menstrual Distress Questionnaire by Moos), the MAQ(Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire) and the Sex Role Acceptance Scale, the subjects answered the MDQ for three points(premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual based on their recollections) between July, 1996 and April, 1997. The findings are as follows : 1. There were significant differences in the age of menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle between the Koreans and the Americans. 2. As for sex role acceptance, Americans more frequently denied the traditional female role than did Koreans. 3. There were significant differences between the two groups on five categories of menstrual attitude(menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically, menstruation is a bothersome phenomena. menstruation is a natural phenomena, and menstruation is a phenomena that does not influence women's behaviors non is expected to). 4, For the menstrual discomfort scores, there were significant differences between the two groups on all six categories of the MDQ(pain, attention deficit, behavioral changes, ANS response, water retention, and negative emotion) for the three points(premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual period). 5. The most common complaints for the Korean women were pain during the perimenstrual period and fatigue during the intermenstrual period. In contrast, for the Americans the most common complaint was negative emotions during the perimenstrual period, but less pain than the Koreans, and a similarity to Koreans during the intermenstrual period. 6. Regularity of the menstrual cycle was positively correlated with age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and duration of menstruation. 7. For the interrelationship between of Perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and sex role acceptance, there were significant correlations for both group as follows : First, the MA category "menstruation is a bothering phenomena" was negatively correlated with sex role acceptance, second, the MA category "menstruation is a phenomena that weakens the women physically and psychologically" was positively correlated with the MA category "menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena." For the further research, it is recommended that efficient nursing intervention programs for perimenstrual discomforts, be developed and qualitative re search to demonstrate the cultural differences as the feminism view point be done.