Factores asociados al inicio de las relaciones sexuales en los adolescentes de los centros educativos de Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco, en el año 2021-2022

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al inicio de las actividades sexuales en adolescentes de los centros educativos de Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco. Material y métodos: Entre septiembre de 2021 y marzo de 2022, se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico transversal en 265 escolares del nivel secundario de los centros educativos de Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión aplicando como instrumento la encuesta sobre sexualidad. Resultados: 129 hombres y 126 mujeres. Con una edad media de 15.41 años. Con un 11% que ha iniciado su vida sexual. El factor de riesgo asociado de mayor peso para el inicio de la vida sexual es la nomofobia con un OR de 22.55 (IC = 5.24 - 96.97), seguido del analfabetismo, con un OR de 6.41 (IC = 1.22 - 6.74). La visita de páginas web sin contenido erótico es un factor protector para la coitarquia. Conclusiones: 1 de cada 10 adolescentes de la zona rural Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco-La Libertad ha iniciado su vida sexual. La nomofobia moderada en la adolescencia incrementa 22 veces el riesgo de tener relaciones sexuales. Los hijos de padres analfabeto tienen 6.41 veces mayor probabilidad de iniciar las relaciones sexuales en la adolescencia.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with the beginning of sexual activities in adolescents from the educational centers of Cushcanday-Agallpampa and San Isidro-Otuzco. Material and methods: Between September 2021 and March 2022, an observational, cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 265 secondary school students from the educational centers of CushcandayAgallpampa and San Isidro-Otuzco who met the inclusion criteria applying as an instrument the sexuality survey. Results: 129 men and 126 women with an average age of 15.41 years. With 11% who have started their sexual life. The risk factor associated with the greatest weight for the beginning of sexual life is nomophobia with an OR of 22.55 (CI = 5.24 - 96.97), followed by illiteracy, with an OR of 6.41 (CI = 1.22 - 6.74). Visiting web pages without erotic content is a protective factor for coitarche. Conclusions: 1 out of every 10 adolescents in the rural area Cushcanday-Agallpampa and San Isidro-Otuzco-La Libertad has started their sexual life. Moderate level nomophobia in adolescence increases the risk of having sexual intercourse by 22 times. Children of illiterate parents are 6.41 times more likely to start sexual relations in adolescence.

Incidencia de parejas serodiscordantes para VIH, en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo"

Desde hace años, en diversas partes del mundo conviven parejas serodiscordantes para VIH, entendiéndose como aquellas parejas que independientemente de la orientación sexual, uno de los miembros se encuentra infectado por el VIH, y el otro se encuentra sano, esto representa una condición de riesgo, ya que experimentan en su vida cotidiana, el riesgo de transmisión de manera permanente. Objetivos: 1) Determinar la frecuencia de parejas serodiscordantes que conviven con pacientes VIH/SIDA, que acuden a la consulta este centro. 2) Conocer si las diferentes prácticas sexuales favorece la seroconversión. 3) Identificar los factores de riesgos que influyen en la transmisión. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, donde se identificó la orientación sexual, prácticas sexuales y revisión de la Historia clínica de los pacientes no VIH y de sus parejas VIH positivas, que acuden al Departamento de Infectología del Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo", en el período comprendido enero 2016 a diciembre 2016. Resultados: El universo de pacientes que acuden de forma regular es 1 894, el 2,36 % conviven en relación de pareja estable. Las parejas heterosexuales estuvieron conformada por diez (10) mujeres VIH negativas con diez hombres VIH positivo (22,73 %), y solo 1 mujer VIH positiva con 1 hombre VIH negativo (2,27 %). Las parejas homosexuales estuvieron conformadas por 11 hombres VIH negativos con 11 hombres VIH positivos, el tiempo de convivencia sabiendo el diagnóstico de VIH positivo de la pareja osciló en < 3 años (54,55 %), y > de 5 años (18,18 %). Conclusiones: Encontramos 22 parejas serodiscordantes para VIH con compañeros en tratamiento, con cargas virales indetectables, el 2,36 % conviven en relación de pareja estable. No encontramos transmisión sexual del VIH que esté asociada con los diferentes tipos de prácticas sexuales, se puede inferir que el 100 % de estas parejas asumieron ese riesgo.

For several years, HIV-serodiscordant couples have been living together in different parts of the world, meaning that couples who, regardless of their sexual orientation, are HIV-infected and the other healthy. risk, as they experience the risk of transmission permanently in their daily lives. Objectives: 1) Determine the frequency of serodiscordant couples who live with HIV / AIDS patients, who come to the center for consultation. 2) Know if different sexual practices favor seroconversion. 3) Identify the risk factors that influence the transmission. Materials and methods: Descriptive, prospective study identifying sexual orientation, sexual practices and review of the clinical history of non-HIV patients and their HIV-positive partners, who come to the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Military Hospital "Dr. Carlos Arvelo", in the period from January 2016 to December 2016. Results: The universe of patients who attend regularly is 1 894, 2.36 % live together in a stable relationship. The heterosexual couples consisted of ten (10) HIV negative women with ten HIV positive men (22.73 %), and only 1 HIV positive woman with 1 HIV negative man (2.27 %). The homosexual couples consisted of 11 HIV-negative men with 11 HIV-positive men, the time of cohabitation knowing the positive HIV diagnosis of the couple oscillated in <3 years (54.55 %), and in> of 5 years (18,18 %). Conclusions: We found 22 serodiscordant couples for HIV with partners in treatment, with undetectable viral loads, 2.36 % coexist in a stable relationship. We do not find sexual transmission of HIV that is associated with different types of sexual practices, it can be inferred that 100 % of these couples assumed that risk.

Formación de tecnólogos como promotores de la salud para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual / Technologists training as health promoters for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte longitudinal en la Facultad de Tecnología de la Salud "Dr. Juan Manuel Páez Inchausti" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2013, a fin de caracterizar y perfeccionar la formación de los tecnólogos en cuanto a la promoción de la salud. Para desarrollar esta propuesta fue necesaria la utilización de un conjunto de métodos y técnicas, que permitieran partir de los elementos más esenciales que caracterizan el proceso de formación de este estudiante de la salud, hasta llegar a las particularidades en el contexto de la universidad cubana actual. Finalmente, se evidenció la necesidad de formar, de manera permanente, tecnólogos promotores de la salud que posean todas las habilidades necesarias para crear conciencia, en sus coetáneos, la familia y la sociedad, de cómo erradicar conductas irresponsables en las relaciones sexuales y así poder prevenir las infecciones de transmisión sexual.

A descriptive study of longitudinal type at "Dr. Juan Manuel Páez Inchausti" Health Technology Faculty was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, during 2013, in order to characterize and improve the technologists training regarding health promotion. To develop this proposal it was necessary the use of a group of methods and techniques that allowed to start from the most essential elements that characterize the training process of this health student, up to reaching the particularities in the context of the current Cuban university. Finally, the necessity of training, in a permanent way, health technologists promoters who possess all the necessary skills to create conscience, in its contemporaries, in the family and in the society, of how to eradicate irresponsible behaviours in the sexual relationships and in this way to be able to prevent the sexually transmitted infections was evidenced.

El inicio de relaciones coitales en estudiantes de preuniversitario / The start of sexual relations among senior high school students

Introducción: internacionalmente resulta de interés mejorar la calidad de vida de hombres y mujeres, por ello es importante la detección temprana de problemas de salud como aquellos relacionados con la sexualidad. Objetivo: describir los aspectos principales relacionados con el inicio de relaciones coitales en adolescentes. Métodos: investigación observacional, descriptiva, transversal. El universo lo constituyeron los alumnos y alumnas de tres escuelas de enseñanza preuniversitaria; la muestra estuvo representada por 450 estudiantes seleccionados de forma estratificada e intencional, 150 jóvenes por centro; 50 de cada año académico comprendido entre los 15 y 18 años de edad. Se aplicó una encuesta validada por el Ministerio de Educación en el 2005. Resultados: se constató que en los muchachos las relaciones coitales se iniciaron más frecuentemente a los 14 años, cuando cursaban la secundaria básica; y a los 15 años en las muchachas, en el preuniversitario. El empleo de preservativo en la primera relación coital, los chicos lo refirieron en el 55,2 % de los casos y las chicas solo constituyeron el 49,8 %. Como lugares para su primera relación coital refirieron la casa de uno de los miembros de la pareja y las escuelas becadas. La novia o el novio fueron por lo general las personas con quienes se iniciaron sexualmente. Los adolescentes buscan con mayor frecuencia la satisfacción sexual, la compañía y la confianza; mientras que las adolescentes buscan apoyo, afecto, comprensión y confianza. Conclusiones: se evidenció la persistencia de patrones socialmente heredados relacionados con estereotipos de género, poca percepción de riesgo de contraer infecciones de transmisión sexual y tendencia a inicio de relaciones coitales en etapas tempranas de la adolescencia, sobre todo en los muchachos.

Introduction: improvement of the quality of life of men and women is a topic of worldwide interest. Hence the importance of early detection of health problems such as those related to sexuality. Objective: describe the main aspects of the start of sexual relations among adolescents. Methods: cross-sectional observational descriptive study. The study universe was male and female students from three senior high schools. The sample consisted of 450 students selected in an intentional, stratified manner: 150 students from each institution; 50 from each school year, age 15-18. Data collection was based on a survey validated by the Ministry of Education in the year 2005. Results: it was found that boys often start their sexual life at age 14, while in junior high school, whereas girls start at age 15, while in senior high school. 55.2 % of boys reported wearing a condom in their first sexual intercourse, whereas girls constituted a mere 49.8 %. The home of either partner or the boarding school they attended were reported as the places for the first sexual experience. Subjects generally reported to have had their first sexual experience with their boyfriend or girlfriend. Boys most often search for sexual satisfaction, company and trust, whereas girls try to find support, affection, understanding and trust. Conclusions: persistence of inherited social patterns related to gender, a poor perception of the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease, and the tendency to start sexual relations early in adolescence, mainly boys, were all made evident by the study.

Projetos afetivo-sexuais por adolescentes e seus pais / Sexual-affective projects by adolescents and their parents

Este artigo discute como adolescentes de camadas médias e seus pais compreendem as relações afetivo-sexuais adolescentes, quais são os projetos afetivos dos filhos, as expectativas dos pais e os ideais de parceiros. A adolescência tem características específicas, tendo os adolescentes uma atitude ativa como agentes socioculturais. Alterações ocasionadas pela adolescência vêm acompanhadas por modificações na família contemporânea. Para compreender os projetos afetivo-sexuais por adolescentes e seus pais, foram realizadas entrevistas com adolescentes das camadas médias de Belo Horizonte e com seus pais. Há coincidência entre projetos que os adolescentes fazem para si e os que os pais fazem para seus filhos. O casamento e a parentalidade são desejados por ambos. Há descompasso entre pais e filhos quanto aos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais dos últimos. A família é desejada e avaliada positivamente pelos adolescentes e seus pais.

This article discusses how medium-class adolescents and their parents understand the sexual-affective relationships of the adolescents, what are the affective projects of the children, their parents' expectations, and the ideal partners. Adolescence has specific characteristics, and the adolescents have an active attitude as socio-cultural agents. Changes caused by adolescence are followed by modifications in the contemporary family. To understand the sexual-affective projects of adolescents and of their parents, interviews were made with medium-class adolescents of Belo Horizonte and their parents. There is a coincidence between the projects that the adolescents make for themselves and those that the parents make for their children. Marriage and parenthood are desired by both. There is a difference between parents and their children concerning the sexual-affective relationships of the adolescents. The family is desired and positively evaluated by the adolescents and their parents.

Características de la primera relación sexual en adolescentes escolares de Ciudad de La Habana / Characteristics of the first sexual relation of adolescentes in the City of Havana

Antecedentes: muchos de los problemas que se relacionan con la salud sexual y reproductiva que enfrenta el adolescente se vinculan con una iniciación temprana de la actividad sexual. Objetivos: determinar las características que se vinculan con la primera relación sexual en un grupo de adolescentes escolares de Ciudad de La Habana. Métodos: se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado a 1 675 adolescentes de 15-18 años de edad, estudiantes de la enseñanza preuniversitaria y politécnica, residentes de Ciudad de La Habana, agrupados en seis estratos. Se realizó el cálculo para decidir el tamaño muestral. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de los estudiantes y del Consejo de Padres. El cuestionario fue sometido a un estudio piloto. Entre las variables exploradas estuvieron: inicio de las relaciones sexuales, edad de la pareja, motivaciones y percepción de riesgo. Resultados: el 71,3 % de los adolescentes tenían relaciones sexuales. La edad promedio de su inicio fue de 14,3 años. Predominó una relación con su pareja de noviazgo. En los varones el motivo de inicio que prevaleció fue “deseos de probar” y en las hembras “estar enamoradas”. La gran mayoría de los adolescentes consideraron que tener relaciones sexuales a su edad constituye un riesgo. Conclusiones: la edad promedio de inicio de las relaciones sexuales en el grupo coincidió con los datos de otras investigaciones realizadas en países del área y en Cuba, las motivaciones para su comienzo difirieron de un sexo a otro y el hecho de conocer los riesgos no retardó el inicio de las practicas coitales.

Background: Most of the sexual and reproductive health problems affecting the adolescentes are linked to early sexual initiation. Objectives: To determine the characteristics of the first sexual relation in a group of adolescent students in the City of Havana. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was applied to 1,675 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, who studied at polytechnical and high school educational systems and lived in the City of Havana , grouped into 6 strata. Estimations were made to decide on the sampling size. The informed consent by the Board of Parents and the students was obtained. The questionnaire was under a pilot study. Some of the screened variables were sexual initiation, age of the sex partner, motivation and risk perception. Results: 71,3 % of adolescents had had sexual relations. The average age at sexual initiation was 14,3 years. Sexual relations with the boyfriend or the girlfriend of the adolescent predominated. The prevailing reason for sexual initiation was “desire of trying out” in males and “being in love” in females. The vast majority of adolescents believed that having sex at their age was risky. Conclusions: The average age at sexual initiation in the group was comparable to that found in other research works conducted in Cuba and in the area. The motivations differeed between males and females. Knowing the risks did not lead to retardation of sexual intercourse initiation.

Use of a condom in sex relations by HIV carriers

The frequency with which condoms are used in sex relations by subjects with HIV was determined by interviewing 132 individuals, 82 men and 50 women, most of them from São Paulo state and some from other regions of the country, all of them seen at an outpatient clinic of the School of Medicine in Botucatu. The women were younger, were of lower educational level and had poorer professional qualification than men. Also, a greater proportion of women were widowed, separated or divorced. We observed that 43.9% of men and 72% of women had been contaminated by the sexual route, but only 41.2% of the men and 31.8% of the women reported the use of a condom after the diagnosis of infection, with most men and women preferring sexual abstinence. The results enable the conclusion that there is still a need to continue to provide information about the use of condoms and to guarantee their free-of-charge distribution due to the low levels of education and professional qualification of the individuals studied. The data also suggest that campaigns for the dissemination of preventive measures should consider the social and cultural differences of infected women.

Para estudar a ocorrência da utilização do preservativo masculino em relações sexuais pelos portadores do HIV, foram entrevistados 132 indivíduos, sendo 82 homens e 50 mulheres. A maioria do Estado de São Paulo e algumas de outras regiões do País, atendidas na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. As mulheres eram mais jovens, tinham menor escolaridade, pior qualificação profissional que os homens, e ainda, maior proporção era de viúvas, separadas, desquitadas e divorciadas. Verificou-se que 43,9% dos homens e 72% das mulheres foram contaminados pela via sexual, mas apenas 41,2% dos primeiros e 31,8% das mulheres referiram utilização do preservativo após o diagnóstico de infecção, a maioria de homens e mulheres preferindo observar abstinência sexual. Os resultados permitem concluir que ainda há necessidade de se manter informação continuada sobre a importância do uso do preservativo, além de se garantir sua distribuição gratuita, pelos baixos níveis de instrução e qualificação profissional dos indivíduos. Sugerem, ainda, que as campanhas de divulgação de medidas preventivas considerem as diferenças sociais e culturais das mulheres que se infectam.