The Components of Height and Blood Pressure in Javanese Children

@#Introduction: Understanding the correlation between body height components and blood pressure in children can encourage proper investment in population-based primary prevention programs and gives benefits in terms of public health and economic well-being. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of stunting and relationship between height, sitting height, leg length, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in Javanese children in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This study used a cross sectional method which was conducted on 492 Javanese children aged 6-12 years old (237 boys and 255 girls). All children underwent anthropometric, SBP, and DBP measurements using standard procedures. Height-for-age based on WHO chart was used to define stunting, while leg length was based on the relative subischial leg-length. Statistical analysis was conducted using independent sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation test with a significance of p<0.05. Results: It was found that around 22.3% of children were stunted with two thirds of girls. Height components were positively correlated with SBP in boys (r=0.19–0.32, p<0.05) and girls (r:0.22–0.37, p<0.05) as well as DBP in boys (r:0.18–0.24, p<0.05) and girls (r:0.22–0.33, p<0.05). The highest correlations were found between siting height and SBP in boys and girls (r:0.32 and r:0.37, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, the incidence of stunting in girls was higher than boys. A positive correlation was found between the components of height and blood pressure. The component of sitting height was better than leg length for predicting blood pressure in Javanese children aged 6-12 years.

Relationship between sitting height measurements and standing height: a prospective regional study among adolescents in the southern region of Kosovo / Relación entre las medidas de la altura sentada y la altura de pie: un estudio regional prospectivo entre adolescentes de la región sur de Kosovo

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research is to determine a regression equation for the estimation of stature from sitting height measurements in the Southern Region of Kosovo. This research was carried out on 225 individuals (120 male and 105 female). The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the ISAK protocol. The relationships between standing height and sitting height measurements were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a 95 % confidence interval. A comparison of means of standing height and sitting height between genders was performed using a t-test. After that, a linear regression analysis was carried out to examine the extent to which sitting height can reliably predict standing height. The results revealed that Southern Kosovan males are 178.61±5.73 cm tall and have a sitting height of 94.05±3.09 cm, while Southern Kosovan females are 165.33±4.46 cm tall and have a sitting height of 89.34±2.50 cm. The results have shown that both genders made Southern-Kosovans a tall group, taller than the general Kosovan population. This research study confirmed that sitting height reliably predicts stature in both genders of adolescents in the Southern Region of Kosovo and revealed a very useful finding for physical anthropologists and experts from related fields.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar una ecuación de regresión para la estimación de la estatura a partir de mediciones de la altura sentada en la Región Sur de Kosovo. La investigación se realizó en 225 individuos (120 hombres y 105 mujeres). Las medidas antropométricas se tomaron según el protocolo ISAK. Se determinaron las relaciones entre la altura de pie y la altura sentada utilizando coeficientes de correlación simples con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Se realizó una comparación de las medias de la altura de pie y la altura sentada entre sexos mediante una prueba t. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión lineal para la estimar la confiabilidad de la medición de altura de pie, considerando la altura sentada. Los resultados indican que los varones del sur de Kosovo miden 178,61 ± 5,73 cm de altura y tienen una altura sentada de 94,05 ± 3,09 cm, mientras que las mujeres miden 165,33 ± 4,46 cm de altura y tienen una altura sentada de 89,34 ± 2,50 cm. Los resultados han demostrado que ambos sexos kosovares del sur son más altos que la población general de Kosovo. Este estudio confirmó que la altura sentada predice de manera confiable la estatura de ambos sexos en adolescentes de la región sur de Kosovo y reveló un hallazgo útil para los antropólogos físicos y los expertos de áreas relacionadas.

Referencias argentinas para la evaluación de proporciones corporales desde el nacimiento hasta los 17 años / Argentine references for the assessment of body proportions from birth to 17 years of age

Introducción. La alteración de las proporciones corporales puede ser indicativa de enfermedad esquelética, por lo cual su detección resulta de gran utilidad clínica. Objetivos. Estimar los centilos de los índices perímetro cefálico/estatura (PC/E) y estatura sentada/estatura (ES/E), y evaluar su utilidad diagnóstica en un grupo de niños con displasia esquelética. Métodos. Los centilos 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 97 de ES/E y PC/E fueron estimados por el método LMS, que utiliza la transformación Box-Cox para normalizar la distribución de los datos a cada edad. Se aplicaron los tests Q-Q plot para evaluar la normalidad de los residuos y el Q test para evaluar la bondad de ajuste. Resultados. La muestra incluyó 4818 niñas y 4803 niños sanos de 0 a 17 años de edad. La mediana del índice ES/E para la edad cayó desde valores de 0,67 al nacer hasta 0,57 a los 4 años. A los 12 años, alcanzó valores de 0,52 y 0,53 para varones y mujeres, respectivamente, y se mantuvo así hasta los 17 años de edad. La mediana del índice PC/E cayó desde 0,45 a los 6 años hasta 0,34 a los 17 años de edad en ambos sexos. Los puntajes Z del ES/E en 20 niños con diagnóstico de hipocondroplasia mostraronmejor la desproporción corporal que la utilización del índice ES/E no ajustado por edad. Conclusiones. Los centilos estimados de PC/E y ES/E muestran que, en el período prepuberal, ocurren los mayores cambios en las proporciones corporales. Estas referencias facilitan una detección más temprana de desproporción corporal en niños con displasia esquelética.

Introduction. Abnormal body proportions may indicate skeletal disorders; therefore, their detection has great clinical significance. Objectives.To estimate centiles for head circumference/height (HC/H) and sitting height/height (SH/H) ratios, and assess their diagnostic usefulness among a group of children with skeletal dysplasia. Methods. Centiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 97 for HC/H and SH/H ratios were estimated with the LMS method using Box-Cox transformation to normalize data distribution for each age. Q-Q plot tests were applied to evaluate normality of residuals and the Q test to calculate goodness-of-fit. Results. The sample included 4818 girls and 4803 boys, all healthy, between 0-17 years old. The median of the SH/H ratio for each age decreased from 0.67 at birth to 0.57 at age 4. At 12 years of age, values reached 0.52 and 0.53 for males and females, respectively, remaining unchanged until age 17. The median of the HC/H ratio decreased from 0.45 at 6 years old to 0.34 at 17 years old for both sexes. Z-scores for SH/H among 20 children diagnosed with hypochondroplasia were better at showing abnormal proportions than the SH/H ratio not adjusted by age. Conclusions.Estimated centiles for HC/H and SH/H ratios show that the most dramatic changes in body proportions occur in the prepubertal period. These references allow an earlier detection of abnormal body proportions in children with skeletal dysplasia.

Referencias argentinas de estatura sentada y longitud de miembros inferiores de 0 a 18 años / Argentine reference values for sitting height and lower limb length between 0 and 18 years of age

Para el seguimiento del crecimiento de niños con severa malformación de miembros inferiores o de columna, disponer de referencias de estatura sentada (ES) y de miembros inferiores (MI) según edad es una herramienta de gran utilidad. Objetivos: estimar los centilos de ES y MI para ambos sexos, entre 0 a 18 años de edad y evaluar la utilidad de estas referencias en niños con malformaciones localizadas en MI o columna. Material y Métodos: los centilos 3°,10°, 25°, 50°, 75°, 90° y 97° de ES y MI según Edad (SE/E y MI/E) fueron estimados en una población sana de 4803 y 4818 varones y mujeres respectivamente, por el método LMS que utiliza la transformación BOX-COX para normalizar la distribución de los datos a cada edad. Resultados: en los primeros años de edad, la mediana de ES en ambos sexos fue similar. Entre los 11 y 13 años, las niñas tuvieron una ES mayor a la de los varones, pero luego se invirtió y se mantuvo así hasta la adultez. En MI la mediana también fue similar en ambos sexos durante los primeros años, pero a partir de los 12 el incremento fue mayor en los varones. A los 12 años la diferencia fue 0,71 cm, finalizando con 9 cm a los 18 años. El uso de estas referencias en niños con malformaciones de columna ó MI mostró un crecimiento patológico de estatura total y del segmento corporal comprometido, con un tamaño y crecimiento normal del segmento no afectado. Conclusión: los centilos de segmentos corporales según la edad constituyen una herramienta útil para la supervisión del crecimiento de niños con severa malformación de columna o miembros inferiores (AU)

For the follow-up of growth of children with severe lower-limb or spinal deformities, reference values for sitting height (SH) and lower-limb (LL) length according to age are extremely useful. Aims: To define percentiles of SH and LL for both sexes between 0 and 18 years of age and evaluate the usefulness of these references in children with LL or spinal deformities. Material and Methods: 3rd,10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles for SH and LL according to age (SE/age and LL/age) were estimated for a healthy population of 4803 and 4818 boys and girls, respectively, with the LMS method that uses the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) to normalize data distribution for age. Results: In the first years of life, mean SH was similar for both sexes. Between 11 and 13 years of age, girls had a greater SH than boys, but this relationship subsequently inverted and remained so until adulthood. The median length of LL was also similar in the first years of life, but after 12 years of age growth was increased in boys. At 12 years of age the difference was 0.71 cm, with a final difference of 9 cm at 18 years of age. The use of these reference values in children with spinal or LL deformities showed pathological growth of the whole body and the body segment involved with normal growth of the nonaffected segment. Conclusion: percentiles of the body segments according to age are a useful tool for the monitoring of growth of children with severe deformities of the spine or lower limbs (AU)

Sitting-height measures are related to body mass index and blood pressure levels in children / Correlações entre altura sentada, índice de massa corpórea e pressão arterial em crianças

Objective Sitting height (SH) is an important parameter in the evaluation of children with growth and pubertal disorders. Besides this, it has been viewed as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, which is increased in adults with relatively short legs. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body proportions and cardiovascular risk markers in children. Subjects and methods: Eight hundred and seventeen children aged 6‐13 years were evaluated. Weight, height, sitting-height (SH), sitting-height/height (SH/H), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed and converted to standard deviation scores (SDS) for age and sex. Statistical analyses were performed. Results There was a positive association of BMI SDS with SH and SH/H SDS (p<0.001). Overweight children showed SH 0.8 SDS superior to eutrophic children (p<0.001). SH SDS was also directly related to BP SDS, but this association was not independent of the association between obesity and BP when assessed by multiple regression analyzes. Conclusion Measures of SH are strongly associated with BMI and BP in children, although the association between SH and BP is probably dependent on the association of both those variables with BMI. This is (an) important information for correct interpretation of SH values in children. .

Objetivo A altura sentada (sitting height, SH) é um importante parâmetro na avaliação de crianças com distúrbios do crescimento e da puberdade. Além disso, tem sido vista como um marcador de risco cardiovascular, aumentado em adultos com pernas relativamente curtas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre proporções corporais e marcadores de risco cardiovascular em crianças. Sujeitos e métodos: Oitocentas e dezessete crianças de 6 a 13 anos foram avaliadas. Peso, altura, altura sentada (SH), altura sentada/total (SH/H), índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e pressão arterial (PA) foram avaliados e convertidos em Z escores ajustados para sexo e idade. Análises estatísticas apropriadas foram desenvolvidas. Resultados Houve associação positiva do Z-IMC com o SH e o SH/H (p<0,001). Crianças com excesso de peso demonstraram Z-SH 0,8 superior ao de crianças eutróficas (p<0,001). O Z-SH também apresentou correlação direta com o Z-PA, mas essa associação não foi independente da relação entre IMC e PA quando analisada por meio de regressão linear múltipla. Conclusão Medidas de SH são fortemente associadas ao IMC e PA em crianças, embora a associação entre SH e PA seja provavelmente dependente da associação de ambas as variáveis com o IMC. Essa é uma importante informação para a correta interpretação dos valores de SH em crianças. .

A Study on Comparison of the Physical Growth between the Korean and the Japanese Young Adults(18-29 yrs.) / 체질인류학회지

The physical conditions of the Korean and the Japanese young adults (aged 18-29) were analyzed for the 10 important body dimensions such as stature, body weight, sitting height, chest circumference, and etc.. The Korean data published in 1979 and 1992 were compared with the Japanese data published in 1984 and 1994, respectively. Also, the physical developments and the sex differences of the Korean in past 13 years were compared with those of Japanese. The results are as follows. 1) The stature, sitting height and perineum height of the Korean young male and female are significantly smaller than those of the Japanese. 2) In the past, the chest circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, body weight of the Korean are larger values than those of the Japanese. But, there are no significant differences in recent surveys. 3) Most body dimensions of male show significantly larger than those of female in the two countries. 4) There is no significant difference in thigh circumference between the Korean male and female in 1992. 5) There are no significant differences in thigh circumference between the '84 Japanese male and female and in hip circumference between the '94 Japanese male and female. 6) Compared with the results of the past surveys, the relative body weight, perineum height, and chest circumference of female to male are decreased in the two countries. But, the relative hip circumference of female to male are increased in both countries.