Las expresiones culturales y el significado de los espacios urbanos en la ciudad de La Paz. Análisis del abordaje transdisciplinar / Cultural expressions and the meaning of urban spaces in the city of La Paz. Analysis of the transdisciplinary approach / Expressões culturais e o significado dos espaços urbanos na cidade de La Paz. Análise da abordagem transdisciplinar

Los imaginarios urbanos son el resultado de complejas interacciones que se dan de manera permanente entre los colectivos ciudadanos y los espacios físicos edificados. Se construyen a lo largo de procesos de interacción en algunos casos definida por roles establecidos de estos espacios, y en otros se van estructurando por una dinámica implícita en el comportamiento social y el desarrollo de su sentido de pertenenecia e identidad en relación al contexto. El abordaje de la investigación de este objeto de estudio, requiere un enfoque transdisciplinar en virtud a los múltiples escenarios disciplinares que posibilitan su exploración en profundidad.

Urban imaginaries are the result of complex interactions that take place permanently between citizen groups and built-up physical spaces. They are built along interaction processes in some cases defined by established roles of these spaces, and in others they are structured by an implicit dynamic in social behavior and the development of their sense of belonging and identity in relation to the context. The approach to the investigation of this object of study requires a transdisciplinary approach due to the multiple disciplinary scenarios that allow its exploration in depth.

Os imaginários urbanos são o resultado de interações complexas que ocorrem permanentemente entre grupos de cidadãos e espaços físicos construídos. Eles são construídos ao longo de processos de interação em alguns casos definidos por papéis estabelecidos nesses espaços, e em outros são estruturados por uma dinâmica implícita no comportamento social e no desenvolvimento de seu senso de pertencimento e identidade em relação ao contexto. A abordagem à investigação deste objeto de estudo requer uma abordagem transdisciplinar devido aos múltiplos cenários disciplinares que permitem a sua exploração em profundidade.

Las expresiones culturales y el significado de los espacios urbanos en la ciudad de La Paz Análisis del abordaje transdisciplinar

Los imaginarios urbanos son el resultado de complejas interacciones que se dan de manera permanente entre los colectivos ciudadanos y los espacios físicos edificados. Se construyen a lo largo de procesos de interacción en algunos casos definida por roles establecidos de estos espacios, y en otros se van estructurando por una dinámica implícita en el comportamiento social y el desarrollo de su sentido de pertenenecia e identidad en relación al contexto. El abordaje de la investigación de este objeto de estudio, requiere un enfoque transdisciplinar en virtud a los múltiples escenarios disciplinares que posibilitan su exploración en profundidad.

Urban imaginaries are the result of complex interactions that take place permanently between citizen groups and built-up physical spaces. They are built along interaction processes in some cases defined by established roles of these spaces, and in others they are structured by an implicit dynamic in social behavior and the development of their sense of belonging and identity in relation to the context. The approach to the investigation of this object of study requires a transdisciplinary approach due to the multiple disciplinary scenarios that allow its exploration in depth.

Os imaginários urbanos são o resultado de interações complexas que ocorrem permanentemente entre grupos de cidadãos e espaços físicos construídos. Eles são construídos ao longo de processos de interação em alguns casos definidos por papéis estabelecidos nesses espaços, e em outros são estruturados por uma dinâmica implícita no comportamento social e no desenvolvimento de seu senso de pertencimento e identidade em relação ao contexto. A abordagem à investigação deste objeto de estudo requer uma abordagem transdisciplinar devido aos múltiplos cenários disciplinares que permitem a sua exploração em profundidade.

Spatial-temporal trends and risk of suicide in Central Brazil: an ecological study contrasting indigenous and non-indigenous populations

Objective: To examine spatial-temporal distribution and risk of suicide, as well as trends in suicide mortality rates, in the indigenous and non-indigenous population of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Methods: Data were obtained from the Information Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Deaths recorded as voluntary self-inflicted injuries (ICD-10 codes X60.0 to X84.9) were considered suicide. Suicide rates were estimated and adjusted by age in the population > 9 years of age. Kernel analysis was used to assess the spatial distribution of suicide cases, while trend analysis was carried out using a non-parametric test (Mann-Kendall). Results: The suicide risk among the indigenous population was 8.1 (95%CI 7.2-9.0) times higher than in the non-indigenous population. For indigenous residents in the 15-24 age group, the risk was 18.5 (95%CI 17.5-19.6) times higher than in the non-indigenous population. The majority of indigenous cases were concentrated in a few villages in reservation areas, mainly occupied by Guarani-Kaiowá and Guarani-Ñandeva groups. Rate patterns remained stable over time in both groups. Conclusion: Suicide is a serious public health problem in Mato Grosso do Sul, and has had an alarming and disproportionate impact on the indigenous population for more than a decade.

La "raza" frente a los requerimientos del lenguaje incluyente en ciencias de la salud / "Race" Versus the Requirements of Inclusive Language in Health Sciences

Introducción: en la literatura científica biomédica es común la mención de la variable sociodemográfica "raza" utilizada para diferenciar el color de la piel. Con relación a las implicaciones racistas en el uso histórico de esta terminología se aprecia un desconocimiento generalizado, tanto entre el ciudadano común, como entre el personal que labora en instituciones cubanas de la salud. Con este término se reconocen también otros errores capaces de convertirla en un lenguaje excluyente en el contexto productivo de las investigaciones publicadas. Objetivo: visibilizar vocablos y expresiones discriminatorias respecto a la "raza", introducidas en la comunicación y difusión científica del personal de la salud, así como su posible repercusión en su condición de lenguaje excluyente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio retrospectivo, combinando análisis cualitativos con cuantitativos para describir la incidencia del término "raza" en los textos publicados, tanto en la Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar (RCMM) en los últimos 5 años, como en otros ejemplos de la literatura didáctica, de difusión y de divulgación científica. Resultados: de los 273 artículos revisados de la RCMM, 22 (8,1 por ciento) hacen uso incorrecto del vocablo "raza", con un crecimiento del lenguaje excluyente durante los últimos 5 años estudiados. Conclusiones: los vocablos y expresiones discriminatorias respecto a la "raza", introducidas en la comunicación y difusión científica del personal de la salud y visibilizadas en este trabajo, poseen amplia repercusión o impacto negativo como lenguaje excluyente en las actuales y futuras/os profesionales de las ciencias de la salud, proceso escasamente visibilizadoque es necesario revertir; pues lejos de aportar al conocimiento científico, entorpecen el proceso progresivo de indiferenciación humana(AU)

Introduction: In biomedical scientific literature, the mention of the socio-demographic variable "race" is common for differentiating the color of the skin. With regard to the racist implications in the historical use of this terminology, there is widespread ignorance, both among the ordinary citizen and among the personnel who work in Cuban health institutions. This term also recognizes other errors capable of making it an exclusive language in the productive context of published research. Objective: Visualize discriminatory words and expressions regarding "race", introduced in the communication and scientific diffusion of health personnel, as well as their possible repercussion in their condition of exclusive language. Methods: A retrospective exploratory study was carried out, combining qualitative and quantitative analyzes to describe the incidence of the term "race" in published texts, both in the Cuban Journal of Military Medicine (RCMM) in the last 5 years, and in other examples of the didactic literature, for dissemination and scientific dissemination. Results: 22 (8.1 percent) of the 273 RCMM articles reviewed, made incorrect use of the word "race", with a growth of exclusive language during the last 5 years studied. Conclusions : Discriminatory words and expressions regarding "race", introduced in scientific communication and diffusion of health personnel and visible in this paper, have broad repercussions or negative impact as exclusionary language in current and future professionals of health sciences. This is a scarcely visible process that needs to be reversed; because far from contributing to scientific knowledge, hinder the progressive development of human undifferentiating(AU)

Stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review

Objective: Stigma toward individuals with mental disorders has been studied extensively. In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, the past decade has been marked by a significant increase in information on stigma toward mental illness, but these findings have yet to be applied to mental health services in Latin America. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies relating to stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean. The authors specifically considered differences in this region as compared with manifestations reported in Western European countries. Methods: A systematic search of scientific papers was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, SciELO, LILACS, Imbiomed, and Bireme databases. The search included articles published from 2002 to 2014. Results: Twenty-six studies from seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean were evaluated and arranged into the following categories: public stigma, consumer stigma, family stigma, and multiple stigmas. Conclusion: We identified some results similar to those reported in high-income settings. However, some noteworthy findings concerning public and family stigma differed from those reported in Western European countries. Interventions designed to reduce mental illness-related stigma in this region may benefit from considering cultural dynamics exhibited by the Latino population.

Pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos: reflexões a partir da Antropologia Social / Research involving human beings: reflections from the Social Anthropology

Resumen Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a complexificação do debate sobre ética na pesquisa no Brasil, principalmente a partir dos anos 1990. Para tanto, inicia fazendo uma breve contextualização sobre a bioética contemporânea e como seus códigos e princípios deram conteúdo e forma à metodologia do sistema CEP/CONEP. Na sequência, refletindo sobre a institucionalização nacional da regulamentação da ética em pesquisa, o artigo sugere que instrumentos, comitês e procedimentos de regulação não apenas avaliam eticamente pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, como configuram o sentido da "ética" a ser constituída e avaliada. Nesse sentido, o artigo recupera aspectos do debate desenvolvidos em publicações da área de antropologia social que colocam em evidência a necessidade de expandir os termos da configuração da "ética" e um trabalho para sua (re)politização.

AbstractThis article aims to discuss the complexity of the debate on ethics in research in Brazil, mainly from the 1990s. Therefore, it begins with a brief contextualization of contemporary bioethics and how its codes and principles gave shape and form to the CEP / CONEP system methodology. Then, reflecting on the national institutionalization of ethical regulation in research, the article suggests that instruments, committees and regulatory procedures not only ethically evaluate research conducted in Brazil, as they configure the meaning of "ethics" to be made and evaluated. In this sense, the article brings aspects of the debate developed in the Social Anthropology publications that stress the need to expand the terms of the setting of "ethics" and work for their (re)politicization.

Fundamentos filosóficos e antropológicos da Teoria do Se-movimentar e a formação de sujeitos emancipados, autônomos e críticos: o exemplo do currículo de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo / Philosophical and anthropological foundations of Sichbewegen Theory and the formation of emancipated, autonomous and critical subjects: the example of Physical Education curriculum in the State of São Paulo / Fundamentos filosóficos y antropológicos de la Teoría del Sich-bewegen y la formación de sujetos emancipados, autónomos y críticos: el ejemplo del currículo de Educación Física en el Estado de São Paulo

Este artigo analisa os fundamentos filosóficos e antropológicos subjacentes à Teoria do Se-Movimentar com base na filosofia fenomenológica de Merleau-Ponty e na antropologia social de Mauss e Geertz. Considera também implicações para os currículos de Educação Física do ensino fundamental e médio que tenham por mote a formação de sujeitos emancipados, autônomos e críticos, tomando como exemplo o Currículo de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo. Conclui que o currículo precisa imbricarse com a vida social dos alunos e levar em conta desafios e temas da sociedade contemporânea

This article examines philosophical and anthropological underpinnings of the Sich-Bewegen Theory, based on the phenomenological philosophy by Merleau-Ponty and social anthropology by Mauss and Geertz. It also considers implications for Physical Education Elementary and High School curricula aimed at forming emancipated, autonomous and critical individuals, taking the Physical Education Curriculum of the State of São Paulo as example. It concludes that the curriculum needs to imbricate into students' social life and take into account the challenges and issues from contemporary society

Este artículo examina los fundamentos filosóficos y antropológicos subyacentes a la Teoría del Sich-Bewegen, basado en la filosofía fenomenológica de Merleau-Ponty y la antropología social de Mauss y Geertz. También considera las implicaciones para los programas de Educación Física en la escuela primaria y secundaria, cuyo lema sea la formación de sujetos emancipados, autónomos y críticos, tomando el ejemplo del Currículo de Educación Física del Estado de São Paulo. Concluye que el currículo debe imbricarse con la vida social de los estudiantes y tener en cuenta los desafíos y problemas de la sociedad contemporánea

'Barrigão à mostra': vicissitudes e valorização do corpo reprodutivo na construção das imagens da gravidez / "Pregnant belly showing": the vicissitudes and valorization of the reproductive body in the construction of images of pregnancy

Ao analisar as imagens da maternidade e da gravidez procura indicar os valores e as condutas sociais subjacentes a sua criação. Representações do corpo grávido, em circulação na mídia, exprimem, mediante transformações das identidades, uma peculiar combinação de valores que, ao afirmar a liberdade de escolha e de autorrealização, apontam para uma natureza feminina. Concepções científicas acerca da dificuldade de reprodução biológica são amplamente difundidas como problema biológico individual ou do casal. Análises históricas, porém, demonstram que o modo de conceber os eventos reprodutivos transformou-se, indicando como a medicina moderna interveio nos corpos e na família, e como passou-se a afirmar a identidade feminina.

This analysis of images of maternity and pregnancy seeks to identify the values and social conduct behind their creation. Through transformations of identities, the representations of the pregnant body that circulate in the media reflect a peculiar combination of values which, while affirming freedom of choice and self-realization, also suggest that a female nature exists. Scientific conceptions of problems related to biological reproduction are widely conveyed as a biological problem attributable to the individual or couple. Historical analyses, however, show that the way we view reproductive events has changed, reflecting how modern medicine has intervened in our bodies and in the family and how female identity has been affirmed.

Alimentación y cultura en España: una aproximación desde la antropología social / Alimentation and culture in Spain: an anthropology-based approach

El hecho alimentario es, esencialmente, multidimensional: transita entre el espacio ecológico, biológico, psicológico, socioeconómico o político. Como ha sucedido con otros fenómenos de naturaleza compleja, hoy nadie discute que la alimentación pueda, o mejor dicho deba, ser estudiada atendiendo a una perspectiva interdisclipinar. En España, son numerosos los trabajos que hechos desde las ciencias experimentales, sociales o humanas dan cuenta, recurriendo a un conocimiento hiperespecializado, de las dimensiones nutricionales, psicológicas o económicas de las preferencias y aversiones alimentarias, del consumo de alimentos o de la obesidad, por poner algunos ejemplos. Se trata, sin embargo, de visiones normalmente unilineales sobre el mismo fenómeno, arropadas por los marcos epistémicos de cada ciencia. La colaboración científica apenas repliega las disciplinas más afines. Escatimar las intersecciones científicas no parece, como trataré de mostrar en este artículo, ni oportuno ni útil. Menos cuando se pretende dar cuenta y resolver problemas que, afectando a los grupos sociales, se desenvuelven en contextos plurales y cambiantes.

The food fact is essentially multidimensional: it goes between ecological, biological, psychological, socio-economic or political spaces. As other complex phenomena, today no one can deny that food should be studied from a cross-disciplinary perspective. In Spain, there are many studies made from experimental, social or human sciences that, using hyper-specialized knowledge, show nutritional, psychological or economic dimensions, e.g., of food preferences and aversions, food consumption or malnutrition. However, they are usually unidirectional approaches of the same phenomenon, supported by the frameworks of each epistemic science. Scientific collaboration includes scarcely closer disciplines. But sparing scientific intersections does not seem, as I will try to show in this paper, appropriate or useful. Especially when it is necessary to understand and solve problems, that affect social groups, operate in multiple and changing contexts.