Desarrollo de Escala sobre Celos Románticos en Redes Sociales (Facebook y Whatsapp) / Development of the Social Networking Sites (Facebook and Whatsapp) Romantic Jealousy Scale

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue desarrollar y validar psicométricamente una escala para medir celos románticos en Facebook y WhatsApp, asimismo se buscó evidencia de que los reactivos no tuvieran un funcionamiento diferencial por sexo mediante análisis de invarianza factorial. Se trabajó con dos grupos de participantes de la Ciudad de México, 300 para un análisis factorial exploratorio y 300 para un análisis factorial confirmatorio y prueba de invarianza. Se encontró una estructura con 24 reactivos, adecuada confiabilidad (α = .96) correcto ajuste [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] e invarianza factorial por sexo, por lo que se concluye que la escala es confiable y válida y permite comparación por sexo sin sesgos de medición.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop and psychometrically validate a Scale to measure romantic jealousy on Facebook and WhatsApp, also evidence of non-differential function of the items by sex is presented in the form of a factorial invariance test. Two groups of Participants from Mexico City worked on, 300 for an exploratory factor analysis and 300 for confirmatory factor analysis and invariance testing. A structure was found with 24 items, adequate reliability (α .96) corrects fit [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] and factorial invariance by sex, so it is concluded that the Scale is reliable, valid, and allows sex comparison by sex without bias due to measurement.

Opinión del alumnado sobre el uso de WhatsApp en el aprendizaje de la histología durante COVID-19 / Students' views about using WhatsApp for learning histology during COVID-19

RESUMEN: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado importantes retos para el sistema de enseñanza superior. Las medidas adoptadas para prevenir la transmisión comunitaria han desplazado la enseñanza presencial frente a la virtual. Las nuevas prácticas de enseñanza y aprendizaje adoptadas han planteado la necesidad de reforzar la dimensión social del aprendizaje. En este contexto, hemos implementado el uso de WhatsApp para interactuar y compartir contenidos académicos en un pequeño grupo de estudiantes de un curso de Histología. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la eficacia de esta red social para facilitar la comunicación y compartir información educativa, su utilidad en el aprendizaje y su capacidad para modificar la dimensión afectiva durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes tenían una actitud positiva hacia el uso de WhatsApp en el entorno de aprendizaje, de modo que facilitó la comunicación y la cohesión del grupo, favoreció el aprendizaje y redujo la ansiedad ante la evaluación. Así, las redes sociales deberían integrarse en el proceso de aprendizaje teniendo en cuenta las características del alumnado.

SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant challenges for the higher education system. The adopted measures to prevent community transmission have shifted face-to-face teaching to virtual education. The new adopted teaching and learning practices have raised the need for reinforcing the social dimension of learning. In this context, we have implemented the use of WhatsApp to interact and sharing academic contents in a small group of students in a Histology course. The aim of this study was to evaluate the students' perceptions about the effectiveness of this social network in facilitating communication and sharing educational information, its usefulness in learning, and its ability to modify the affective dimension during the teaching- learning process. The results showed that students had a positive attitude towards the use of WhatsApp in the learning environment, so that it facilitated communication and group cohesion, favored learning and reduced anxiety in the face of evaluation. Thus, social networks must be integrated in learning process considering students' characteristics.

Uso de redes sociales, orientación a la dominancia social y prejuicio hacia los inmigrantes

Resumen Este estudio analiza la relación entre diferentes tipos de uso de redes sociales, la orientación a la dominancia social y el prejuicio sutil y manifiesto hacia inmigrantes en la población de la ciudad y provincia de Buenos Aires. En base a una muestra no probabilística (n = 134) llevamos a cabo un análisis de correlación y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para examinar las relaciones entre las variables. Los resultados indican que existe una asociación positiva entre la orientación a la dominancia social y el prejuicio hacia inmigrantes (r = 0.39,p<0.001) y una asociación negativa entre la adicción a redes sociales y la oposición a la igualdad (r=-0.30,p<0.05). No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre los diferentes usos de redes sociales y el prejuicio hacia inmigrantes. Los resultados del análisis de regresión indicaron que la orientación a la dominancia social es el único factor predictivo del prejuicio hacia inmigrantes de entre las variables estudiadas.

Abstract This study examines the relationships between different kinds of social media use, social dominance orientation and subtle and blatant prejudice towards immigrants. We used a non-random sample of argentines living in either the Autonomous City or the Province of Buenos Aires (n = 134) to conduct correlation and regression analyses to test for associations between the study variables. The results show that there is a positive association between social dominance orientation and prejudice towards immigrants (r = 0.39,p<0.001) and a negative association between social media addiction and opposition to equality (r=-0.30,p<0.05). We found no significant correlations between the social media use variables and prejudice towards immigrants. Multiple linear regression analysis results show that social dominance orientation is the only statistically significant factor that predicts prejudice among the study variables.

Effects of Whatsapp and Facebook on academic, professional and social lives of medical students and resident doctors of North India

Background: Whatsapp and Facebook are the communication apps which facilitate the exchange of instant messages, pictures, videos and thus help in connecting the people with each other. Although it has brought many benefits, these benefits have come at a price. People spend more than usual hours on social networking and find it difficult to concentrate on their work and studies. This study was planned to assess the effects of Whatsapp and Facebook on academic, professional and social lives of medical students and resident doctors. Methods: The study was conducted on 480 medical students and 275 resident doctors. The data were collected with the help of a questionnaire designed for gathering the effects of Whatsapp and Facebook on academic, professional and social lives of medical students and resident doctors. Results: Majority of the participants (98.3%) used both Whatsapp and Facebook and spent 1-2 hours per day on Whatsapp and Facebook. Nearly 45% participants said that usage of Whatsapp and/ Facebook had a positive impact on their study performance. More than half of the participants (54.6%) agreed that Whatsapp and Facebook use affected their mood and reduces their interpersonal interaction with family and friends. Conclusions: Study concludes that Whatsapp and Facebook have positive impact in academic and professional lives of medical students and doctors. However, excessive use of social networking sites for recreational purposes has negative impact on their mental and social health.

Eu no facebook: percepções de usuários sobre imagens pessoais partilhadas na rede / Myself on facebook: users’ perceptions of personal images shared on the network / Yo en facebook: las percepciones de los usuarios sobre las imágenes personales compartidas en la red

Este artigo discute a representação do eu e sua relação com as novas "tecnologias do olhar". Convidaram-se usuários do Facebook a escolher uma autoimagem de seu perfil e responder questões sobre tal escolha (significado, relação com a história de vida, razões para partilhar, reações dos amigos, estímulo para novas postagens). Foram analisadas tematicamente as respostas de 33 jovens, em sua maioria, universitários entre 20 e 30 anos. Os achados destacam imagens e argumentos associados à diversão, felicidade e autenticidade, valores disseminados na sociedade de consumo. Estar no Facebook envolve o monitoramento da atividade (própria e alheia) de partilhar imagens pessoais e observar a sua recepção nesse espaço. Essas são utilizadas para transmitir uma imagem pessoal desejável, que exprime o estilo de vida e não a história de vida do usuário. Conclui-se que o compartilhamento de imagens nas redes sociais desempenha papel decisivo na construção da identidade pessoal hoje.

This paper discusses the presentation of self and its relation to new "gazing technologies". Facebook users were invited to choose a personal photo they had posted on their profiles and were asked about their choice (its meaning, relation to life history, reasons to post, friends’ reactions, motivation for posting new images). The answers from 33 Facebook users, mostly college students, 20 to 30 years old, received thematic analysis. The analysis highlighted images and arguments associated to entertainment, happiness and authenticity, dominant values in consumer society. To be on Facebook involves the monitoring of one’s own or someone else’s activity of sharing personal images and observing their reception on that space. The images are used mainly to convey a desirable self-portrait that expresses a person’s life style but not her/his life story. We conclude that sharing personal photos on social networking sites plays an important role in today’s personal identity construction.

Este trabajo aborda la representación del yo y su relación con las nuevas "tecnologías del mirar". Se invitó a usuarios de Facebook a elegir una autoimagen de su perfil y a responder algunas preguntas sobre esa elección (significado, relación con historia de vida, razones para compartir, reacciones de amigos, estímulo para nuevas publicaciones). Fueron analizadas temáticamente las respuestas de 33 jóvenes, en su mayoría estudiantes universitarios entre 20 y 30 años. Entre los resultados destacan las imágenes y los argumentos asociados con diversión, felicidad y autenticidad, valores dominantes en la sociedad de consumo. Estar en Facebook implica observar la actividad (propia y de los otros), compartir fotos personales y seguir su recepción en este espacio. Se usan las fotos para transmitir una imagen personal deseable que expresa el estilo de vida pero no la historia de vida del usuario. Se concluye que las fotos compartidas en las redes sociales tienen un papel crucial en la construcción de la identidad personal en la actualidad.

Social Networking Sites – a necessary evil

Background: Explosive growth of Social Networking Sites (SNS) have impacted every sphere of a youthslife be it academics or personal relationships. There has been an escalation of research worldwide in thisarea though it is negligible in India. The present research seeks to fulfil this lacuna by studying the impactof SNS use on sleep, academic achievement, concentration, self esteem and personal relationships onIndian youth.Methodology: The sample consisted of students from junior and degree colleges in Mumbai belonging tothe age group of 16 to 22 years, equal number of male and female students was selected. They wereadministered a self-formulated questionnaire consisting of 24 questions, which measured their SNS usehabits and its impact on sleep, academics, concentration, self esteem and social relationships in terms ofgender differences and education level. The scores obtained were subjected to ‘t’ test. A significant ‘t’ valueof was found for gender differences but not for junior and degree college students.Results: Results indicated that the bio-psychosocial factors of males were affected more by SNS use thanthe females and there was no difference in the impact of bio-psychosocial factors of junior and degreecollege students who were SNS users. The mean scores were 16.60, 16.32 and 15.64 foracademics/sleep/concentration, relationship and self esteem respectively. Hence the maximum impact ofSNS use was seen on academic/sleep/concentration followed by relationship and lastly self esteem.Conclusions: Thus, the burgeoning nature of SNS does impact the youth in some aspects of their life as ithas become a core of all the forms of communication

Aproximación a la investigación psicológica en Internet y redes sociales / Internet and social networks sites in psychology researches: an approach

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un resumen de las principales líneas de investigación psicológica en internet y las redes sociales. Dentro de las áreas de investigación más frecuentes se encuentran la construcción de la identidad online, las relaciones personales en internet, el apoyo social online y el bienestar psicológico. Las personas utilizan las redes sociales como una forma de autopresentación y autopromoción, en la que suelen destacar los rasgos narcisistas al desear ser percibidos de manera positiva por los demás. También, se han convertido en espacios de interrelación en los que se sostienen vínculos de amistad, familiares, de pareja y de relaciones grupales en general. Las investigaciones sostienen que las redes sociales aumentan la percepción de capital y apoyo social y contribuyen de manera positiva al bienestar psicológico. Actualmente, las oportunidades de investigación están en el big data y las aplicaciones informáticas para el análisis y la intervención en psicología.

The aim of this paper is to describe the main topics of psychological research on the internet and social networks. The most frequent research topics are related with online identity construction, personal relationships on the internet, online social support and psychological well-being. People use social networks as a way of self-presentation and self-promotion, in which narcissistic traits often emphasize their desire to be perceived positively by others. Also, social networks on internet have become personal interrelation spaces of friendship, family, couple and group relations in general. Researchers suggest that social networks increase the perception of social capital, social support and contribute positively to psychological well-being. Currently, the new research opportunities are connected with big data and mobile app for analysis and intervention in psychology

An Exploration Of Use Of Social Networking Sites Amongst Users With Psychological Problems

Objective: Social Networking Sites (SNS) are gaining popularity across different cultures and age groups with its increasing role in the day-to-day life of its users. Objective of the present investigation is to study the SNS use and its relationship with online and real-life social capital, self-esteem and interpersonal relationships in normal and clinical population. Methods: The sample consisted of 93 participants of the age range 17-37 years, 63 participants from the general population and 30 from the clinical population with a diagnosis of any depressive or anxiety spectrum disorder. The tools used for this study are Basic Data Sheet, the Facebook Intensity Scale, Internet addiction Test, Internet Social Capital Scale. Results: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Sentence Completion Test Results show that Facebook use has a positive correlation with online bonding and bridging capital. A significantly higher percentage of participants from the clinical group met the criteria for problem use of the Internet. Compared to average users, problem users of the Internet are found to have higher mean scores for online bridging capital and conflicts in inter-personal relationships and lower mean scores for real life bonding capital and self-esteem. Conclusions: It necessitates an exploration of Facebook's use patterns in routine evaluation and management of clinical conditions and implies the need for further research to develop explanatory models and management strategies for problematic use of the Internet.

Significaciones atribuidas por jóvenes universitarios chilenos al uso de redes sociales en el ejercicio de su vida amorosa / Social networks use and significance in the romantic life of young Chilean university students

A partir del explosivo desarrollo de internet en Chile y el mundo, nuevas formas de lazo social y de producción de subjetividad se han desplegado a velocidad creciente las cuales se analizan en este artículo a partir de las relaciones amorosas. Con un enfoque fenomenológico de investigación, se realizó un análisis temático del contenido en cinco entrevistas en profundidad a jóvenes universitarios entre 19 y 22 años, para conocer las significaciones que atribuyen al uso de las redes sociales (Facebook, Whatsapp, etc.) en las distintas fases de una relación amorosa: inicio, mantención y ruptura. Los resultados de la investigación enfatizan la importancia central de internet en la cotidianeidad de la vivencia amorosa de los jóvenes universitarios chilenos. Junto con lo anterior, destaca la aparición de dos elementos significativos transversales a las distintas fases de una relación, como son la omnipresencia del otro y la vigilancia virtual de la pareja. Concluye la argumentación sobre cómo los resultados corresponden a manifestaciones contemporáneas caracterizadas por alimentar la insatisfacción permanente, y el estar "todo está permitido" que alienta a traspasar cualquier límite de la privacidad propia y ajena.

Since the explosive development of the internet in Chile and the world, new forms of social bond and production of subjectivity have been deployed at increasing speed that this article analyzed from the love relationships. With a phenomenological research approach, a thematic analysis of the content was conducted in five in-depth interviews with university students between the ages of 19 and 22, in order to know the meanings they attribute to the use of social networks (Facebook, Whatsapp, etc.) in the different phases of a love relationship: initiation, maintenance and rupture. The results of the research emphasize the central importance of the Internet in the daily life of the loving experience of young Chilean university students. Along with the above, the research highlights the appearance of two significant elements transversal to the different phases of a relationship such as the omnipresence of the other and the virtual surveillance of the couple. The article concludes arguing about how the results correspond to contemporary manifestations characterized by nourishing the permanent dissatisfaction, and "all is allowed" that encourage to transfer any limits of the privacy of own and others.

Social networking, a new online addiction: a review of Facebook and other addiction disorders / Rede social ou novo vício on-line: uma revisão sobre o transtorno de dependência de Facebook

INTRODUCTION: Facebook is the world's most widely accessed social network, where millions of people intercommunicate. Behavioral and psychological changes relate to abusive and uncontrolled use creating severe impacts on users' life. METHOD: A critical revision was performed through MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane databases using the terms: "Facebook Addiction," "Social Network Sites," "Facebook Abuse." The search covered the past 5 years up to January 2015. Articles that examine dependence on Facebook in the general population were included; we analyzed how this concept evolved over the last five years, and hope to contribute to the better understanding of the issue and its impacts. RESULTS: Although controversial, published reports correlate Facebook addiction to mechanisms of reward and gratification. Some users developed an abusive relationship stimulated by the false feeling of satisfaction or as a way to feel better or more self-assured (increased level of excitement or escape). Studies from several countries indicate different prevalence, probably due to lack of consensus, and the use of different denominations, giving rise to the adoption of different diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION: Social Networks are modern communication tools; however, not only benefits, but also subsequent damage caused by its abusive use must be monitored. Many users with abusive usage and dependence recognize significant losses in their personal, professional, academic, social and family lives. Further investigation is needed to determine if abusive Facebook usage is a new psychiatric classification or merely the substrate of other disorders.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Facebook é a rede social mais amplamente acessada do mundo, onde milhões de pessoas se comunicam entre si. As alterações comportamentais e psicológicos relacionadas com seu uso abusivo e excessivo estão criando sérios impactos sobre a vida dos usuários. MÉTODO: Uma revisão sistemática foi feita através das bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e Cochrane usando os termos: "Facebook Addiction," "Social Network Sites," "Facebook Abuse.". A pesquisa abrangeu os últimos 5 anos até janeiro de 2015. Os artigos que examinam a dependência do Facebook na população em geral foram incluídos; analisamos como esse conceito evoluiu ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, e espera-se contribuir para o melhor entendimento da questão e seus impactos. RESULTADOS: Apesar de controversos, relatórios publicados correlacionam a dependência de Facebook a mecanismos de recompensa e gratificação. Alguns usuários desenvolveram um relacionamento abusivo estimulados pela falsa sensação de satisfação ou como uma maneira de se sentir melhor ou mais auto-confiante (aumento do nível de excitação ou fuga). Estudos de vários países indicam prevalência diferente, provavelmente devido à falta de consenso e ao uso de diferentes denominações, dando origem à adopção de critérios de diagnóstico diferentes. CONCLUSÃO: As redes sociais são ferramentas de comunicação modernas; existem inúmeros benefícios, mas também deve ser monitorado os danos subseqüentes causados por seu uso abusivo. Muitos usuários com o uso abusivo ou dependente declaram perdas significativas em suas vidas pessoais, profissionais, acadêmicos, sociais e familiares. É necessária uma investigação mais profunda para determinar se o uso abusivo do Facebook é uma nova classificação psiquiátrica ou meramente o substrato de outros transtornos.

Workplace-based assessment; applications and educational impact

Workplace based assessment (WPBA) refers to a group of assessment modalities which evaluates trainees’ performance during the clinical settings. Hallmark of WPBA is the element of observation of the trainee’s performance in real workplace environment along with relevant feedback, thus fostering reflective practice. WPBA consists of observation of clinical performance (mini-clinical evaluation exercise, direct observation of procedural skills), discussion of clinical cases (case based discussion), and feedback from peers, coworkers, and patients (multisource feedback). This literature review was conducted on the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library. Data were retrieved by connecting Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords: ‘workplace based assessment’ AND ‘mini-clinical evaluation exercise’ AND ‘direct observation of procedural skills’ AND ‘case based discussion’ AND ‘multi-source feedback’. Additional studies were searched in the reference lists of all included articles. As WPBA is gaining popularity, there is a growing need for continuing faculty development and greater evidence regarding the validity and reliability of these instruments, which will allow the academia to embed this strategy in the existing curricula. As of today, there are conflicting reports about the educational impact of WPBA in terms of its validity and reliability. This review draws upon the spectrum of WPBA tools, their designs and applications, and an account of the existing educational impact of this emerging assessment strategy in medical education. Finally, the study reports some educational impact of WPBAs on learning and emphasises the need for more empirical research in endorsing its application worldwide.

Use of social networking sites among medical undergraduates of a medical college in north-west India.

Introduction: Use of Internet for communication has become a very important part of young people's life. Social networking sites are virtual communities that allow users to create a profile and interact with friends. One area of interest in this field is regarding the activities of medical students on social networking sites and how these activities affect their academic performances. Objective: To assess the use of social networking sites and its impact on academic performance among medical undergraduates of a rural medical College. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted over a period of three weeks in December 2013 among undergraduate students of Dr RPGMC Kangra at Tanda. A self-administered questionnaire was used to conduct the study. Data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analysed.Result: A total of 150 participants were enrolled of which only 141 agreed to participate. Among these 74 (52%) were males and 68 (48%) females. The mean age of the subjects was 20.2 ± 1.5 years. Majority 123 (87.2 %) used multiple networking sites, 45 % (60/123) had joined communities related to medicine. More than half 52.7 % (65/123) of subjects used these multiple sites to remain connected with their friends.81.7% (49/60) visited medical communities daily and 93.9% (46/49) among them said that these communities has helped increase their knowledge. Average time spent per session was 10-30 minutes among 26.8 % (33/ 123) participants.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that role of social networking sites among undergraduate students pursuing a professional course is important while communicating with friends and people of their own field. It helps them in broadening their knowledge and they feel it has helped them positively in their academic performance.

Relationship between personality and social networking behaviors in undergraduates / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between social network behaviors and personality.Methods Both questionnaires including self-reported Renren questionnaire and the simplified Chinese version of NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) were completed in university students (n =509).Results (1) Individuals with higher score of Extraversion used Renren applications more frequently,such as using Wall (2.26 ± 0.51,2.10±0.40,t=3.163,P=0.002),Status Update (2.58 ±0.71,2.33 ±0.62,t =3.268,P=0.001),Image (2.05±0.88,1.81 ±0.72,t=2.628,P=0.009),and Photo (2.17 ±0.49,1.96 ±0.33,t=4.409,P＜0.01).(2)Individuals with higher score of Openness of Experience were more likely to use Gift (2.01 ± 0.49,1.83 ± 0.59,t =2.870,P =0.005).(3) Individuals who were willing to use Blacklist (41.93 ± 4.41,43.07 ± 4.72,t =2.207,P =0.028) and who were willing to send private messages (42.23 ± 4.79,43.27 ± 4.55,t =2.476,P =0.014) have higher score of Agreeableness.(4) Individuals who checked messages more often had higher score of Conscientiousness (41.59 ± 6.33,40.72 ± 5.67,37.56 ± 8.33,F =7.170,P =0.001).(5) Individuals with higher score of Neuroticism were more likely to be dependent to Renren (2.91 ± 1.01,2.48 ± 1.02,t =3.815,P ＜0.01).Individuals who were more likely to express their emotions on SNS had higher score of Neuroticism (33.10 ± 6.78,32.19 ± 6.16,31.36 ± 5.77,F=3.594,P =0.010).Conclusion The data suggest that the usage of social networking sites are related to personality factors.Personality can be used to predict university students' social networking behaviors.