RESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La investigación persigue el objetivo de determinar la respuesta social ante las medidas tomadas para el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 en la provincia de Camagüey. Clasificada como investigación-desarrollo del Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud fue realizada en el período de abril - julio 2020. Material y Métodos: Se utilizó el cuestionario asistido para recolectar información sobre la respuesta social ante la enfermedad. Fue aplicado al unísono en el territorio en el período de 5 de mayo al 30 de junio, cuando aún Camagüey no había pasado a la primera fase de recuperación, se tuvo como criterio asignar cuotas para abarcar todos los municipios de la provincia y aplicar en la población de modo aleatorio. A partir de las medidas tomadas de aislamiento social se utilizó la pesquisa activa de los estudiantes y profesores de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas para la recogida de información. La muestra final quedó conformada por 603 personas encuestadas. Resultados: La población encuestada valoró el esfuerzo y la voluntad política y consideró adecuada la respuesta al enfrentamiento de la enfermedad también se valoró adecuada las acciones de las diversas instituciones en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. Discusión: Resulta significativo que los sujetos que participaron en el estudio reconocieran problemas con el cumplimiento del aislamiento y la responsabilidad social, con la distribución equitativa de los recursos y la necesidad de fortalecer las medidas de control social ante las indisciplinas sociales.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The investigation pursues the objective of determining the social response to the measures taken to confront COVID-19 in the province of Camagüey. Classified as research-development of the Center for the Development of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, it was carried out in the period from April - July 2020. Material and methods: The assisted questionnaire was used to collect information on the social response to the disease. It was applied in unison in the territory in the period from May 5 to June 30, when Camagüey had not yet passed to the first recovery phase, the criterion was to assign quotas to cover all the municipalities of the province and apply in the population randomly. Based on the measures taken of social isolation, the active research of the students and professors of the University of Medical Sciences was used to collect information. The final sample was made up of 603 people surveyed. Results: The surveyed population valued the effort and political will and considered the response to the confrontation of the disease adequate, the actions of the various institutions in the confrontation with COVID-19 were also considered adequate. Discussion: It is significant that the subjects who participated in the study recognized problems with compliance with isolation and social responsibility, with the equitable distribution of resources and the need to strengthen social control measures in the face of social indiscipline.
RESUMO
This paper deals with social history of carbon monoxide poisoning in Korea in 1960s. From the mid 1950s, Korean society began to use coal briquettes (Yeontan) for fuel for cooking and heating in the winter, especially in urban area. As the use of coal briquettes replaced fire woods which had been used as fuel in traditional Korean society for centuries, incidence and deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning increased dramatically during the 1960s. The coal briquettes were used to heat the living rooms through "Ondol" arrangement. The coal briquettes at the kitchen place make the heated air and smoke, which pass through the horizontal space under a stone floor of the room and escape through chimney at the opposite site of the kitchen. This Ondol system could make leakage of carbon monoxide easily and thereby kill people who sleep in the room. In the 1960s, carbon monoxide poisoning by briquettes gas was a serious health problem to kill more people than all of the infectious diseases. It was a unique and very serious health hazard in 1960s Korea. No other place in the world has experienced such a high mortality and incidence from the briquettes gas as in Korea. Employing newspaper articles and epidemiological papers, this paper analyzes how the Korean society experienced and perceived carbon monoxide poisoning (CO poisoning) in 1960s. It also follows how the perception changed over time and how the changes affected social responses to CO poisoning. In the early 1960s, the CO poisoning was perceived as an accident due to carelessness of the people who did not fix the leakages of the Ondol system or that of the people who built the Ondol improperly. Mostly CO poisoning was the casualty caused by carelessness and ignorance of the poor class. The prevention measure was mainly education which would enlighten the ignorant so that they care about CO poisoning and their lives. It was the victims who were to be blamed, for they caused the their poisoning with their own carelessness. Since CO poisoning was perceived as preventable with a good care, people were optimistic about the prevention of the CO poisoning. In the late 1960s, however, the perception of CO poisoning changed as the epidemiological studies demonstrated meteorological, social, economical, and cultural factors were related to the poisoning. As CO poisoning was regarded not as an accident due to carelessness but as a social disease, the Korean government began to take various measures for its control including surveillance and punishment, education and certification of those who made Ondol, and funding research for detoxification of the poisoning. In spite of the state's intervention, the number of CO poisoning cases drastically increased every year. At the end of 1960s, in contrast to the optimism of the early 1960s, the outlook of CO poisoning control was grim. It was merely a beginning of huge epidemic of CO poisoning in 1970s and 1980s in Korea.