Evaluation of bioelectricity productivity using alkaliphilic Bacillus alkalogaya BW2(1) as a possible exoelectrogens for improvement of microbial fuel cell performance

The present study put forth with the fundamental objective to the exploration of exoelectrogens from theextremophilic environment and to investigate the electricity generation from them. A total of 20 bacterialcultures were isolated, from which BW2(1) was selected for the further investigation of the microbial fuelcell (MFC). The experimental results performed that the strain Bacillus alkalogaya BW2(1) was capable ofutilizing organic acids and sugars as electron donors to generate electricity. The MFC was constructed and theelectricity generation was measured after various intervals using various parameters and substrates, 937 mVelectricity was generated after 1 hour, but after 48 hours the electricity generation dramatically decreases to570 mV. The effect of pH on MFC was also studied, pH enhanced electricity, indicating the requirement ofpH for bacterium BW2(1). This is a valuable information for bioelectricity production and optimization fromB. alkalogaya BW2(1) has bright future toward the improvement and production of bioelectricity for entirelynew areas of industrial and biotechnological applications.

Analysis of Glass Fracture Pattern on Soda Lime and Tempered Glass Caused by Shotgun Bullet Impact

@#Introduction: Broken glass exhibits unique fracture patterns depend upon the nature of the impact. The fracture patterns provide information like point and angle of impact, direction of force and sequence of firing. Recent studies have shown that the use of shotgun in Malaysia is increasing, yet, the relationship existing among the fracture pattern and the projectile impact factors are not well documented. The objective was to analyse the fracture characteristics on different glass types of variable thickness and distance made by shotgun ammunition. Methods: Soda lime and tempered glass panel with dimension of 12’x 12’ with 3 or 4 mm thickness were shot from various distances of 4, 6 and 8 m from the muzzle end of the shotgun. Samples were analysed under fixed parameters and observations were recorded. Results: It is found that the bullet hole diameter of 4 mm tempered glass were larger compared to 4 mm soda lime glass ranged from 14.33 to 24.17 cm as distance increased. Tempered glass surface also exhibited dicing fragments unlike soda lime glass where only radial fracture patterns are evident. This can be attributed to high inherent strength and ductility that makes the tempered glass remarkably resistant to external force. Conclusion: The findings from this study can lead to distinguish the type of glass through examination of fracture patterns, whether it is soda lime silica or tempered glass. The type of glass and the source of impact can be determined using the fragments, no reconstruction necessary.

Un ensayo clínico piloto de la efectividad clínica de dos presentaciones de esomeprazol / Clinical effectiveness of two esomeprazole presentations in a pilot trial

Resumen Introducción: el presente estudio tuvo como fin investigar la efectividad clínica de dos presentaciones de esomeprazol en pacientes con dispepsia de causa no estudiada. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo clínico piloto de dos presentaciones de esomeprazol de 40 mg recibidos diariamente por 28 días. Se eligieron pacientes con diagnóstico de dispepsia no estudiada que asistieron a consulta de gastroenterología en un hospital de referencia. Se evaluaron a los pacientes inicialmente con endoscopia y biopsia, el seguimiento a 2 y 4 semanas con escalas clínicas de síntomas y calidad de vida con cuestionarios validados en español (SODA y QoL-PEI) y eventos adversos. Además, se midieron los niveles de pH gástrico con pH-metrías en 24 horas al día 14 de tratamiento. Se tomaron niveles séricos del medicamento al momento de la evaluación de la pH-metría. Para las escalas clínicas se aplicó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de dos factores con medidas repetidas y al encontrar diferencias significativas en los tiempos se realizó una corrección de Bonferroni. Resultados: se aleatorizó un total de 33 pacientes, 16 y 17 pacientes en cada grupo. No hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de inhibición del pH gástrico al día 14 de tratamiento (p = 0,9795). No hubo diferencias en concentraciones de niveles séricos el día 14 (p = 0,2199). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las escalas de gravedad y calidad de vida en las dos primeras semanas de tratamiento, pero sí en las últimas dos semanas, en las cuales el producto de prueba demostró mayor disminución del dolor (p = 0,0048) y superioridad en conformidad (p = 0,01) en la subescala SODA. No se presentaron eventos adversos serios y no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre la presentación eventos adversos no serios. Conclusiones: los productos de prueba y el de referencia mostraron efectos similares en variables clínicamente relevantes.

Abstract Introduction: This pilot studied the clinical effectiveness of two presentations of esomeprazole in patients with dyspepsia with undiagnosed causes. Methods: We conducted a pilot clinical trial of two 40 mg Esomeprazole presentations. Patients with dyspepsia of unknown cause at a gastroenterology clinic in a referral hospital were included. They received one or the other presentation daily for 28 days. Patients were initially evaluated with endoscopy and biopsy and received follow-up examinations at two and four weeks. Adverse events were recorded, and clinical symptom scales and quality of life questionnaires validated in Spanish (SODA and QoL-PEI) were used. In addition, gastric pH levels were measured continuously for 24 hours on day 14 of treatment. Serum levels of the medication administered were also measured on day 14 of treatment. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare mean differences between the two groups. When significant differences in times were found, a Bonferroni correction was made. Results: A total of 33 patients were randomized into two groups: 16 patients in one group and 17 in the other. There were no differences in the percentages of gastric pH inhibition at day 14 of treatment (p = 0.9795). There were no differences in serum level concentrations on day 14 (p = 0.2199). No significant differences were found in severity and quality of life scales in the first two weeks of treatment. However, in the last two weeks of treatment the test product showed a larger decrease in pain (p = 0.0048) and superiority in compliance (p = 0.01) on the SODA subscale. There were no serious adverse events, and there were no statistical differences between the presentations of non-serious adverse events. Conclusions: The Test product and the Reference product showed similar effects on clinically relevant variables.

Los factores de la teoría de la conducta planeada relacionados con el patrón de consumo de bebidas endulzadas en jóvenes universitarios / Factors from the theory of planned behavior and soda consumption patterns among university students

RESUMEN En México, el consumo de bebidas endulzadas o refrescos es uno de los más altos a nivel mundial, esto representa un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de obesidad y enfermedades metabólicas. En este estudio empleamos la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada (TCP) para identificar factores cognitivos asociados a la frecuencia de consumo de refrescos en adultos jóvenes mexicanos. Estudiamos una muestra de 261 personas, 110 hombres y 151 mujeres, de 18 a 45 años de edad (M= 22.51; DE = 4.2). Los participantes completaron cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo e instrumentos basados en la TCP. Se encontraron dos factores predictores independientes y significativos de la frecuencia de consumo, el principal fue la baja autoeficacia, seguido por la intención. Ambos factores explican el 27.3% de la varianza de la frecuencia de consumo. Estos resultados contribuyen a entender los factores cognitivos involucrados en el consumo de refrescos, y sugieren que la alta frecuencia de consumo es una conducta no racional, por lo que podrían estar implicados aspectos afectivos y motivacionales, lo que deberá ser dilucidado con más investigación que permita explorar nuevas alternativas para el desarrollo de programas de prevención y tratamiento del consumo de bebidas con riesgo para la salud humana.

ABSTRACT Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) in Mexico is one of the highest in the world, which represents a risk factor for the development of obesity and metabolic diseases. In the present study we used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to identify cognitive factors associated with the frequency of SSB consumption in Mexican young adults. We studied a sample of 261 people, 110 men and 151 women, from 18 to 45 years of age (M = 22.51, SD = 4.2). Participants completed consumption frequency questionnaires and instruments based on TPB. Two independent and significant predictors of consumption frequency were found: low self-efficacy and intention. Both factors explained 27.3% of the variance in consumption frequency. These results contribute to the understanding of the cognitive factors underlying SSB consumption, and suggest that high consumption frequency is a non-rational behaviour. It is possible that affective and motivational aspects could also be involved, which should be clarified with more research, in order to explore alternatives for the prevention and treatment of unhealthy consumption of beverages that are a risk to human health.

Riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes con y sin obesidad: Variables metabólicas, nutricionales y consumo de refresco / Cardiometabolic risk in adolescents with and without obesity: Metabolic, nutritional and soft drink consumption variables

Resumen El consumo alto de azúcares añadidos (AZA) se asocia a mayor sobrepeso y obesidad; sin embargo, la posesión de un peso corporal adecuado puede no descartar dicho consumo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la asociación de los principales factores de riesgo cardiometabólico con el estado nutricio, el consumo de refresco (CNR) y de otras bebidas con AZA. Participaron 89 adolescentes de 10-15 años de edad (53 con obesidad [OG] y 36 sin obesidad [WOG]). Las medidas recabadas fueron: porcentaje de grasa corporal, índice de masa corporal, presión arterial, ácido úrico y glucosa sanguínea; además de un recordatorio de alimentación (24 hrs) y un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Del OG, 31% presentó hipertensión, 71% acantosis nigricans, 13% hiperuricemia y 17% valores altos de glucosa. No obstante, el WOG registró mayor consumo de refresco, así como valores limítrofes en los demás factores de riesgo. Aunque no hubo diferencia entre los grupos en el consumo de carbohidratos, si en la frecuencia y cantidad del consumo de azúcar simple y de bebidas con AZA, entre ellas el refresco. Destaca la importancia de integrar a los factores de riesgo ya conocidos, el análisis pormenorizado del CNR y otras bebidas con AZA.

Abstract A high added sugars (AS) intake is associated with greater overweight and obesity; however, having normal weight does not mean low intake of AS. The objective of this study was to associate the main cardiometabolic risk factors with nutritional status, soft drink intake (SDI) and other beverages with AS. Participants were 89 adolescents 1015 years old (53 with obesity [OG] and 36 without obesity [WOG]). The measures were: body fat percentage, body mass index, blood pressure, uric acid and blood glucose; besides a food reminder of 24 hours and a food intake frequency questionnaire. From the OG, 31% had hypertension, 71% acanthosis nigricans, 13% hyperuricemia and 17% high values of glucose. However, the WOG increased the consumption of soft drinks, as well as the limit values in other risk factors. Although there were no differences between the groups in the consumption of carbohydrates, there were in the frequency and amount of simple sugar and drinks with AS, for instance soft drinks. It is highlighted the importance to include the already known risk factors and a detailed analysis of SDI and other soft drinks with AS.

Alkaline protease from a new halotolerant alkaliphilic Bacillus agaradhaerens strain ak-r isolated from egyptian soda lakes / Protease alcalina de uma nova estirpe ak-r halotolerante e alcalófila de Bacillus agaradhaerens isolada a partir dos lagos alcalinos egípcios

Alkaline proteases are hydrolytic enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins and peptides in alkaline conditions, which occupy a pivotal importance with respect to their industrial applications. This study aimed to isolate new alkaline protease producing alkaliphilic bacteria from Egyptian soda lakes and optimize the fermentation process to enhance the enzyme production. The extensive screening process of the samples collected from Egyptian soda lakes resulted in isolation of a potent alkaline protease producing alkaliphilic strain AK-R. The isolate was identified as Bacillus agaradhaerens strain AK-R based on 16S rRNA gene analysis (99%). Wheat bran and gelatin supported maximum alkaline protease production as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Strain AK-R is halo-tolerant thermotolerant alkaliphilic bacterium in nature, as it can grow over a wide range of NaCl concentrations (up to 25%) and up to 55 °C, with maximal growth and enzyme production at 2.5-5%, and pH 11 at 35 °C. Among the tested cations, only Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions significantly enhanced the enzyme production by about 1.2, and 1.3 fold compared to control, respectively. Alkaline protease secretion was coherent with the growth pattern, reaching maximal yield after about 32 h (mid stationary phase). In conclusion a new halo-tolerant thermo-tolerant alkaliphilic alkaline protease producing Bacillus agaradhaerens strain AK-R was isolated from Egyptian soda lakes. Optimization of the nutritional and cultivation conditions resulted in increase of enzyme yield by 20 fold. Strain AK-R and its extracellular alkaline protease with salt, pH and temperature, tolerance signify their potential application in laundry and pharmaceuticals industries.

Proteases alcalinas são enzimas hidrolíticas que quebram ligações peptídicas em proteínas e peptídeos em condições alcalinas, o que ocupa uma importância fundamental em relação às suas aplicações industriais. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar novas proteases alcalinas e produzir bactérias alcalófilas a partir dos lagos salgados alcalinos egípcios e otimizar o processo de fermentação para aumentar a produção de enzimas. O extensivo processo de triagem das amostras coletadas dos lagos salgados alcalinos egípcios resultou no isolamento de uma protease alcalina potente produzindo uma estirpe alcalófila AK-R. O isolado foi identificado como sendo a estirpe AK-R de Bacillus agaradhaerens baseado na análise de genes 16S rRNA (99%). O farelo de trigo e a gelatina suportaram a produção máxima de protease alcalina como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, respectivamente. A estirpe AK-R é uma bactéria alcalófila halotolerante e termotolerante, pois pode crescer dentro de uma vasta gama de concentrações de NaCl (até 25%) e até 55ºC, com crescimento e produção de enzimas máximos a 2.5-5% e pH 11 a 35ºC. Dentre os cátions testados, somente os íons Mg2+ e Ca2+ aumentaram significativamente a produção de enzimas em cerca de 1.2 e 1.3 em comparação ao controle, respectivamente. A secreção de protease alcalina foi coerente com o padrão de crescimento, atingindo o rendimento máximo após 32h (fase estacionária média). Pode-se concluir que uma nova estirpe AK-R de Bacillus agaradhaerens halotolerante, termotolerante e alcalófila produtora de protease alcalina foi isolada a partir dos lagos salgados alcalinos egípcios. A otimização das condições de nutrição e cultivo resultou num aumento da produção de enzima em 20 vezes. A estirpe AK-R e a sua protease alcalina extracelular com tolerância ao sal, pH e temperatura tornam significantes as suas potenciais aplicações nas indústrias farmacêutica e de lavanderia.

Efecto del consumo de bebidas dietéticas sobre los niveles de glucosa e insulina plasmática en jóvenes estudiantes de la Universidad del Norte / Effect of the consumption of diet sodas in plasmatic levels of glucose and insulin in young students at Universidad del Norte

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de las bebidas dietéticas en los niveles de glucosa e insulina en jóvenes estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad del Norte. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental aleatorizado con una muestra de 16 estudiantes de sexo femenino de tercer semestre del programa de Medicina de la Universidad del Norte. Su participación fue voluntaria, previa firma del consentimiento informado. Se determinaron las variables antropométricas: peso, talla e índice cintura/ cadera. Se extrajo muestras para la determinación de la glucosa e insulina en ayunas. Posteriormente se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Al grupo control se le suministró una gaseosa normal de 600cc y al grupo experimental, una gaseosa dietética de igual volumen. Al término de 2 horas se extrajeron nuevas muestras para determinar niveles de glucosa e insulina postprandiales. Se recolectaron los datos y se realizó el análisis estadístico utilizando el software IBM SPSS v22.0. Resultados: Se encontró una relación lineal positiva estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles de insulina (r = 0,908; p=0,002) y entre los índices HOMA (r= 0,913; p=0,002), HOMAR (r= 0,920;p=0,001), HOMA beta (r= 0,838;p=0,009)y OUICKI (r= 0,996;p=0,001) pre- y postprandial en el grupo que recibió la bebida dietética. Conclusiones: Los datos demuestran que los niveles de glucosa, insulina y el índice HOMA se comportan de forma lineal según el tipo de gaseosa consumido. No obstante se necesitan más estudios para determinar la interrelación entre dichas variables.

Objective: To determine the effect of diet sodas in glucose and insulin levels in young medical students from the Universidad del Norte. Materials and methods: A randomized experimental study with a sample of 16 female students with an average age of 18 years, belonging to the third semester of Medicine pro-gram at Universidad del Norte. The subject's participation was voluntary prior signature of informed consent. We assed the following anthropometric variables: weight, height, waist / hip ratio. Blood samples were obtainedfor determination of fasting glucose. We randomly divided the sample into two groups. The control group was provided a 600 cc of a regular soda, and the group experimental, an equal volume of diet soda. After 2 hours, new blood samples were taken in order to determine postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Data was collected and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v22.0 software. Results: A statistically significant positive linear relationship between the levels of basal and postprandial insulin (r = 0.908; p = 0.002) and between pre and post-prandial HOMA index (r = 0.913;p = 0.002), HOMAR (r= 0,920;p=0,001), HOMA beta (r= 0,838;p=0,009), y OUICKI (r= 0,996; p=0,001) was found in the group receiving dietary drink. Conclusions: Data from this study show that the levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA index behave in lineal ways according to the type of soda consumed, however further studies are needed to determine the inter-relationship between these variables.

A Comparison of Soda Lime (Intersurgical) with Amsorb® plus: The Cost Implications

This was a prospective study comparing the cost implications between two carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbers, soda lime (Intersurgical) and AMSORB® PLUS. The study was conducted over two 4-week periods in two dedicated operating theatres using Datex Ohmeda Aestiva/5 anaesthetic machines. AMSORB® PLUS was used during the first four weeks and soda lime (Intersurgical) the following four weeks. General anaesthesia was administered as routinely done but fresh gas flow (FGF) during the maintenance phase was limited to a maximum flow of 2 L/min. The CO2 absorber was only changed when there was evidence of exhaustion. Total duration of anaesthesia, sevoflurane (bottles) and CO2 absorber (kg) consumption, and amount of waste product (kg) was calculated at the end of each study period. The total cost of delivering general anaesthesia was lower in the AMSORB® PLUS group, RM82.40 (USD19.89)/hour versus the soda lime group, RM91.50 (USD 22.09)/hour (p=0.17), which translates to a 10% reduction in cost per hour. Reduction in sevoflurane consumption in the AMSORB® PLUS compared to the soda lime group was also not statistically significant (p=0.22). The only significant finding was the reduction in CO2 absorber consumption in the AMSORB® PLUS group as compared to soda lime group (p=0.001). In conclusion, AMSORB® PLUS consumption was significantly reduced compared to that of soda lime. However, the use of AMSORB® PLUS did not significantly reduce sevoflurane consumption nor the total cost of delivering general anaesthesia. Given the superior safety profile, AMSORB® PLUS may be a suitable, cost-effective alternative to soda lime in the daily practice of anaesthesia.

Effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice on gingivitis and tooth surface / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate dentifrices in reducing gingivitis and tooth abrasiveness and improving tooth gloss, as compared to a conventional fluoride/silica-containing dentifrice. METHODS: In this double-blinded, randomized clinical study with a paralleled design, 73 healthy adult volunteers (age, 18-39 years), with more than 20 teeth were selected and randomly allocated to the following groups: a control group, a 35% baking soda group, and a 65% baking soda group. Professional plaque controls were provided to all subjects and the same control dentifrice was used for 14 days. At baseline, all subjects received an assigned dentifrice and were instructed to brush three times daily. The tooth gloss and gingival bleeding index were measured at baseline, 45, and 90 days. For measuring surface roughness, toothbrushes were replaced with electronic tooth-brushing machines, and the bovine specimen was brushed via 10,000 horizontal shuttle movements. The surface roughness was measured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM; Carl Zeiss, LSM-5 Pascal, Germany) Each variable was analyzed by the paired t-test, and change in each variable among groups was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Reliability of the gloss was analyzed by an intra-class correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the 65% sodium bicarbonate dentifrice group showed significant improvement with regard to the tooth gloss for 90 days as well as a significant inhibitory effect on gingivitis; the 35% sodium bicarbonate dentifrice group, however, showed no inhibitory effect on gingivitis. The relative roughness of the tooth surface in the dentifrices of both the sodium bicarbonate dentifrice groups was significantly low. Further, there was no significant difference with the distilled water group. CONCLUSIONS: The sodium bicarbonate dentifrice has an inhibitory effect on gingivitis. Further, this dentifrice showed low abrasiveness and a glossing effect on teeth.

A new low molecular mass alkaline cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Amphibacillus sp. NRC-WN isolated from an Egyptian soda lake

Background: Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is one of the most industrially important enzymes used in the commercial production of cyclodextrins (CDs). Alkaliphilic bacteria have attracted much interest in the last few decades because of their ability to produce extracellular enzymes that are active and stable at high pH values. Here, we report the isolation of a new CGTase from alkaliphilic bacteria collected from Egyptian soda lakes and describe the purification and biochemical characterization of this CGTase. Results: Screening for CGTase-producing alkaliphilic bacteria from sediment and water samples collected from Egyptian soda lakes located in the Wadi Natrun valley resulted in the isolation of a potent CGTase-producing alkaliphilic bacterial strain, designated NRC-WN. Strain NRC-WN was belonging to genus Amplibacullus by 16S rDNA sequence analysis (similarity: ca. 98%). Among the tested nitrogen and carbon sources, peptone (0.15%, w/v) and soluble starch (0.4%, w/v) allowed maximal CGTase production by Amphibacillus sp. NRC-WN. CGTase was successfully purified from Amphibacillus sp. NRC-WN up to 159.7-fold through a combination of starch adsorption and anion exchange chromatography, resulting in a yield of 84.7%. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the enzyme was purified to homogeneity and revealed an estimated molecular mass of 36 kDa, which makes it one of the smallest CGTases reported in the literature. The purified enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 50ºC and was stable up to 70ºC, retaining 93% of its initial activity after treatment for 1 hr. Furthermore, Ca2+ ions (10 mM) significantly enhanced the thermal stability of the CGTase. The purified enzyme was active and stable over a wide pH range, showing maximal activity at pH 9.5. The enzyme was significantly stimulated by Zn2+, Ca2+ and Co2+ but was completely inhibited in the presence of Fe3+ and mercaptoethanol. The Km and Vmax values of the purified CGTase were estimated to be 0.0434 mg/ml and 3,333.3 mg β-CD/ml/min, respectively. β-CD was the predominant product of starch degradation by the Amphibacillus sp. NRC-WN CGTase, followed by α-and γ-CDs. Conclusions: A new low molecular mass alkaline CGTase was purified from a newly identified alkaliphilic Amphibacillus sp. NRC-WN isolate from the Egyptian soda lakes. The enzyme showed promising thermal and pH stability and a high affinity toward starch as a natural substrate.

Modificación de la glucemia en ayuno en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 después de la ingesta de refrescos de cola y de dieta en el Estado de Querétaro, México / Modification of fasting blood glucose in adults with diabetes mellitus type 2 after regular soda and diet soda intake in the State of Querétaro, México

El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la modificación de la glucemia en ayuno en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 después de la ingesta de refrescos de cola y de dieta. Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, en unidades clínicas del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Querétaro, México. Se incluyeron 80 pacientes con diabetes (media de peso 74.2±13.66, IMC 30.5±4.305, cintura 98.2±12.9 y tiempo de evolución 3.8±3.009) a los que se les pidió asistir con ayuno de 8 horas y sin tomar medicamentos antes de la prueba. Se dividieron en dos grupos de 40 sujetos, a los cuales se le midió glucosa capilar en ayuno y después de la ingesta de 200 ml de refresco light (con aspartame y acesulfame potásico) o normal (sin edulcorantes) se volvió a medir glucosa a los 10, 15 y 30 minutos. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba t de Student para grupos dependientes e independientes, X² y t pareada. Los niveles de glucosa capilar tuvieron a los 10 minutos -34.52 y -25.41%, a los 15 minutos -48.8 y -36.2% y a los 30 minutos 57.75 y 43.6% de diferencia absoluta y relativa respectivamente, con una p=0.000. En conclusión de acuerdo a lo observado, el refresco light con edulcorantes no aumenta la glucosa capilar, teniendo una diferencia significativa en su disminución del ayuno a los 30 minutos.

The objective of the study was to compare the modification of fasting blood glucose in adults with diabetes mellitus type 2 after intake of regular soda and diet soda. We conducted a randomized clinical trial in clinics of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Querétaro, México. We included 80 patients with diabetes (mean weight 74.2 ± 13.66, BMI 30.5 ± 4.305, waist 98.2 ± 12.9 and time evolution of diabetes 3.8 ± 3.009) who were asked to come with fasting for 8 hours and without taking any medicine before testing. They were divided into two groups of 40 subjects, to whom was measured fasting blood glucose after the ingestion of 200 ml of diet soda (with aspartame and acesulfame potassium) or regular soda (without sweetener) we measure glucose at 10, 15 and 30 minutes. For statistical analysis performed we used Student’s t-test for dependent and independent samples, and paired t-test, and chi square test (X²). Capillary glucose levels at 10 minutes were -34.52 and -25.41%, at 15 minutes -48.8 and -36.2% and at 30 minutes 57.75 and 43.6% of absolute and relative differences, with p=0.000. In conclusion, according to the observations, diet soda doesn’t increased blood glucose levels, with a significant difference in fasting decreased at 30 minutes.

Alkaline protease production, extraction and characterization from alkaliphilic Bacillus licheniformis KBDL4: A Lonar soda lake isolate.

A bacterium producing an alkaline protease was isolated from the Lonar soda lake, Buldhana district (19°58' N; 76°31' E), Maharashtra, India. The most appropriate medium for the growth and protease production was composed of (g/L): casein 10; yeast extract 4; KH2PO4 0.5, K2HPO4 0.5 and CaCl2 0.5. The enzyme showed maximum activity with and without 5 mM Ca2+ at 70 and 60 oC, respectively. The enzyme retained 40 and 82% of its initial activity after heating for 60 min at 60 oC, in absence and presence of 5 mM CaCl2 respectively. The enzyme remained active and stable at pH 8-12, with an optimum at pH 10. The enzyme showed stability towards non-ionic and anionic surfactants, and oxidizing agents. It also showed excellent stability and compatibility with commonly used laundry detergents. Wash performance analysis revealed that enzyme could effectively remove blood stains. It also showed decomposition of gelatinous coating on X- ray film.

Isolation and characterization of novel potent Cr(VI) reducing alkaliphilic amphibacillus sp. ksuCr3 from hypersaline soda lakes

A strain KSUCr3 with extremely high Cr(VI)-reducing ability under alkaline conditions was isolated from hypersaline soda lakes and identified as Amphibacillus sp. on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed that Amphibacillus sp. strain KSUCr3 was tolerance to very high Cr(VI) concentration (75 mM) in addition to high tolerance to other heavy metals including Ni2+ (100 mM), Mo2+ (75 mM), Co2+ (5 mM), Mn2+ (100 mM), Zn2+ (2 mM), Cu2+ (2 mM) and Pb (75 mM). Strain KSUCr3 was shown to be of a high efficiency in detoxifying chromate, as it could rapidly reduce 5 mM of Cr(VI) to a non detectable level over 24 hrs. In addition, strain KSUCr3 could reduce Cr(VI) efficiently over a wide range of initial Cr(VI) concentrations (1-10 mM) in alkaline medium under aerobic conditions without significant effect on the bacterial growth. Addition of glucose, NaCl and Na2CO3 to the culture medium caused a dramatic increase in Cr(VI)-reduction by Amphibacillus sp. strain KSUCr3. The maximum chromate removal was exhibited in alkaline medium containing 1.5 percent Na2CO3, 0.8 percent glucose, and 1.2 percent NaCl, at incubation temperature of 40ºC and shaking of 100 rpm. Under optimum Cr(VI) reduction conditions, Cr(VI) reduction rate reached 237 uMh¹ which is one of the highest Cr(VI) reduction rate, under alkaline conditions and high salt concentration, compared to other microorganisms that has been reported so far. Furthermore, the presence of other metals, such as Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ slightly stimulated Cr(VI)-reduction ability by the strain KSUCr3.The isolate, Amphibacillus sp. strain KSUCr3, exhibited an ability to repeatedly reduce hexavalent chromium without any amendment of nutrients, suggesting its potential application in continuous bioremediation of Cr(VI). The results also revealed the possible isolation of potent heavy metals resistant bacteria from extreme environment such as hypersaline soda lakes.

Limbal autograft transplantation in a dog with alkali-induced ulceration / Transplante de limbo autógeno em cão com úlcera por álcali

A case of a 3-month-old female mongrel dog with a history of apathy and previous contact with an alkaline (sodium hydroxide) is reported. The dog was reluctant to open the right eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed blepharospasm, photophobia, epiphora, discrete chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, and diffuse corneal edema involving the limbus. The fluorescein test was positive and the result of the Schirmer tear test was 32mm min-1. On the basis of these findings the diagnosis was alkali-induced ulceration and limbal autograft transplantation was performed. Corneal vascularization was observed by the third postoperative day, with intensification in vessel number and caliber on subsequent days and small areas of corneal transparency. The present results show that limbal autograft transplantation is a feasible procedure for the therapeutic management of alkali-induced corneal ulcers.

Descreve-se um caso de um animal da espécie canina, fêmea, sem raça definida, de três meses de idade, com histórico de apatia, contato prévio com produto alcalino (hidróxido de sódio) e relutância em abrir o olho direito. Ao exame oftálmico, foram observados blefarospasmo, fotofobia, epífora, quemose discreta, hiperemia conjuntival, e edema corneal difuso com comprometimento do limbo. Foram realizados o teste da fluoresceína positivo e o Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer 32mm min-1. Com base nos achados, firmou-se o diagnóstico de úlcera por álcali e realizou-se transplante autógeno do limbo. No pós-operatório, observou-se vascularização corneal a partir do terceiro dia e sua intensificação, em número e calibre, nos dias subseqüentes. Também foram observadas mínimas áreas de transparência corneal. Os resultados obtidos permitem admitir que o transplante autógeno de limbo é procedimento factível para o manejo da terapia de úlceras de córnea por álcali.

Carbonated water and necro-apoptotic cell death in chicken embrio low limb / Agua carbonatada y la muerte celular por necro-apoptosis en miembro inferior de embrión de pollo

Carbonated water is a fundamental part of many drinks and its effects have been studied in many pathological situations. However, cells and tissue damage as a consequence of carbonated water has not been the subject of extensive research. We assessed the short-term effects of soda on in vitro Hanging-drop culture of myoblasts and ex vivo lower limb of 8-day-old chicken embryo skeletal muscle tissue. Several groups weren designed: a) Control (Con-tyr), b) Carbonated water (Car), c) Coffe (Caf), and d) Cola beverage (Glu). The samples were observed with light microscopy and digital imaging analysis was performed. The ultra-structure of control and treated tissue were observed with electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry techniques, such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick- end labeling (TUNEL), TACTS Blue Label (TdT Kits) of R&D Systems were used. The myoblasts monolayers treated with soda showed plenty of eosinophilics elements. The eosinophily corresponds to higher percentage of cell death. The muscular tissue of the low limb treated with carbonated water (Car) showed calcium phosphate and collagen decreases, 53,86% and 82,95% respectively and enlarged nuclei of a higher size, with an evident loss of the parallel arrangement and fragmented nuclei. Compared to control samples, the muscular disorganization was accompanied by a positive reaction of the apoptotic bodies on TACS, also a positive reaction to ApopTacg and another positive reaction for the metalloproteases in the inter fibrillar cartilage matrix. These changes were not significant in Tyrode's solution controls, Coffee and Cola beverage groups. The morphological outcome can be apoptosis, necrosis or a mixed phenotype, suggesting that the carbonated water toxic effect might be related to these cell death processes. Further research, exploring biochemical factors will be required to elucidate necro-apoptotic cell death induced by carbonated water.

El agua carbonatada constituye una parte fundamental en muchas bebidas y su efecto ha sido estudiado en muchas situaciones patológicas. Sin embargo, el daño celular y de tejido como consecuencia del agua carbonatada no ha sido claramente investigado. El presente trabajo evalúa el efecto agudo in vitro de la soda sobre mioblastos obtenidos por cultivos en gota pendiente y el efecto sobre tejido muscular esquelético in vivo del miembro inferior de pollo de 8 días de desarrollo. Cuatro grupos de embriones fueron seleccionados al azar: a) Control (Con-tyr), b) Agua Carbonatada o Soda Club (Car), c) Café (Caf) y d) Bebida de cola (Glu). Las muestras fueron observadas por microscopía de luz. El análisis de imágenes digitales fue realizado. La ultraestructura del tejido control y tratado fue observada con Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión (MET). La determinación de apoptosis fue realizada a través de TUNEL y l TACS Blue Label. La actividad de metaloproteasa MMP-1 fue ensayada. La población de mioblastos tratados con Soda Club mostró un elevado número de elementos eosinofílicos interpretado como un elevado número de células muertas, a diferencia del control y el grupo tratado con cafeína y bebida de Cola. En el tejido muscular se determinó una reducción de fosfatos de calcio y fibras de colágeno en una proporción de 53,86% y 82,95% respectivamente, acompañada por un desarreglo de las fibras y núcleos fragmentados, con reacción positiva para cuerpos apoptóticos y metaloproteasas en la matriz interfibrilar. Los resultados sugieren que el efecto tóxico del agua carbonatada sobre células y tejido pudiera estar vinculado con procesos combinados de muerte celular como necro-apoptosis. Se sugiere una mayor exploración de los eventos moleculares para dilucidar la combinación de los procesos de muerte celular sugerida en el presente trabajo.

Effect of bicarbonate on fluoride reactivity with enamel / Efeito do bicarbonato na reatividade do fluoreto com esmalte

Purpose: Bicarbonate (HCO-3) is an alkaline and buffering substance found in dentifrices, which could improve the anti-caries effect of fluoride (F). However, HCO-3 could reduce the formation of calcium fluoride-like (CaF2), the most important product of F reactivity with enamel, whose formation is higher in low pH. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate if HCO-3 interferes with the reactivity of F with human enamel. Methods: Five dentifrice formulations were evaluated: placebo of F and HCO-3 (pH 7.0); HCO-3 (pH 9.0); F (pH 7.0); F (pH 9.0) and F+HCO-3 (pH 9.0). F dentifrices contained NaF and all dentifrices were silica-based. The concentrations of total F (TF), CaF2 and firmly bound F (FA, fluorapatite-like) formed in enamel after 1-min reaction with dentifrice slurries (1:3) were determined. Results: The formation of TF, CaF2 and FA was reduced in 22.1 %, 47.9 % and 4.8 %, respectively, by the presence of HCO-3 in the dentifrice formulation. Conclusion: This in vitro data suggest that addition of HCO-3 to a dentifrice may interfere with the reactivity of F with enamel, reducing mainly the concentration of CaF2 formed.

Objetivo: O bicarbonato (HCO-3 ) é uma substância alcalina e tamponante encontrada em dentifrícios, que poderia melhorar o efeito anticárie do fluoreto (F). No entanto, HCO-3 poderia reduzir a formação de fluoreto de cálcio (CaF2), o mais importante produto da reatividade do F com esmalte, cuja formação é maior em baixo pH. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro se o HCO-3 interfere na reatividade do F com o esmalte humano. Metodologia: Cinco formulações de dentifrícios foram avaliadas: placebo de F e HCO-3(pH 7,0); HCO-3 (pH 9,0); F (pH 7,0); F (pH 9,0) e F+HCO-3 (pH 9,0). Os dentifrícios fluoretados continham NaF e todos continham sílica como abrasivo. As concentrações de F total (FT), CaF2 e F firmemente ligado (FA, tipo flúorapatita) formadas no esmalte após 1 minuto de reação com as suspensões dos dentifrícios (1:3) foram determinadas. Resultados: A formação de FT, CaF2 e FA foram reduzidas em 22,1 %; 47,9 % e 4,8 %, respectivamente, pela presença de HCO-3 na formulação do dentifrício. Conclusão: Os resultados in vitro sugerem que a adição de HCO-3 a um dentifrício pode interferir com a reatividade do F com o esmalte, principalmente reduzindo a concentração de CaF2 formado no esmalte.

Análisis de un sistema circular para administración de óxido nítrico en sala de operaciones

RESUMEN Se estudia el funcionamiento de un sistema circular de absorción de CO2 de tamaño reducido, compuesto por un canister de cal sodada y tubos corrugados descartables de 35 cm. de largo; al cual se le introduce un flujo de gas nuevo premezclado de 02 100% y óxido nítrico (NO) a 1.000 ppm. de forma de obtener una concentración final de 20 ppm. de este gas. Se usa un equipo de anestesia con flujo que varía de 2 a 8 l/min de oxígeno. Se mide la concentración de NO y de dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) en forma continua, mediante conexión desde la entrada del flujo premezclado al canister (sitio de muestra número 1) y del extremo del sistema corrugado (sitio de muestra 2), a un analizador electroquímico. Al finalizar el estudio se analiza la concentración de estos gases en la sala de operaciones. En los resultados obtuvimos que con un fllujo mayor de 6 l/min. no existen diferencias significativas en la concentración de NO medido en ambos sitios de muestra y que por debajo de 4 l/min. la concentración de NO es en promedio 1 ± 0,2 ppm. mayor en el sitio de muestra número 2. A medida que el flujo es menor, el tiempo de contacto del NO y el O2 se prolonga y la generación de NO2 aumenta en un 64% en el sitio de muestra número 1, y en un 20% en el sitio de muestra número 2. Los valores ambientales de NO y NO2 luego de una hora 45 minutos son de 1,4 y 0,6 ppm., muy por debajo de los valores aceptados como máximo de 25 y 3 ppm. de contaminación ambiental, pese a no usar un equipo especial para descartar el exceso de gases, sino solo con la ventilación particular de la sala donde se realiza el estudio. Se concluye entonces que desde el punto de vista del aporte de NO en un ventilador de flujo variable, del control de la generación de NO2, y de la protección ambiental; el sistema descrito si lo usamos con flujos mayores a la sumatoria del volumen corriente necesario y de la compliance de los componentes del mismo; es seguro y eficaz para administrar óxido nítrico (NO) a dosis controladas en sala de operaciones con los equipos de anestesia usados rutinariamente.

summary We study the function of a circular system of CO2 absorption of reduced size, made up of canister of absorbed soda line and corrugated tubes of 35 cm. in length. A flow of new gas premixed 100% O2 and nitric oxide (NO)is introduced to it, in order to obtain a final concentration of 20 ppm of NO gas. We used the equipment available in the Service of Anesthesia, with oxygen flow from 2 to 8 l/min. The concentration of NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is measured in continuous form, by means of connection from the entrance of the premixed flow in the canister (sample site number 1) and of the end of the corrugated system (site of sample 2), to an electrochemical analyzer. Gases concentration in the operating room are analyzed at the end of the study. The results showed that with a flow superior than 6l/min, there are no exist significant differences in the concentration of NO measured in both sites of sample and that below 4 l/min the concentration of NO is in average 1 ± 0.2 ppm. greater in the sample site number 2. As the flow becomes smaller, the time of contact of the O2 with the NO is extend and the NO2 generation increases in a 64% in the site of sample number 1, and in 20% in the sample site number 2. The environmental values of NO and NO2 after 1 hour 45 minutes are 1.4 and 0.6 ppm,, lower than those accepted for environmental contamination : 25 and 3 ppm respectivelly. We concluded that the described system is more safe and effective for the administration of NO, and produced less generation of NO2 and environmental contamination than those used commonly. The point is that it has to be used with flows greater than the addition of tidal volume to compliance components of the circuit.

resumo Estuda-se o funcionamento de um sistema circular de absorção de CO2 de tamanho reduzido,composto por um canister de cal sodada e tubos corrugados descartáveis de 35cm de comprimento;ao qual é introduzido um fluxo de gás novo pré-misturado com O2 à 100% e Óxido Nítrico(NO) à 1000 ppm, de modo a obter uma concentração final deste gás de 20 ppm. Usa-se um aparelho de anestesia com fluxo que varie de 2 a 8L/min de O2 à 100% enviados desde os fluxômetros do equipamento. Mede-se a concentração de NO e Dióxido de Nitrogênio (NO2) de forma contínua,mediante conexão desde a entrada do fluxo pré-misturado ao canister (sítio de amostra número 1) e do extremo do sistema corrugado(sítio de amostra número 2), a um analisador eletroquímico. Ao finalizar o estudo, analiza-se a concentração destes gases na sala de operações. Nos resultados concluímos que com FGN maior que 6L/min, não existem diferenças significativas na concentração de NO medido em ambos sítios de amostra e que abaixo de 4L/min, a concentração de NO é na média 1 ± 0,2 ppm maior no sítio de amostra número 2. A medida que o FGN é menor, o tempo de contato do NO e do O2 se prolonga e a geração de NO2 aumenta em 64% no sítio de amostra número 1, e em 20% no sítio de amostra número 2. Os valores ambientais de NO e NO2 após 1h e 45min são 1,4 e 0,6 ppm muito abaixo dos valores aceitos como máximo de 25 e 3 ppm de contaminação ambiental, em que pese não usar-se equipamento especial para descartar o excesso de gases e sim apenas a ventilação natural da sala onde se realiza o estudo. Conclui-se então que do ponto de vista do aporte de NO em um ventilador de fluxo variável, do controle da geração de NO2, e da proteção ambiental; se usamos o sistema descrito com fluxos maiores a somatória do volume corrente necessário e da complacência dos componentes do mesmo,é seguro e eficaz para administrar Óxido Nítrico(NO) em doses controladas na sala de operações com os aparelhos de anestesia ...

Queimadura por soda cáustica / Caustic soda chemical burn

No Brasil, estatísticas mostram que de 1 a 4% das queimaduras são provocadas por agentes químicos, sendo a soda cáustica um dos principais causadores deste tipo de queimadura. O presente trabalho traz um relato de caso no qual um paciente com queimaduras por soda cáustica foi atendido no Centro Hospitalar de Santo André (SP). Foi submetido à hidratação endovenosa, hidroterapia, analgesia, vacina antitetânica e curativo nas lesões. Segundo estatísticas americanas, 50% dos casos de queimaduras químicas se associam a acidentes de trabalho, 30% estão relacionados a acidentes domésticos e 20% são ocasionados por agressão. A diferença entre queimaduras químicas e aquelas que resultam de outros mecanismos é que o processo lesivo ocasionado pela queimadura química persiste até que o efeito do agente seja neutralizado. Portanto, o tratamento em caso de queimadura química também difere do administrado à queimadura térmica. A medida clínica mais recomendada é a hidroterapia devido a sua eficiência em relação à melhora no prognóstico do paciente. Desbridamento de tecido necrótico, enxertia de pele ou retalhos são medidas utilizadas juntamente com a hidroterapia, cada qual dependendo da severidade das lesões.

Brazilian statistics show that 1 to 4% of burns are caused by chemical substances. Caustic soda is one of the main substances causing this kind of burn. The study presents a case report in which a man was burned by caustic soda. He was treated at the Centro Hospitalar de Santo André - SP and submitted to hydration, analgesia, antitetanic vaccination and wound dressing. According to American statistics 50% of chemical burns are work-related accidents, 30% are associated to accidents at home and 20% are assaults. The difference between chemical burns and thermal burns is that the destructive process occasioned by chemical burns continues until the effect of the cauterizing agent is neutralized. Therefore, the treatment of chemical burns is also different from thermal burns. The most recommended clinical management is hydrotherapy due to its efficiency, which is related to a better prognosis of the patient. The debridement of necrotic tissue, skin grafting and antibiotic prophylaxis are the applied management in addition to the hydrotherapy, depending on the degree of the wound.

Feeding preference of adults of Metriona elatior Klug (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) for different hybrids of Solanum melogena Linnaeus (Solanaceae) - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i4.5874 / Preferência alimentar de adultos de Metriona elatior Klug (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) por diferentes híbridos de Solanum melogena Linnaeus (Solanaceae) - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i4.5874

Metriona elatior Klug is a potential biocontrol agent for Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple), because larvae and adults feed on its leaves and this species shows a low dispersion rate. Specificity plays a major role in the feasibility of an organism as a biological control agent, especially in the inundative strategy. The feeding preference of M. elatior adults was evaluated to 14 eggplant (Solanum melogena Linnaeus) hybrids. Mass rearing was carried out under lab conditions, with the insect feeding directly on S. viarum leaves. The study started with dual and multiple choice tests in 24 and 48 hour feeding times, by offering leaf disks in Petri dish conditions. Survival and leaf consumption analysis were performed in newly adults in tropical soda apple and eggplant leaves kept turgid by immersing the petioles in water. The leaf area was measured before and after four days of insect exposure. M. elatior showed higher feeding preference, survival and consumption of the weed species, especially in comparison with the hybrid Ryoma. The highest feeding preference among the eggplant hybrids was observed in Minikuro Kowishiki.

Metriona elatior Klug é potencial candidato para o controle biológico de Solanum viarum Dunal (joá-bravo), pois as larvas e adultos se alimentam de suas folhas e têm baixa taxa de dispersão. A especificidade é um forte requisito para a adequabilidade de um organismo como agente de controle biológico, especialmente pela estratégia inundativa. Desse modo, a preferência alimentar do adulto desse inseto em laboratório foi avaliada em 14 híbridos de Solanum melogena Linnaeus (berinjela). A criação estoque foi mantida em laboratório, com os indivíduos se alimentando de folhas do joá-bravo. O estudo foi realizado utilizando-se testes de dupla e múltipla escolha, em períodos de alimentação de 24 e 48h, oferecendo-se discos de tecido foliar, em condições de placas de Petri. As avaliações da sobrevivência e consumo foliar dos insetos adultos recém-emergidos foram realizadas em folhas de joá-bravo e dos híbridos de berinjela, mantidas túrgidas pela imersão do pecíolo em água. A área foliar foi medida antes e após quatro dias de exposição ao inseto. M. elatior apresentou preferência para alimentação, sobrevivência e consumo na planta daninha. A preferência do crisomelídeo foi maior para o híbrido Minikuro Kowishiki de berinjela.

Comparison of the liquid/gas partition coefficients and the stability in soda lime between domestic and imported enflu- / 中华麻醉学杂志

0.05). Conclusion: The domestic enflurane's solubilities in different solutions and stability in soda lime is same as the imported enflurane's.