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Objective To investigate the current prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections in Yunnan province, so as to provide the scientific evidence for formulating the soil-borne nematodiasis control strategy in the province. Methods In 2015, a total of 20 survey sites were sampled in 10 counties (cities) of Yunnan Province using the stratified cluster random sampling method. Stool samples were collected from all local permanent residents at ages of one year and older in each survey site, and the soil-borne nematode eggs were identified using the modified Kato-Katz technique and the egg number was counted. In addition, the hookworm species was identified using the filter-paperculture method, and Enterobius vermicularis eggs were detected using the cellophane tape method in children at ages of 3 to 6 years. Results A total of 5 067 residents received stool examinations, and 950 residents were detected with soil-borne nematode infections, with an overall prevalence rate of 18.75%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and hookworm was 7.52%, 8.47% and 9.02%, respectively. Among 446 children detected using the cellophane tape method, 5 children were detected with E. vermicularis infections. Among the 160 residents with hookworm infections, there were 139 residents with Necator americanus infections (86.88%), 16 with A. duodenale infections (10.00%) and 5 with mixed infections (3.12%). Mild A. lumbricoides (67.98%, 259/381), T. trichura (88.58%, 380/429) and hookworm infections (94.53%, 432/457) were predominant. Among the four ecological zones, the highest prevalence of human soilborne nematode infections was found in the East Tibet-South Sichuan Ecological Zone (31.79%), and among the 10 survey counties (cities), the greatest prevalence was seen in Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County (50.13%), while the lowest prevalence was found in Ninglang Yi Autonomous County (0.40%). The prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 5.67% (43/759), 26.67% (610/2 287) and 14.70% (297/2 021) in high-, moderate- and low-economic-level regions, respectively. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections in terms of ecological regions, survey counties (cities) or economic development levels (χ2 = 342.20, 814.60 and 201.34, all P < 0.05). There was no significantdifference in the prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections between male (18.21%, 441/2 422) and female residents (19.24%, 509/2 645) (χ2 = 0.89, P > 0.05), and soil-borne nematode infections were detected in residents at all age groups, with the greatest prevalence found in residents at ages of 1 to 9 years (25.88%). In addition, the highest prevalence of soil-borne nematode infections was seen in residents with the Dulong Ethnic Minority (82.09%), in preschool children (25.06%) and in illiterate residents (24.80%), and there was no age-, ethnicity-, occupation- or education level-specific prevalence of soil-borne nematode infections detected (χ2 = 46.50, 1 016.96, 36.33 and 52.43, all P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections remains high in Yunnan Province. The management of soil-borne nematodiasis requires to be reinforced among low-age children, farmers, old people and residents with low educations levels or ethnic groups.
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Objective To understand the demographic characteristics and clinical features of hookworm infectors in high infection area in South Mountain area of Zhejiang Province,and to find the risk factors of infection,so as to provide the evidence for formulating prevention and control measures.Methods In 2018,according to the soil-borne nematode monitoring results of the previous year in Zhejiang Province,three villages with relatively more hookworm infections were selected from Qingtian County in South Mountain area of Zhejiang Province,and more than 10 cases of hookworm infection were selected from each survey site.A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted by all investigators using a questionnaire designed by the Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention,and information on the general condition,past diagnosis history,clinical symptoms and risk factors of infection of infected persons were collected.The stool samples were collected and tested for infection by modified Kato-Katz method to evaluate the drug deworming effect in the previous year.Results A total of 33 cases of hookworm infection were investigated,including 18 males and 15 females;the age ranged from 33-85 years old,mainly concentrated in 60-79 years old,a total of 23 cases (69.7％).Ten cases (30.3％) had been diagnosed with hookworm disease;19 cases (57.6％) had similar symptoms of hooky dermatitis;and 12 cases (36.4％) had gastrointestinal symptoms in the past three years.There were 31 cases (93.9％) worked in the field for more than one month each year,18 cases (54.5％) used fresh manure directly at home,6 cases (18.2％) were used to working barefoot in the field,and 30 cases (90.9％) used to wearing slippers in the field.A total of 32 eligible stool samples were examined,and 4 case (12.5％) were still positive for hookworm eggs.Conclusions Among the infectors,fertilizing with fresh stool,working barefoot or wearing slippers in the field may serve as the risk factors.There is a certain failure proportion to eliminate the infection status when adopting only one round anthelminthic treatment.For prevention and control hookworm infections,comprehensive intervention measures including infection source management,harmless treatment of stools,individual behavior intervention and environment improvement are suggested.
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Objective To understand the prevalence,trend and related factors on soil-borne nematode in Danzhou city to provide information for prevention and control of the disease.Methods According to the guidelines set by the National National soil-borne nematode technical solutions,one village was randomly chosen from every township as the monitoring location,in the east,west,south and north parts of Danzhou city.A total of 200 residents aged 3 years and over were randomly selected in each monitoring site,with modified Kato thick smear and Cellophane tape anal swab used for microscopy.Results In this survey,we retrospectively analyzed the rates on soil borne nematode infection in five monitoring locations of Danzhou city and the results showed that the overall positive rates of infection was 19.5％ (195/1 000).Comparing with the previous surveys,rates on soil-borne parasites infection were decreasing.The main types of soil-borne nematode infection appeared as roundworm,whipworm,hookworm and pinworm in Danzhou city,with rate of hookworm-egg infection ranking the highest (42.5％,85/200) in Dacheng.The infection rate was seen significantly higher in females than males.People aged over 60 and between 3-10,had a higher rates of infection.Rate on multiple infections reached 16.9％,including 5 triple infection cases.Conclusion Rates of infection on soil-borne nematodes in Danzhou city showed a decreasing trend from 2013 to 2016 with hookworm and whipworm as the major ones.
RESUMO
Objective To understand the prevalence,trend and related factors on soil-borne nematode in Danzhou city to provide information for prevention and control of the disease.Methods According to the guidelines set by the National National soil-borne nematode technical solutions,one village was randomly chosen from every township as the monitoring location,in the east,west,south and north parts of Danzhou city.A total of 200 residents aged 3 years and over were randomly selected in each monitoring site,with modified Kato thick smear and Cellophane tape anal swab used for microscopy.Results In this survey,we retrospectively analyzed the rates on soil borne nematode infection in five monitoring locations of Danzhou city and the results showed that the overall positive rates of infection was 19.5％ (195/1 000).Comparing with the previous surveys,rates on soil-borne parasites infection were decreasing.The main types of soil-borne nematode infection appeared as roundworm,whipworm,hookworm and pinworm in Danzhou city,with rate of hookworm-egg infection ranking the highest (42.5％,85/200) in Dacheng.The infection rate was seen significantly higher in females than males.People aged over 60 and between 3-10,had a higher rates of infection.Rate on multiple infections reached 16.9％,including 5 triple infection cases.Conclusion Rates of infection on soil-borne nematodes in Danzhou city showed a decreasing trend from 2013 to 2016 with hookworm and whipworm as the major ones.