Phytochemical analyses, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of stem bark extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus H. Baill. and fruit extracts of Solanum torvum Sw. from Gabon

To evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus (D. benthamianus) stem bark and Solanum torvum (S. torvum) fruit which have been used as traditional medicinal herbs in Gabon. Methods: Plant extracts were subjected to a qualitative study (phytochemical screening) and a quantitative (dosing) study of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was tested by 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay. Bacteria and fungi susceptibility tests were performed on Mueller Hinton medium and solid Sabouraud, respectively, using the diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were evaluated by microdilution method. Results: The total phenol and tannin contents were significantly higher in the water-ethanol extract compared to the other extracts of D. benthamianus and S. torvum. The water-ethanol and water-acetone extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extracts of the two medicinal plants. However, the extracts presented weak antioxidant activities compared to standards (Vitamin C, BHA). The water-acetone and water-ethanol extracts of S. torvum showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus LMG 13569 BHI, Shigella dysenteriae 5451 CIP, Shigella dysenteriae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Conclusions: Our results show that D. benthamianus and S. torvum can be promising sources of natural products with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Phytochemical analyses, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of stem bark extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus H. Baill. and fruit extracts of Solanum torvum Sw. from Gabon

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus (D. benthamianus) stem bark and Solanum torvum (S. torvum) fruit which have been used as traditional medicinal herbs in Gabon. Methods: Plant extracts were subjected to a qualitative study (phytochemical screening) and a quantitative (dosing) study of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay. Bacteria and fungi susceptibility tests were performed on Mueller Hinton medium and solid Sabouraud, respectively, using the diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were evaluated by microdilution method. Results: The total phenol and tannin contents were significantly higher in the water-ethanol extract compared to the other extracts of D. benthamianus and S. torvum. The water-ethanol and water-acetone extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extracts of the two medicinal plants. However, the extracts presented weak antioxidant activities compared to standards (Vitamin C, BHA). The water-acetone and water-ethanol extracts of S. torvum showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus LMG 13569 BHI, Shigella dysenteriae 5451 CIP, Shigella dysenteriae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Conclusions: Our results show that D. benthamianus and S. torvum can be promising sources of natural products with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Effects of Solanum torvum fruit water extract on hyperlipidemia and sex hormones in high-fat fed male rats

Objective:To study the effect of water extract of Solanum mrvum (S.torvum) on blood lipid and sex hormone levels in high-fat diet (HFD) fed male rats.Methods:Male Wistar rats were maintained on a standard diet or HFD for 10 weeks.During the last 4 weeks,the standard diet groups received distilled water or S.torvum (400 mg/kg) and the HFD groups received distilled water or S.torvum (100,200 and 400 mg/kg).Body weight,lipid profiles,sex hormone,internal organs weight and liver histopathology were all measured.Moreover,kidney function was evaluated using blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels,and liver function by the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.Results:The result showed that rats in the HFD control group had increased body weight and hyperlipidemia,but had decreased levels of both testosterone and estradiol.When receiving the S.torvum extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg,treated rats had significantly increased sex hormone levels of both types,and decreased total cholesterol levels,and at a dose of 200 mg/kg,treated rats had significantly decreased levels of triglyceride.Long term administration of the S.torvum did not produce any toxic signs in livers and kidneys.Pathological examinations of livers showed lipid accumulation in the HFD group,but the treatment of S.torvum slightly reduced lipid deposition in liver tissue.Conclusions:S.torvum extract can reverse the level of sex hormones to their normal level and reduce serum cholesterol in HFD-induced obese male rats.Furthermore,the long term oral administration of S.torvum extract is harmless.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Studies on Solanum torvum Swartz.

The botany, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of S. torvum Sw. belonging to family Solanaceae have been reviewed by evaluating information on the Internet (using Google Scholar, CABAbstracts, Blackwell synergy, Elsevier, Cambridge University Press, JSTOR, Nature Publishing and Science online) and in libraries. Traditional medicinal uses of S. torvum were recorded in the Ayurveda and Chinese pharmacopeia. The present review study covered chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of S. torvum as well as its morphology. This has included therapeutic effects of the whole plant and its extracts, fractions and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial, anti-ulcerogenic, antiviral, anti-platelet aggregation, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, systolic blood-pressure modification, and cytotoxic activities have all been described. Previous research studies carried out using different in-vitro and in-vivo bioassay techniques supported the claims of the therapeutic utility of the species.

Toxicidad aguda oral de Solanum torvum Sw (prendejera) / Acute oral toxicity of Solanum torvum Sw (prendejera)

Introducción: Solanum torvum Sw, conocida popularmente como prendejera, es una planta medicinal empleada por la población como antimicrobiano, antiartrítico, entre otras propiedades. Esta planta no reporta estudios de toxicidad de tipo agudo, solo aparecen reportados estudios de toxicidad a largo plazo. Objetivos: evaluar la toxicidad aguda oral por el método de las clases de la decocción de hojas y tallos Solanum torvum por vía oral en ratas Sprague Dawley. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo de toxicidad aguda oral por el método de las clases. La administración se hizo por vía oral a una dosis única de 2 000 mg/kg de peso corporal de una decocción de la planta S torvum. Se efectuaron los estudios correspondientes de anatomía patológica, que evidenciaran toxicidad de la sustancia ensayada. Resultados: la sustancia evaluada no produjo signos clínicos que demostraran toxicidad, ni muerte animal, no se reportaron alteraciones en el peso corporal de los biomodelos; macroscópicamente no se comprobaron alteraciones de valor diagnóstico. Conclusiones: la sustancia ensayada por vía oral, a dosis única, se enmarca como sin clasificar, en el modelo animal y nivel de dosis utilizado bajo las condiciones experimentales observadas

Introduction: Solanum torvum Sw, traditionally known as prendejera, is a medicinal plant used by the population as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent among other properties. No acute toxicity studies are reported on this plant, just long-term toxicity studies. Objectives: to evaluate the acute oral toxicity by the class method using decoction of Solanum torvum leaves and stems orally administered to Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: an acute oral toxicity test based on the class method was conducted. The S torvum plant decoction was administered in one dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight. Pathological anatomy studies were performed to analyze the toxicity in the tested substance. Results: the evaluated substance did not show any clinical signs of toxicity or animal deaths; no alterations in the body weight of the experimental models were found. There were no alterations of diagnostic value according to the macroscopic analysis. Conclusions: the tested decoction, orally administered at one dose, is regarded as unclassified for the animal model and the dosage used under the observed experimental conditions

Chemical constituents of Solanum torvum / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Solanum torvum. Methods: Column chromatography was used to isolate and purify the constituents, whose structures were identified on the basis of spectral data analyses. Results Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (1), N-trans-P-coumaroyl tyramine (2), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methoxyethyl]-acrylamide (3), N-trans-P-coumaroyl octopamine (4), kaempferol (5), quercetin (6), trans-caffeic acid (7), solagenin 6-O-(β-D- quinovopyranoside) (8), (25S)-6α-hydroxy-5α-spirostan-3-one-6-O- [α-Z,-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)- β-D-quinovopyraposide] (9), torvosides M (10), and 6α-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-beta;-D- quinovopyranosyl]-(25S)-5α-spirostan- 3β-ol (11). Conclusion: Compound 3 is firstly reported as a new natural product. Compounds 1-7 are isolated from S. torvum for the first time.

Toxicidad a dosis repetida de la decocción de Solanum torvum Sw (prendejera) en ratas / Toxicity by repeated doses of Solanum torvum Sw. decoction (prendejera) in rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: Solanum torvum Sw, comúnmente conocida en la zona oriental de Cuba como prendejera, pertenece a la familia Solanaceae y es muy empleada por sus propiedades medicinales tradicionales como antimicrobianas, antiartríticas y antiinflamatorias. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la toxicidad a dosis repetidas por 28 d de la decocción de hojas y tallos S torvum por vía oral en ratas. MÉTODOS: se realizó un ensayo de toxicidad a dosis repetida por el método de test límite por espacio de 28 d a una decocción de la planta S torvum a una dosis de 1 000 mg/kg, administrada por vía oral, de ratas Sprague Dawley. Se efectuaron exámenes de hematología, bioquímica sanguínea y análisis anatomopatológico e histopatológico correspondiente. RESULTADOS: no se observaron signos de toxicidad en los animales. No se reportaron afectaciones en el peso corporal. Los resultados del análisis histopatológico arrojaron ausencia de daños orgánicos ocasionados por la decocción evaluada y corroboraron los resultados antes expuestos. CONCLUSIONES: en las condiciones del ensayo, la decocción de hojas y tallos de S torvum no reportó reacciones tóxicas imputables a la sustancia ensayada

INTRODUCTION: Solanum torvum Sw, commonly known in Cuban eastern zone as prendejera, belongs to Solanaceae family and is very used due to its traditional medicinal properties as antimicrobial, antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory. OBJECTIVE: to assess the toxicity level by repeated doses for 28 days of leaves and stems decoction of S torvum by oral route in rats. METHODS: a toxicity trial was made in repeated doses by limit test method for 28 days in a decoction of S torvum in a 1 000 mg/kg dose, administered by oral route to Sprague Dawley rats. Hematology, blood Biochemistry examinations and anatomical and pathological and histopathological corresponding analyses were made. RESULTS: there were not toxicity signs in animals and no affectations in body weight. The results of histopathological analysis demonstrated the lack of organic damages provoked by the assessed decoction and corroborated the above results. CONCLUSIONS: in trial conditions, the decoction of leaves and stems of S. torvum there were not toxic reactions attributable to essayed substance

Acute and subacute toxicities of hydroethanolic extract of the ripe fruits of solatium torvum sw. (solanaceae).

Acute and subacute toxicity of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the ripe fruit of Solanum torvum Sw. was studied by force-feeding albino Wistar rats following the European Community and WHO toxicity guidelines. The results of the acute toxicity study indicated the median lethal dose (LD50; as I9g/kg body weight after 48 hours of treatment, and the significant variation (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total proteins (TP), total bilirubin (TBil), and creatinine at doses of 16–20g/kg body weight. These results also indicated significant variation of the liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST, ALT, TP, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) at higher doses. The results of the subacute toxicity study showed significant variation in the body weight, but no modification (P < 0.05) of blood and liver parameters compared to the control group. In both acute and subacute toxicity, histological studies revealed that there were no major pathological changes of the liver and kidneys in treated rats. The results show that this extract is not highly toxic, but consumption of higher doses beyond 16g/kg could cause liver injury. Moderate consumption of small doses up to Ig/kg twice a week for 6 weeks appeared safe.