Proposal for a gingival shade guide based on in vivo spectrophotometric measurements

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to propose and assess a shade guide for pink gingival aesthetics using a Spanish population sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The L*, C*, h, a* and b* coordinates of 259 participants were measured using a spectrophotometer in 3 standardized points along the attached gingiva of the maxillary central incisors. A hierarchical clustering analysis was applied to obtain separate solutions regarding the number of shade tabs. For each of the solutions obtained, color differences (ΔE*) were calculated using the CIELab and CIEDE2000 formulas, and the proposed shade guide was selected considering (1) the color differences between tabs and (2) the coverage error of each of the solutions. RESULTS: The proposed shade guide consisted of 8 gingival shade tabs and achieved CIELab and CIEDE2000 coverage errors of less than the respective 50:50% acceptability thresholds (ΔE*=4.6 units and ΔE₀₀=4.1). The coordinates for the various gingival shade tabs were as follows: Tab 1: L*43.3, a*21.9, b*12.3 (1.6); Tab 2: L*42.9, a*34.1, b*19.1; Tab 3: L*46.5, a*25.8, b*10.9; Tab 4: L*46.5, a*27.3, b*15.1; Tab 5: L*49.6, a*23.5, b*16.8; Tab 6: L*51.5, a*19.7, b*13.6; Tab 7: L*55.9, a*22.0, b* 15.0; and Tab 8: L*56.0, a*19.9, b*18.8. CONCLUSION: The CIELab and CIEDE2000 coverage errors for the 8 shade tabs of the proposed gingival shade guide were significantly lower than those of other guides. Therefore, despite the limitations of this study, the proposed guide is more appropriate for matching gingival shade in the Spanish general population.

Community versus clinical cognitive-behavioral intervention in young-adult Spanish population with generalized social phobia / Intervención cognitivo-conductual comunitaria versus intervención clínica en jóvenes adultos españoles con fobia social generalizada

Ei objetivo del estudio es mejorar los resultados informados por las revisiones sobre el tratamiento de adultos con Fobia social generalizada. La muestra la integraron 91 participantes con Fobia social generalizada (EM: 19.90 años; DT: 1.05) asignados aleatoriamente a tres condiciones experimentales, evaluados antes y después del tratamiento, y a los 6, 12, y 24 meses en los grupos tratados. Los resultados muestran (a) la efectividad de la detección en el contexto comunitario versus la intervención clínica, en el corto y medio plazo, y (b) una mejora significativa de los efectos del tratamiento, frente a los de las revisiones de las intervenciones clínicas ad hoc, tanto en los abandonos como en las tasas de recuperación. Ello permite concluir que esta modalidad de aplicación del tratamiento cognitivo-conductual puede ser una estrategia complementaria a la convencional con la que mejorar los resultados actuales de la intervención psicológica en este trastorno.

The study investigates how to improve the results reported by the reviews on the effects of clinical interventions in adults with Generalized social phobia. The sample was composed of 91 participants (median age = 19.90 years, SD = 1.05) randomly assigned to three experimental conditions. The evaluations were conducted before and after treatment in all three groups and at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up for the treatment groups. The results show (a) the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral strategy of detection and intervention, in a community context, versus clinical intervention both for the short and medium term; and (b) a significant improvement over the percentages of dropouts and of rates of complete recovery from the disorder. These findings allow us to conclude that the cognitive-behavioral strategy of detection and intervention, in a community context is shown to be a complementary intervention to the conventional and with high efficiency ratios.