Prevalencia de la infección por Sporothrix schenckii en agricultores del Cantón Shushufindi de la Provincia de Sucumbíos / Prevalence of Sporothrix schenckii infection in farmers of the Shushufindi Canton of the Sucumbíos Province

La esporotricosis es una micosis subcutánea causada por la inoculación traumática en la piel de especies de hongos del género Sporothrix. La enfermedad tiene diferentes manifestaciones clínicas (cutáneas, linfocutáneas y diseminadas), y también puede progresar a una infección sistémica. A pesar de tener una distribución mundial, la esporotricosis es más frecuente en los países tropicales y subtropicales. La esporotricosis es la micosis subcutánea más frecuente en América Latina, donde se considera endémica. Ciertos grupos de personas pueden estar más expuestos al agente causal de la enfermedad, como los agricultores. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de la esporotricosis en 3.133 agricultores, en el cantón de Shushufindi de la provincia de Sucumbíos, Ecuador. En este estudio, se utilizó una prueba de intradermorreacción con el antígeno esporotriquina obtenido del hongo Sporothrix schenckii. Los datos obtenidos mostraron una prevalencia de 35,45%. La distribución de la prevalencia de la esporotricosis con respecto a los grupos de edad no mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas (p=0,2054). Para la variable sexo, si hubo significancia estadística (p=0,01995). 51 de los casos positivos presentaron gomas y/o úlceras en alguno de sus miembros. La esporotricosis ha demostrado ser una de las micosis subcutáneas más frecuente en los trabajadores de la agricultura en la región ecuatoriana evaluada(AU)

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic skin inoculation of fungal species of the genus Sporothrix. The disease has different clinical manifestations (cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated), and it can also progress to a systemic infection. Despite having a worldwide distribution, sporotrichosis is more common in tropical and subtropical countries. Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, where it is considered endemic. Certain groups of people may be more exposed to the causative agent of the disease, such as farmers. Thus, this work aimed to determine the prevalence of sporotrichosis in 3133 farmers, in the canton of Shushufindi in the province of Sucumbíos, Ecuador. In this study, an intradermal test was used with the sporotrichin antigen obtained from the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The data obtained showed a prevalence of 35.45%. The distribution of the prevalence of sporotrichosis with respect to age groups did not show significant statistical differences (p=0.2054). For the sex variable, there was statistical significance (p=0.01995). 51 of the positive cases presented gums and/or ulcers in one of their members. Sporotrichosis has proven to be one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in agricultural workers in the evaluated Ecuadorian region(AU)

Esporotricosis linfocutánea en un paciente pediátrico, a propósito de un caso / Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in a pediatric patient, a case report

Resumen La esporotricosis es una infección fúngica de evolución subagudacrónica causada por hongos dimórficos del Complejo Sporothrix schenckii. Es más frecuente en zonas tropicales. La prevalencia en Argentina se estima entre 0,01 y 0,02%. En la mitad de los pacientes se manifiesta como una esporotricosis linfocutánea, la cual se produce tras la inoculación del hongo en la piel luego de un trauma menor. La lesión inicial es una pápula o nódulo que se sucede con la aparición de una cadena ascendente de nódulos subcutáneos móviles, indoloros y eritematosos. El diagnóstico se realiza a partir del cultivo micológico. El antifúngico de elección es itraconazol y el pronóstico es usualmente favorable. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 4 años, previamente sana, que consultó por adenopatías axilares de evolución subaguda sin respuesta a múltiples esquemas antimicrobianos, confirmándose el diagnóstico de una esporotricosis linfocutánea por el cultivo de una biopsia ganglionar.

Abstract Sporotrichosis is a subacute-chronic fungal infection caused by dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex. It is more common in tropical areas. The prevalence in Argentina is estimated between 0.01 and 0.02%. In half of the patients it manifests as lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, which occurs after inoculation of the fungus into the skin after minor trauma. The initial lesion is a papule or nodule that occurs with the appearance of an ascending chain of mobile, painless and erythematous subcutaneous nodules. The diagnosis is made from mycological culture. The antifungal of choice is itraconazole and the prognosis is usually favorable. We present the case of a healthy 4-year-old girl who consulted for subacute axillary lymphadenopathy without response to multiple antimicrobial regimens, arriving at the diagnosis of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis from the culture of a lymph node biopsy sample.

Esporotricosis: presentación de un caso inusual / An unusual presentation of sporotrichosis: a case report

La esporotricosis es una micosis subcutánea de evolución crónica que puede afectar a humanos y animales, causada por el complejo Sporothrix schenckii, se considera un padecimiento ocupacional y su vía de entrada es a través de traumatismos, es frecuente en niños y adolescentes. Se comunica el caso de una adolescente de 12 años, con historia clínica de un año de evolución de causas no bien identificadas de dermatosis facial localizada en región pre-auricular izquierda, constituida por una placa eritematosa, escamosa, indurada, de bordes definidos. Se confirmó el diagnóstico de esporotricosis cutánea fija por el aislamiento en el cultivo y biopsia de lesión. La paciente fue dada de alta con tratamiento de yoduro de potasio durante dos meses.

Sporotrichosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis that can affect humans and animals caused by Sporothrix schenckii complex, it is considered an occupational disease and its route of entry is through injuries, it is common in children and adolescents. A 12-year-old female patient with a lesion of one year of evolution, not well identified causes of facial dermatosis localized in left preauricular region, consisting of an erythematous, scaly, indurated and defined edges. The diagnosis of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis by isolation in culture and wound biopsy was confirmed. The patient was discharged with potassium iodide treatment for two months.

Esporotricosis: la micosis subcutánea más frecuente en México / Sporotrichosis: the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Mexico

Resumen La esporotricosis es una micosis causada por especies del complejo Sporothrix schenckii. Basado en estudios epidemiológicos y moleculares. Se reconocen seis especies de Sporothrix como causantes de la esporotricosis humana. Algunas especies de este complejo, tienen un potencial zoonótico relevante para la transmisión al humano, y muchas otras son exclusivamente fitopatógenas. Es considerada la micosis subcutánea más frecuente en México. El principal mecanismo de infección es el traumatismo con pérdida de continuidad de la piel seguido por la contaminación con el hongo Sporothrix spp. Las principales formas clínicas son la esporotricosis linfangítica, la forma cutánea fija y la forma diseminada. Los procedimientos de laboratorio más útiles para confirmar el diagnóstico, son el cultivo de especímenes como exudado y tejido, así como el estudio histopatológico. La forma parasitaria está representada por levaduras en el tejido o exudados. Los medicamentos más útiles en el tratamiento son el yoduro de potasio y el itraconazol. La prevención es difícil; sin embargo, el uso de equipo protector durante las actividades laborales puede contribuir a evitar este padecimiento.

Abstract Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by fungal species that are part of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Epidemiological and molecular studies have found only six species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex that cause infections in humans. Some species of this complex have a relevant zoonotic potential for transmission to humans, and some others only have phytopathogenic properties. It is considered the most frequent form of subcutaneous mycosis in Mexico. The main mechanism of infection a wound with loss of continuity of the skin followed by contamination with the fungus Sporothrix spp. The main clinical manifestations are lymphangitic sporotrichosis, fixed skin manifestation and disseminated manifestation. The most useful laboratory procedures to confirm the diagnosis are the cultivation of specimens such as exudate and tissue, as well as the histopathological study. The parasitic manifestation is represented by yeasts in the tissue or exudates. The most useful medications for its treatment are potassium iodide and itraconazole. Prevention is difficult; however, the use of protective equipment during work activities can help prevent this condition.

Esporotricose brasileira: desdobramentos de uma epidemia negligenciada / Brazilian sporotrichosis: development of a neglected epidemic

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de distribuição mundial, sendo observada em surtos de proporções variáveis, com predominância em áreas de clima temperado e tropical. Algumas áreas de endemicidade já foram relatadas. No Brasil, seus agentes etiológicos encontraram não só condições climáticas e estruturais ideais, mas também fontes de infecções extremamente eficientes. Nas últimas décadas, o país tem observado um aumento exponencial no número de casos de esporotricose humana e animal. Esse aumento e o surgimento de resistência aos antifúngicos tornam a situação alarmante. Apesar de essa epidemia se perpetuar há anos, existem poucas políticas de saúde no Brasil para o controle dos casos de esporotricose humana e animal, principalmente na atenção primária à saúde. Assim, intervenções sociais, ambientais e populacionais devem ser feitas para conter essa epidemia negligenciada.

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with a worldwide distribution, which has been observed in outbreaks of variable proportions in all continents, with predominance in temperate and tropical climate zones. Some areas of endemicity have already been reported. In Brazil, its etiological agents found not only ideal climatic and structural conditions, but also extremely efficient sources of infections. In the last decades, the country has suffered an exponential increase in the number of human and animal cases of sporotrichosis. This increase, combined with the emergence of antifungal resistance makes the situation alarming. Although this epidemic has been perpetuating for years, there are few health policies in Brazil to control it/the disease, especially in primary health care. Therefore, social, environmental and population-based interventions should be organized in order to contain this neglected epidemic.

Analysis of laser therapy effects in Sporothrix schenckii inactivation in vivo

Abstract Introduction Sporotrichosis is a common disease in tropical regions, caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, affecting mainly rural workers and in direct contact with animals. Although treatment by indiscriminate use of oral antifungal drugs gives rise resistant isolates, leading to therapeutic failures and no remission of the disease. To evaluate the effectiveness of red low-power laser photobiomodulation in inactivation of S. schenckii infection induced in rodents. Methods Subcutaneously inoculation (2x103 S. schenckii/ml, 0.2 ml suspension) in the left footpad, in 27 mice divided into: control (n = 6, inoculated, without irradiation): early stage (not inoculated) = 1th biopsy; intermediate (9 weeks of evolution) = 2nd biopsy; final (21 weeks of evolution) = 3th biopsy. Treated (n = 21, inoculated and irradiated): early (13 weeks of evolution, 4 weeks after first irradiation) = 4th biopsy, intermediate (17 weeks of evolution, 8 weeks after first irradiation) = 5th biopsy, final (21 weeks of evolution, 12 weeks after first irradiation) = 6th biopsy. Serial irradiation with biopsies occurred every 30 days during each month, for three months. At the end of testing, the mice were euthanized, and histological analyzes of biopsies were performed. Results Each laser treatment session showed an inactivation of S. schenckii in treated animals compared to controls, with a regression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, neutrophils, granulomas, giant mononuclear cells and steroid corpuscles. Conclusion The laser photobiomodulation was effective on S. schenckii inactivation, appearing to be an interesting therapeutic option in infections caused by this organism.

Anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of different pyrazinoic acid prodrugs: a repurposing evaluation

From drug repurposing studies, this work aimed to evaluate the activity of different pyrazinoic acid (POA) derivatives against Sporothrix brasiliensis. The POA esters were prepared and characterized as previously reported by classical esterification reactions, with good to excellent yields. Sporothrix brasiliensis isolates from cats (n=6) and standard strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii were used to assess the antifungal activity of the POA derivatives through broth microdilution assay (CLSI M38-A2). Among the tested compounds, molecules 3 and 4 showed fungistatic and fungicidal activities against all Sporothrix spp. strains, and the obtained MIC and MFC values ranged from 2.12 to 4.24 mg/mL and from 1.29 to 5.15 mg/mL, respectively. Compound 2 and 5 were active as in vitro inhibitors of fungal growth, but showed weak fungicidal activity, while molecules 1 and POA itself were inactive. The results suggest the activity of POA derivatives against Sporothrix spp. may be dependent on the lipophilicity. In addition, the antifungal susceptibility of the isolates to itraconazole was performed, showing that two Sporothrix isolates from cats were itraconazole-resistant. Compounds 3 and 4 were also active against these itraconazole-resistant isolates, indicating a possible alternative route to the standard mode of action of itraconazole.

Esporotricosis del pabellón auricular: comunicación de un caso atípico simulando una celulitis bacteriana / Auricular sporotrichosis: atypical case report simulating bacterial cellulitis

Resumen La esporotricosis es la micosis subcutánea o por implantación más frecuente en México. Se comunica el caso de una esporotricosis cutánea-fija preauricular que simuló una celulitis bacteriana atípica, en una paciente anciana sin antecedente de traumatismo. La biopsia mostró un granuloma supurativo con presencia de levaduras escasas. En el cultivo se identificó Sporothrix schenckii que se confirmó por biología molecular. Se trató con itraconazol obteniéndose una curación clínica y micológica. Se presenta el caso de presentación atípica, proveniente de una zona semidesértica con clima extremo.

Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous or implantation mycosis in Mexico. The case of a preauricular cutaneous-fixed sporotrichosis simulating atypical bacterial cellulitis is reported in an elderly patient with no history of trauma. The biopsy showed a suppurative granuloma with scarce yeast. Sporothrix schenckii was identified in the culture and confirmed by molecular biology. She was treated with itraconazole and a clinical and mycological cure was obtained. The case of atypical presentation is presented, coming from a semi-arid zone with extreme weather.

Canine sporotrichosis: report of 15 advanced cases / Esporotricose canina: descrição de 15 casos avançados

Sporotrichosis is a chronic, granulomatous and usually lymphocutaneous infection of animals and humans, caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii complex. The disease in dogs is considered rare, however, in the last years a crescent registration of cases was observed in Brazil, especially in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Fifteen dogs with ulcerated cutaneous lesions were seen at the Dermatology Service in the Small Animal's Hospital at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, between January 2014 and October 2015. Most lesions were located on the head, mainly the nose. Lesions were even seen on the chest, disseminated on the body and on the limbs. Three dogs (20%) exhibited the cutaneous-lymphatic form, with lesions initially on the distal aspect of one leg and ascending via lymphatics up the leg to the trunk and head. It was not ruled out the disseminated form in at least 3 dogs (20%). They had consistent signs of generalized or disseminated disease exhibiting respiratory symptoms (nasal discharge, sneezing, stertorous breathing), anorexia and weight loss. Draining tracts and cellulitis were very common. Some had large areas of skin necrosis with exposure of muscle and bone. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by cytological examination of exudates, histological examination, and/or isolation of S. schenckii complex by fungal culture. Because of the severity of the lesions that mimic other disorders like neoplasms or autoimmune skin diseases, and due to the difficulties of getting an accurate diagnosis, this study describes 15 advanced cases of canine sporotrichosis.(AU)

A esporitricose é uma doença infecciosa crônica, granulomatosa e frequentemente linfocutânea, causada por um fungo dimórfico do Complexo Sporothrix schenckii. A doença em cães é considerada rara, no entanto, nos últimos anos, um número crescente de casos foi registrado no Brasil, especialmente no Rio de Janeiro. Quinze cães com lesões cutâneas ulceradas foram atendidos no Setor de Dermatologia do Hospital Veterinário de Pequenos Animais da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, entre Janeiro de 2014 e Outubro de 2015. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e dermatológico. A maioria das lesões estava localizada na cabeça, principalmente no plano nasal. Havia também lesões no tórax, disseminada pelo corpo e nos membros. Três cães (20%) apresentaram a forma cutâneo-linfática, com lesões inicialmente nos membros e se propagavam via vasos linfáticos para o tronco e a cabeça. Não foi descartada a forma disseminada em pelo menos 3 cães (20%). Estes cães apresentaram sinais consistentes de doença generalizada ou disseminada, exibindo sinais respiratórios (descarga nasal, espirros, estertoração), anorexia e perda de peso. Fístulas e celulite eram muito comuns. Alguns tinham grandes áreas de necrose que desencadearam a exposição de músculo e osso. O diagnóstico definitivo da infecção foi obtido por exame citológico de exsudato e por exame histológico, e/ou apenas isolamento do complexo S. schenckii pela cultura de fungos. Por causa da severidade das lesões que imitam outras enfermidades, principalmente neoplasias e doenças autoimunes, e pela dificuldade de se obter o diagnóstico correto, este estudo descreve 15 casos avançados de esporotricose canina.(AU)

Fungal infection control by garlic extracts (Allium sativum L) and modulation of peritoneal macrophages activity in murine model of sporotrichosis / Controle da infecção fúngica pelos extratos de alho (Allium sativum L) e modulação da atividade de macrófagos peritoneais em modelo murino de esporotricose

Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is grown all over the world as seasoning and medicinal vegetable since 3,000 BC. Allicin is the main component of garlic, being attributed to it the most of its biological activities, such as bactericidal, antifungal and antiviral actions. However, other compounds of garlic present antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, vasodilator activities, protective action against different types of cancer, and immunomodulatory. Fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people mainly in immunosuppressed ones. Sporothrix schenckii, the causing agent of Sporotrichosis (most common subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America), is dimorphic fungus, of saprophytic life in soil or plants, infecting people and animals mainly through skin injuries and bruises. The main of this work was to evaluate the influence of garlic consuming on immune modulation of healthy and infected Swiss mice in induced way by S. schenckii, since these animals functioning of peritoneal macrophages as well as the nitric oxide and cytokines' production (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12) and to evaluate the antifungal potential of garlic with S. schenckii through minimum inhibitory concentration test and colony-forming units. The results showed that garlic offers antifungal potential with S. schenckii. The oral taking of garlic extracts influences the releasing of cytokines by macrophages, regular consuming shows anti-inflammatory effect, and its acute use may take to an inflammatory response. Mice that consumed garlic responded more effectively to fight against the infection.

Resumo O alho (Allium sativum L.) é cultivado em todo o mundo como hortaliça condimentar e medicinal desde 3.000 a. C. A alicina é o principal componente do alho, sendo atribuída a ela a maior parte das suas atividades biológicas, dentre elas as ações bactericida, antifúngica e antiviral. Porém, outros compostos do alho apresentam atividade antioxidante, hipocolesterolemiante, vasodilatadora, ação protetora contra diversos tipos de câncer e imunomoduladora. As infecções por fungos são causas importantes de morbidade e mortalidade no homem principalmente em indivíduos imunossuprimidos. O Sporothrix schenckii, agente causal da esporotricose (micose subcutânea mais comum na América Latina), é fungo dimórfico, de vida saprofítica no solo ou em vegetais, infectando homens e os animais principalmente através de lesões e arranhões na pele. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do consumo de alho na imunomodulação de camundongos Swiss saudáveis e infectados de forma induzida por S. schenckii, a partir do estado funcional dos macrófagos peritoneais desses animais quanto à produção de óxido nítrico e das citocinas (IL-1β, IL-10 e IL-12) e avaliar o potencial antifúngico do alho frente ao S. schenckii por meio de teste de concentração inibitória mínima e unidades formadoras de colônia. Os resultados demonstraram que o alho apresenta potencial antifúngico frente S. schenckii. A administração oral de extratos de alho influencia a liberação de citocinas por macrófagos, o consumo regular apresenta efeito anti-inflamatório, e seu uso agudo pode gerar uma resposta inflamatória. Camundongos que consumiram alho responderam de forma mais efetiva no combate da infecção.

"A case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto finally diagnosed by molecular identification based on ""ITS"" and ""CAL"" coding regions in combination with phenotypic analysis" / 中华皮肤科杂志

A 54-year-old female farmer presented with a pea-sized red nodule on the left upper limb near the wrist for 15 days,which occurred after trauma,gradually became swollen and ruptured,and developed into multiple nodules arranged in a chain in 30 days.Skin examination revealed multiple hard purple-red nodules arranged in a line on her left upper limb,some of which were ruptured with a small amount of purulent exndate.Histopathological examination further revealed that the focus of infection manifested as pyogenic granuloma-like inflammation mainly infiltrated with mixed inflammatory cells.Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining showed no fungal structures,including fungal spores,hyphae and asteroid body.The biopsy tissue culture yielded the fungus.According to the morphological analysis of the cultures and results of molecular identification based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and calmodulin (CAL) coding regions,this case was finally diagnosed as lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto.The patient was treated with oral potassium iodide 10％ solution in a dose of 10 ml thrice a day.After 2-month treatment,the patient felt that the lesions were obviously improved,but afterwards she was lost to follow-up.This research report suggests that phenotypic analysis combined with ITS/CAL-based molecular identification can accurately identify Sporothrix schenckii complex at the species level.

Cytotoxicity and anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of the Origanum majorana Linn. oil

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of the essential oil of Origanum majorana Linn. (marjoram), its chemical analysis, and its cytotoxic activity. A total of 18 fungal isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis (n: 17) from humans, dogs and cats, and a standard strain of Sporothrix schenckii (n: 1) were tested using the broth microdilution technique (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute - CLSI M27-A3) and the results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). The MIC50 and MIC90 of itraconazole against S. brasiliensis were 2 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50 and MFC90 were 2 µg/mL and >16 µg/mL, respectively, with three S. brasiliensis isolates resistant to antifungal. S. schenckii was sensitive at MIC of 1 µg/mL and MFC of 8 µg/mL. For the oil of O. majorana L., all isolates were susceptible to MIC of ≤2.25-9 mg/mL and MFC of ≤2.25-18 mg/mL. The MIC50 and MIC90 were ≤2.25 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50/90 values were twice more than the MIC. Twenty-two compounds were identified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (CG-FID) and 1,8-cineole and 4-terpineol were the majority. Through the colorimetric (MTT) assay, the toxicity was observed in 70-80% of VERO cells between 0.078 and 5 mg/mL. For the first time, the study demonstrated the satisfactory in vitro anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of marjoram oil and further studies are needed to ensure its safe and effective use.

Infección por Sporothrix schenckii en agricultores del caserío "Peñón de Gabante": Municipio Tovar. Estado Aragua. Venezuela / Infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii in farmers from the village "Peñón de Gabante": Tovar municipality. Aragua state. Venezuela

In Aragua state (Venezuela) there are farming communities such as the Tovar municipality that meet geographical and climatic conditions favourable for the development of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, in which farmer workers would be particularly exposed and at risk of infection and development of sporotrichosis. Accordingly, it was determined the prevalence of this infection in 148 farmers of both sexes from the village "Peñón de Gabante" through the intradermoreaction to esporotrichin. The overall prevalence was 24% and the frequency of infection increased with the age of the farmers, the time working as farmers and it was higher in men (27.6%) than in women (20.8%), reaching values of 39.1% in persons of 50 years and older and 28% in those with more than 10 years occupied in agriculture, although it was independent of these variables. Also, it was found a lower percentage of intradermal positivity (21.8%) in farmers that reported regular use of protective equipment in compare to those whom used it irregularly (27.9%) even though the differences weren't statistically significant. Statistically significant association (p< 0.005) was found between the clinical signs referred by farmers and the intradermopositivity to the esporotrichin, direct contact with plants with thorny branches and/or fruits of prickly shell (p< 0.001) and direct contact with the soil during the process of preparation, fertilization and sowing the crops (p<0.005). These findings suggest that the studied area is endemic to Sporothrix schenckii and farmers found in occupational risk of acquiring this infection.

En el estado Aragua, Venezuela, existen comunidades agrícolas como las del municipio Tovar, que reúnen condiciones geográficas y climáticas favorables para el desarrollo del hongo Sporothrix schenckii, en las que los agricultores estarían particularmente expuestos y a riesgo de adquirir la infección y desarrollar esporotricosis. En conse cuencia, se determinó la prevalencia de esta infección en 148 agricultores de ambos sexos del caserío "Peñón de Gabante", mediante la intradermorreacción a la esporotriquina. La prevalencia fue 24% y la frecuencia de infección incrementó con la edad de los agricultores, el tiempo desarrollando esta labor y fue mayor en hombres (27,6%) que en mujeres (20,8%), alcanzando valores de 39,1% en las personas con edades de 50 años o más y de 28% en aquellos con más de 10 años laborando en la agricultura, aunque resultó independiente de estas variables. Se halló un menor porcentaje de positividad (21,8%) en los agricultores que utilizan en forma regular equipos de protección en comparación con aquellos que lo hacen irregularmente (27,9%), aunque las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la intradermopositividad a la esporotriquina y los signos clínicos relacionados a la esporotricosis (p< 0,005), el contacto directo tanto con plantas de ramas espinosas y/o frutos de cáscara espinosa (p< 0,001) y con el contacto directo con la tierra durante el proceso de preparación, abono y/o siembra de sus cultivos (p< 0,005). Estos hallazgos sugieren que la zona estudiada es endémica para Sporothrix schenckii y los agricultores se encuentran en riesgo ocupacional de contraer esta infección.

Esporotricosis. A propósito de un caso / Sporotrichosis. A propos of a case

La esporotricosis es la micosis subcutánea más frecuente en todo el mundo; se considera una enfermedad ocupacional; las principales fuentes de infección son la materia vegetal y la madera; puede afectar a todos los grupos etarios, pero predomina en la población adulta. El objetivo es diagnosticar y reportar un caso de esporotricosis cutáneo-linfática. Se describe el caso utilizando el método clínico-epidemiológico y el diagnóstico micológico. Se diagnostica una esporotricosis cutáneo-linfática, lo cual corrobora que el cultivo micológico es el estándar de oro en el diagnóstico de esta micosis. En conclusión, la descripción de este caso, constituye una alerta en el diagnóstico de esta entidad poco frecuente en Cuba(AU)

Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis worldwide. It is considered an occupational disease whose main sources of infection are vegetal material and wood; it may affect all the age groups but predominant in the adult population. The objective is to diagnose on and report a case of cutaneous-lymphatic sporotrichosis. The case is described on the basis of the clinical and epidemiological method and the mycological diagnosis. Cutaneous-lymphatic sporotrichosis was diagnosed, which confirms that the mycological culture is the golden rule in the diagnosis of this mycosis. In conclusions, the description of this case is an alert to the diagnosis of this rare disease in Cuba(AU)

Adamantylidene-substituted alkylphosphocholine TCAN26 is more active against Sporothrix schenckii than miltefosine

Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in the world and its increasing incidence has led to the search for new therapeutic options for its treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that three structural analogues of miltefosine (TCAN26, TC19, and TC70) showed inhibitory activity against Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and that TCAN26 was more active in vitro than miltefosine against several isolates. Scanning electron microscopy showed that S. schenckii exposure to TCAN26 resulted in cells that were slightly more elongated than untreated cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that TCAN26 treatment induced loss of the regular cytoplasmic electron-density and altered the cell envelope (disruption of the cell membrane and cell wall, and increased cell wall thickness). Additionally, TCAN26 concentrations required to kill S. schenckii cells were lower than concentrations that were cytotoxic in mammalian cells, and TCAN26 was more selective than miltefosine. Thus, the adamantylidene-substituted alkylphosphocholine TCAN26 is a promising molecule for the development of novel antifungal compounds, although further investigations are required to elucidate the mode of action of TCAN26 in S. schenckii cells.

Anti- Sporothrix spp. activity of medicinal plants

ABSTRACT Cases of sporotrichosis in humans and animals without satisfactory clinical response have increased, a warning sign of strains resistant to conventional antifungal agents. The urgent search for alternative therapies was an incentive for research on medicinal plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. properties. A bibliographic survey was performed based on scientific papers about in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of essential oils and extracts of plants in differents solvents against the fungal of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The study methodology consisted of a literature review in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme and Springer link with papers from 1986 to 2015. We found 141 species of plants that were investigated, of which 100 species were concentrated in 39 botanical families that had confirmed anti-Sporothrix activity. Combretaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae represented the botanical families with the greatest number of plants species with antifungal potential, using different methodologies. However, there are few studies with medicinal plants in experimental infection in animals that prove their activity in the treatment of sporotrichosis. It reinforces the need for further research related to standardization of in vitro methodologies and in vivo studies related to safety and to toxicity potential of these plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. activity.

RESUMO Casos de esporotricose em humanos e animais sem resposta clínica satisfatória têm aumentado, sinal de alarme para o surgimento de cepas resistentes aos antifúngicos convencionais. A urgente busca por alternativas terapêuticas tem incentivado as pesquisas em plantas medicinais com atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. Um levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado com base em artigos científicos sobre a atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo de óleos essenciais e extratos de plantas preparados em diferentes solventes contra o complexo Sporothrix schenckii. A metodologia do estudo consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica em Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme e Springer link com artigos desde 1986 até 2015. Foram encontradas 141 espécies de plantas já investigadas, das quais 100 espécies concentradas em 39 famílias botânicas apresentaram atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. confirmada. Combretaceae, Asteraceae e Lamiaceae representaram as famílias botânicas com maior número de espécies vegetais com potencial antifúngico, empregando diferentes metodologias. Entretanto, há poucos estudos com plantas medicinais em infecção experimental animal comprovando sua atividade no tratamento da esporotricose. Reforça-se a necessidade de mais pesquisas relacionadas à padronização de metodologias in vitro e a estudos in vivo relacionados à segurança e potencial tóxico dessas plantas com atividade anti-Sporothrix spp.

Diagnóstico serológico de la esporotricosis mediante el empleo del antígeno de micelio de Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto / Serological diagnosis of sporotrichosis using an antigen of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto mycelium

En este estudio se desarrolló y se evaluó el ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), para la detección de anticuerpos en sueros de pacientes con esporotricosis, para lo cual se empleó un antígeno crudo de Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto obtenido a partir de la forma micelial. Los sueros positivos para esporotricosis fueron ensayados por otras técnicas serológicas: inmunodifusión doble (IDD) y contrainmunoelectroforesis (CIE). El ensayo fue validado utilizando sueros de otras patologías como histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomicosis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, lupus y sueros de individuos sanos como controles negativos. Se encontró una especificidad de 100 % con las técnicas utilizadas y una sensibilidad del antígeno de S.schenckii sensu stricto, por encima del 98% para IDD, CIE y ELISA. Estos resultados demuestran la alta sensibilidad y especificidad del antígeno de S. schenckii sensu stricto, para el diagnóstico de la esporotricosis, empleando las técnicas de IDD, CIE y ELISA. Los resultados sugieren, que este antígeno podría ser usado en conjunto con otras pruebas convencionales para el diagnóstico diferencial y puede ser útil para monitorizar la evolución de la enfermedad y respuesta al tratamiento.

We developed and analyzed an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in order to detect antibodies in sera from sporotrichosis patients. We used a crude antigen of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, obtained from the mycelial phase of the fungi. Positive sera were analyzed by other serological techniques such as double immunodiffusion (IGG) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The assay was validated by using sera from patients with other pathologies such as: histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, lupus and healthy individuals as negative controls. For the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto antigen, we found a 100% of specificity by every technique and sensitivity higher than 98% with IDD, CIE and ELISA. Our results show a high sensitivity and specificity for the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto antigen, so it can be used for IDD, CIE and ELISA. The results suggest that this antigen could be used in conjunction with other conventional tests for differential diagnosis and may be useful for monitoring the disease progression and response to treatment.

Differential expression and function of chitinase 3-like-1 in macrophage stimulated by Sporothrix schenckii / 中国人兽共患病学报

We evaluated the differential expression and function of chitinase 3‐like‐1 in macrophage stimulated by Sporothrix schenckii and Candida albicans fungicidal ability of macrophage after stimulation with Sporothrix schenckii and Candida albi‐cans separately was detected .The expression of CHI3L1 gene in macrophage stimulated by Sporothrix Schenckii and Candida albicans was evaluated with real‐time PCR .The function of CHI3L1 protein in macrophages against the reproduction of Sporo‐thrix schenckii and Candida albicans was detected in vitro .Results showed that macrophages could engulf and kill Sporothrix Schenckii and Candida albicans in vitro .The expression of CHI3L1 gene in macrophage stimulated by Candida albicans was increased obviously .At the same time ,CHI3L1 protein can damper the reproduction of Candida albicans .However ,the ex‐pression of CHI3L1 gene was not elevated when macrophage was stimulated by Sporothrix schenckii and CHI3L1 protein played little role in reproduction of Sporothrix schenckii .The expression of CHI3L1 gene in macrophage was elevated after stimulation with Candida albicans ,but was not elevated with Sporothrix Schenckii .In correspondence with differential ex‐pression ,CHI3L1 in macrophages could impair the reproduction of Candida albicans but had a weak function on Sporothrix schenckii which might contribute to the pathogenesis of spo‐rotricosis .

Interleucina-12 exógena evita disminución de actividad de mieloperoxidasa de macrófagos en gérbiles con esporotricosis / Exogenous interleukin-12 prevents the decrease in myeloperoxidase activity of macrophages in gerbils with sporotrichosis

Introducción: la interleucina-12 es una citosina inmunorreguladora con múltiples funciones biológicas, incluyendo la activación de macrófagos. La mieloperoxidasa es una enzima que desempeña un papel importante en la función antimicrobiana de fagocitos activados. En presencia de peróxido de hidrógeno, esta cataliza la oxidación de cloruro para generar ácido hipocloroso, potente agente microbicida. Objetivo: determinar el efecto estimulador de interleucina-12 recombinante murina sobre la actividad de mieloperoxidasa en macrófagos peritoneales en gérbiles infectados experimentalmente con levaduras de Sporothrix schenckii. Métodos: 500 ng de interleucina-12 recombinante murina fueron suministrados diariamente por vía intraperitoneal durante 5 días consecutivos a gérbiles machos, los cuales al sexto día fueron inoculados por vía subcutánea en el cojinete plantar posterior izquierdo con 6x10(6) levaduras de S. schenckii. siete días después de la infección los macrófagos fueron obtenidos de la cavidad peritoneal y la actividad de su mieloperoxidasa fue determinada mediante el método de Kaplow, expresándose como porcentaje de actividad de macrófagos peritoneales. Los resultados son expresados como el promedio del por ciento de actividad de mieloperoxidasa ± desviación estándar de 3 experimentos independientes. Las diferencias estadísticas entre grupos fueron evaluadas por medio de t de Student y un valor de p < 0,05 fue considerado significativo. Resultados: la administración de interleucina-12 recombinante murina a gérbiles previa infección con S. schenckii aumentó significativamente la actividad de mieloperoxidasa de macrófagos peritoneales (p = 0,0001) comparada con los controles sanos. En contraste, macrófagos de gérbiles infectados no tratados mostraron actividad de mieloperoxidasa significativamente disminuida comparada con los controles sanos (p= 0,001), lo cual sugiere activación deteriorada de macrófagos. Conclusiones: la administración in vivo de interleucina-12 recombinante murina antes de la infección con S. schenckii, induce activación de macrófagos evidenciada por un aumento en la actividad de mieloperoxidasa, lo que contribuiría a la defensa del organismo contra este agente infeccioso vía sistema oxidativo dependiente de mieloperoxidasa.

Introduction: interleukin-12 is an immunoregulatory cytokine with multiple biologic functions, including macrophage activation. Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme that plays an important role in the antimicrobial function of activated phagocytes. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, myeloperoxidase catalyzes chloride oxidation to produce hypochlorous acid, a powerful microbicidal agent. Objective: determine the stimulating effect of murine recombinant interleukin-12 on myeloperoxidase activity in peritoneal macrophages of gerbils experimentally infected with Sporothrix schenckii yeasts. Methods: 500 ng murine recombinant interleukin-12 were administered intraperitoneally on a daily basis on 5 consecutive days to male gerbils. On the sixth day the gerbils were inoculated subcutaneously on the left posterior plantar pad with 6x10(6) S. schenckii yeasts. Seven days after infection, macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity. Myeloperoxidase activity was determined by Kaplow's method and expressed as percentage of peritoneal macrophage activity. Results are expressed as the average percentage of myeloperoxidase activity ± standard deviation from 3 independent experiments. Statistical differences between groups were evaluated by Student's t test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: administration of murine recombinant interleukin-12 to gerbils following infection with S. schenckii significantly increased the myeloperoxidase activity of peritoneal macrophages (p = 0.0001) in comparison with healthy controls. Macrophages of untreated infected gerbils, however, showed significantly reduced myeloperoxidase activity in comparison with healthy controls (p= 0.001), suggesting poor macrophage activation. Conclusions: in vivo administration of murine recombinant interleukin-12 before infection with S. schenckii induces macrophage activation evidenced by an increase in myeloperoxidase activity, enhancing the organism's defense against that infectious agent via the myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidative system.

Esporotricosis granulomatosa: presentación de dos casos inusuales / Granulomatous sporotrichosis: report of two unusual cases

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix complex, endemic in Abancay, Peru. Is acquired by traumatic inoculation with plant material. Common clinical presentations are lymphatic cutaneous and fixed cutaneous disease. We report 2 cases of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis with granulomatous appearance. The first case was a patient of 65 years old with no risk factors and the second case was a 67 year old diabetic patient. Subjects underwent mycological culture with Sabouraud agar, with isolation of Sporothrix schenckii and clinical dignosis of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis with granulomatous appearance. One patient received oral treatment with saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) with a initial dose of 3 drops tid up to a maximum dose of 40 drops tid. Mycological and clinical cure was achieved after 2 months of treatment. We should consider the unusual clinical presentations of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis with granulomatous appearance that present morphological and clinical features in diabetic and nondiabetic patients older than 60 years from endemic areas and communicate adequate response to treatment with SSKI in one case.

La esporotricosis es una micosis subcutánea ocasionada por el complejo Sporothrix, endémica en Abancay, Perú. Se adquiere por inoculación traumática con material vegetal. Las formas clínicas comúnmente descritas son la cutánea linfática y cutánea fija. Presentamos dos casos de pacientes adultos con una esporotricosis cutánea fija granulomatosa. El primer caso era una paciente de 65 años de edad, sin antecedentes de riesgo y el segundo era una paciente de 67 años, diabética. El diagnóstico se realizó por cultivo micológico aislándose Sporothrix schenckii. Un caso se trató con solución saturada de yoduro de potasio (SSKI), vía oral, alcanzando la cura micológica y clínica tras dos meses de tratamiento. La otra paciente no acudió a tratamiento. Se revisan las presentaciones clínicas inusuales de la esporotricosis cutánea fija y la forma granulomatosa que presenta características morfológicas y clínicas poco habituales en pacientes diabéticos y no diabéticos mayores de 60 años provenientes de zonas endémicas.