A vivência de jogos e brincadeiras em praças e parques públicos do município de Vitória de Santo Antão em tempos de pandemia da Covid-19 / The experience of games and games in squares and public parks of the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão in times of pandemic of Covid-19

A infância é o período crucial para o desenvolvimento humano, onde as brincadeiras vivenciadas por crianças nos espaços públicos de lazer contribuem para o seu desenvolvimento físico, cognitivo e social. Mas, a problemática da pandemia da COVID-19 acarretou o distanciamento da população a esses espaços, resultando em uma nova configuração de vivenciar o brincar. O estudo tem como objetivo, registrar as características e singularidades da vivência cotidiana de jogos e brincadeiras por crianças em praças e parques públicos da cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão durante a flexibilização das medidas de restrições impostas pela pandemia da COVID-19. Através de um estudo exploratório descritivo, analítico. Foi possível observar que o comportamento do brincar estava atrelado à utilização dos equipamentos de lazer infantil presentes nas praças, e a pandemia da COVID-19, não atrapalhou de forma significativa esta ação.

Childhood is the crucial period for human development, where the games experienced by children in public leisure spaces contribute to their physical, cognitive, and social development. But, the problem of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the distancing of the population from these spaces, resulting in a new configuration of experiencing play. The study aims to record the characteristics and singularities of the daily experience of games and games by children in squares and public parks in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão during the easing of the restriction measures imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Through an exploratory descriptive, analytical study. It was possible to observe that the behavior of playing was linked to the use of children's leisure equipment present in the squares, and the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly interfere with this action.

Terapia de rehabilitación vestibular en alteración mixta (central y periférica). Reporte de un caso / Vestibular rehabilitation therapy in mixed (central and peripheral) disorder. A case report

La terapia de rehabilitación vestibular es el tratamiento con mayor evidencia en la recuperación para la mayoría de los trastornos de equilibrio. En los casos que presentan una alteración estable del procesamiento central del equilibrio, o mixta, es decir, acompañada de una alteración a nivel del sistema nervioso periférico, la terapia de rehabilitación vestibular no se excluye como tratamiento. No obstante, los progresos suelen ser limitados y requieren de una mayor cantidad de sesiones. En este trabajo analizaremos un caso mixto, un paciente con síndrome de núcleo fastigial y el vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno (VPPB), desde la pesquisa y evaluación hasta el tratamiento y alta, en el Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile.

Vestibular rehabilitation therapy is the treatment with the greatest evidence of recovery for most balance disorders. In the cases that have a loss of central balance processing, or mixed, that is, stable accompanied by a disorder of the peripheral nervous system the vestibular rehabilitation therapy is not excluded as a treatment; however, progress is usually limited and requires a greater number of sessions. In this work we will analyse a mixed case, a patient with nucleus fastigial syndrome and a benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, from the investigation and evaluation to the treatment and discharge, at the Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile.

Forensic Pathological Diagnosis of Acute and Old Myocardial Infarction Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze myocardial infarction tissues at different stages of pathological change to achieve the forensic pathology diagnosis of acute and old myocardial infarction.@*METHODS@#FTIR spectra data of early ischemic myocardium, necrotic myocardium, and myocardial fibrous tissue in the left ventricular anterior wall of the sudden death group of atherosclerotic heart disease and the myocardium of the normal control group were collected using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining as a reference, and the data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis.@*RESULTS@#The mean normalized spectra of control myocardium, early ischemic myocardium and necrotic myocardium were relatively similar, but the mean second derivative spectra were significantly different. The peak intensity of secondary structure of proteins in early ischemic myocardium was significantly higher than in other types of myocardium, and the peak intensity of the α-helix in necrotic myocardium was the lowest. The peaks of amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅱ in the mean normalized spectra of myocardial fibrous tissue significantly shifted towards higher wave numbers, the peak intensities of amide Ⅱ and amide Ⅲ were higher than those of other types of myocardium, and the peak intensities at 1 338, 1 284, 1 238 and 1 204 cm-1 in the mean second derivative spectra were significantly enhanced. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that FTIR could distinguish different types of myocardium.@*CONCLUSIONS@#FTIR technique has the potential to diagnose acute and old myocardial infarction, and provides a new basis for the analysis of the causes of sudden cardiac death.

Metabonomics Analysis of Brain Stem Tissue in Rats with Primary Brain Stem Injury Caused Death / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of primary brain stem injury (PBSI) by using metabonomics method to observe the changes of metabolites in rats with PBSI caused death.@*METHODS@#PBSI, non-brain stem brain injury and decapitation rat models were established, and metabolic maps of brain stem were obtained by LC-MS metabonomics method and annotated to the HMDB database. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and random forest methods were used to screen potential biomarkers associated with PBSI diagnosis.@*RESULTS@#Eighty-six potential metabolic markers associated with PBSI were screened by PLS-DA. They were modeled and predicted by random forest algorithm with an accuracy rate of 83.3%. The 818 metabolic markers annotated to HMDB database were used for random forest modeling and prediction, and the accuracy rate was 88.9%. According to the importance in the identification of cause of death, the most important metabolic markers that were significantly up-regulated in PBSI group were HMDB0038126 (genipinic acid, GA), HMDB0013272 (N-lauroylglycine), HMDB0005199 [(R)-salsolinol] and HMDB0013645 (N,N-dimethylsphingosine).@*CONCLUSIONS@#GA, N-lauroylglycine, (R)-salsolinol and N,N-dimethylsphingosine are expected to be important metabolite indicators in the diagnosis of PBSI caused death, thus providing clues for forensic medicine practice.

Influence of square dancing on motor function of middle-aged and elderly women / Influência da dança de quadrilha na função motora de mulheres de meia-idade e idosas / Influencia del baile de cuadrilla en la función motora de mujeres de mediana edad y de edad avanzada

ABSTRACT Introduction The quality of life of middle-aged and elderly women is affected by the physiological effects of aging on the locomotor system; moderate aerobic exercise is one of the practices that can delay these deleterious effects. Square dancing has functional characteristics of aerobic exercise, but there are still no studies on its effects on motor function in middle-aged and elderly women who practice it regularly. Objective Explore the long-duration square dance exercises' effect on motor function in middle-aged and elderly women. Methods 45 middle-aged and elderly women, divided into experimental and control groups, participated. The experimental group (n=25) performed square dancing exercises of 90 minutes four times a week for six months. Indicators of physical function, vital capacities, and motor function indices were collected. Results After exercise, improved grip strength of the middle-aged women in the square dance group and the 1-minute sessions was observed; in particular, the mean value of the selection response reduced from 516.20±83.87 before exercise to 440.28±58.07, a very significant difference. Conclusion Long-term square dance exercise has a particular effect on improving the cardiopulmonary function of middle-aged and elderly women and significantly improved motor function. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução A qualidade de vida das mulheres de meia idade e idosas são afetadas pelos efeitos fisiológicos do envelhecimento no sistema locomotor; o exercício aeróbico moderado é comprovadamente uma das práticas que pode retardar esses efeitos deletérios. A dança de quadrilha tem características funcionais de exercício aeróbico, porém ainda não há estudos sobre seus efeitos sobre a função motora em mulheres de meia-idade e idosas que a praticam regularmente. Objetivo Explorar o efeito dos exercícios de dança de quadrilha de longa duração sobre a função motora nas mulheres de meia-idade e idosas. Métodos 45 mulheres de meia-idade e idosas, divididas em grupo experimental e controle, participaram do experimento. As mulheres do grupo experimental (n=25) realizaram exercícios de dança de quadrilha de 90 minutos, 4 vezes por semana durante 6 meses. Foram coletados indicadores de função física, capacidades vitais e índices de função motora. Resultados Após o exercício, a força de preensão das mulheres de meia-idade no grupo de dança de quadrilha e as sessões de 1 minuto foram significativamente melhoradas, em particular, o valor médio da resposta de seleção foi reduzido de 516,20±83,87 antes do exercício para 440,28±58,07, houve uma diferença muito significativa. Conclusão O exercício de dança de quadrilha de longo prazo tem um certo efeito na melhoria da função cardiopulmonar de mulheres de meia-idade e idosas, sua função motora foi significativamente melhorada. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción La calidad de vida de las mujeres de mediana y avanzada edad se ve afectada por los efectos fisiológicos del envejecimiento sobre el aparato locomotor; el ejercicio aeróbico moderado es una de las prácticas que pueden retrasar estos efectos deletéreos. El baile de cuadrilla tiene características funcionales de ejercicio aeróbico, sin embargo, aún no hay estudios sobre sus efectos en la función motora en mujeres de mediana edad y ancianas que lo practican regularmente. Objetivo Explorar el efecto de los ejercicios de baile de cuadrilla de larga duración sobre la función motora en mujeres de mediana y avanzada edad. Métodos 45 mujeres de mediana y avanzada edad, divididas en grupos experimental y de control, participaron en el experimento. Las mujeres del grupo experimental (n=25) realizaron ejercicios de baile de cuadrilla de 90 minutos, 4 veces por semana durante 6 meses. Se recogieron indicadores de función física, capacidades vitales e índices de función motora. Resultados Después del ejercicio, la fuerza de agarre de las mujeres de mediana edad del grupo de baile de cuadrilla y de las sesiones de 1 minuto mejoró significativamente, en particular, el valor medio de la respuesta de selección se redujo de 516,20±83,87 antes del ejercicio a 440,28±58,07, lo que supuso una diferencia muy significativa. Conclusión El ejercicio del baile de cuadrilla a largo plazo tiene un cierto efecto en la mejora de la función cardiopulmonar de las mujeres de mediana edad y de las ancianas, y su función motora mejoró significativamente. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Quando a praça vira estacionamento o lazer é desprezado: uma análise da revitalização da área central no município de Ibirama (Santa Catarina) / When the square becomes a parking lot, leisure is neglected: an analysis of the revitalization of the central area in the municipality of Ibirama (Santa Catarina)

Pensar em projetos urbanos não pode ser uma ação meramente técnica. Se faz necessária reflexão acerca de ideais, tais como aqueles propostos por Lefebvre (2001) ­ "direito à cidade", Gehl (2013) ­ "cidades para pessoas" e Farr (2013) ­ "urbanismo sustentável". Neste sentido, o artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de revitalização da área central do município de Ibirama em Santa Catarina, focando a análise na praça Paul Aldinger, contextualizando o planejamento territorial urbano e relacionando-o com os conceitos supracitados. A metodologia seguiu a concepção de pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, bibliográfica não-sistemática e aplicação de observação em campo na área revitalizada. Como resultado se pode colocar que, considerando o caso apresentado, para ser um projeto moderno, como é defendido pelos idealizadores e, adequado a este preceito, o mínimo de referencial de urbanismo sustentável e pensando no contexto de cidades para pessoas deveria ter sido contextualizado e implementado. Isto quer dizer que, a intervenção ora executada, deveria estar vinculada a ideia mais ampla de planejamento, incluindo a perspectiva de longo prazo e contemplando na referência conceitual questões mais do que técnicoestruturais. O espaço da praça Paul Aldinger deixou de ser (re)aproveitado como praça ­ local de encontro, lazer, comércio, expressão religiosa e cultural ­ em detrimento dos veículos automotores, enfatizando assim, um projeto tecnicista e com pensamentos fracos.

Thinking about urban projects cannot be a merely technical action. It is necessary to reflect on ideals, such as those proposed by Lefebvre (2001) ­ "right to the city", Gehl (2013) ­ "cities for people" and Farr (2013) ­ "sustainable urbanism". In this sense, the article aims to analyze the revitalization process of the central area of the municipality of Ibirama in Santa Catarina, focusing on the intervention in Paul Aldinger square and contextualizing urban territorial planning, relating it to the aforementioned concepts. The methodology followed the design of qualitative, exploratory, nonsystematic bibliographic research and application of field observation in the revitalized area. As a result, it can be said that, considering the case presented, to be a modern project, as it is defended by the creators and, adapted to this precept, the minimum reference of sustainable urbanism and thinking in the context of cities for people should have been contextualized and implemented. This means that, the intervention now carried out, should be linked to the broader idea of planning, including the long-term perspective and contemplating in the conceptual reference more than technicalstructural issues. The space of the Paul Aldinger square is no longer (re) used as a square - a place of encounter, leisure, commerce, religious and cultural expression - to the detriment of motor vehicles, thus emphasizing a technical project and with weak thoughts.

Assessing Knowledge and Behaviour Towards HIV/AIDS among the school students: A cross sectional study

Background: Inadequate knowledge of advance, absence of exact health data, and the prohibitions associated with sex education at homes and schools, indulgence in risky behavior and a lack of access to adequate reproductive health services further lends the adolescents susceptible to AIDS. Aim & Objectives: In the present study, the knowledge and behavior towards HIV/AIDS among students in selected school have been assessed. Material & Methods: Primary data has been taken from selected school with the help of structured questionnaire tools; school is located at Bhaipur Brahman village in Jewar block of Gautam Budh Nagar district, India. Univariate and Bivariate tables as well as chi-square test have been applied to know the association between demographic variables of students and their response. Results: It was found that more than 65 % students were aware about HIV/AIDS. About 31% of students were reported that it cannot be transmit through sharing syringes where equal responses have been observed by male and female students. Conclusions: It was observed that they had inadequate knowledge towards HIV/AIDS especially among age group10-13 years. Most of them have good attitude towards HIV/AIDS infected person.

Using signalling theory to assess the Government of Ghana's risk communication during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: The proliferation of information through social media and on other communication networks during the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era altered information transfer in many countries. The content of the messages from government officials, media coverage and alternative narratives, affected the level of compliance in adhering to the various health protocols amongst the public. Aim: This article aimed to determine the relationship between the message used, media coverage, alternative narratives, the public's attitude towards staying at home and their commitment to stay at home during the COVID-19 pandemic campaign period in Ghana. Setting: A total of 352 respondents was sampled from the Kumasi metropolis. Methods: A survey sample strategy and a convenience sampling technique were used while structural equation modelling with Partial least square (PLS) version 3.0 was used for the analysis. Results: The study revealed that the nature of media coverage employed and the alternative narratives had a significant positive effect on the attitude of the respondents, whilst the content of the message had insignificant effects on the attitude of the public. Finally, the attitude of the people had a significant positive influence on their respective commitment to stay home. Conclusion: Developing countries in Africa need to fight pandemics using purely subsidised health officials or directorates rather than have government-appointed health experts and officials spearheading activities during a pandemic.

Design and Realization of Contrast Medium Biphasic Hyperbaric Injector / 中国医疗器械杂志

A biphasic hyperbaric injector based on BLDC is designed for alternate and mixed injection of contrast medium and normal saline in the process of contrast medium injection in hospital. The driver hardware and algorithm are optimized especially for high-pressure and high-speed injection requirements. The interface APP is designed with parameter-input and real-time pressure-plotting of injector's ports as two main functions. The whole device can realize the preset function and has high stability after testing.

How to use analysis of variance correctly——an analysis of variance for the univariate quantitative data collected from the Latin square design / 四川精神卫生

The purpose of this paper was to introduce the calculation formulas and the SAS implementation of the analysis of variance of the univariate quantitative data with the Latin square design. The Latin square design could be divided into two categories： the general Latin square design and the Greek Latin square design. The former could be used for the experimental situation with one experimental factor and two block factors， the latter could be used for the experimental situation with two experimental factors and two block factors. In fact， Latin square designs could be further subdivided by whether or not the repeated experiments were performed and whether the block factor was a single individual type. Generally speaking， in addition to satisfying the requirements of "independence， normality and homogeneity of variance"， the interaction between all factors was required to be non-existent or negligible when performing an analysis of variance on the quantitative data with Latin square design. When the quantitative data did not meet the preconditions mentioned above， it was recommended to use a mixed-effects model to build the model and solve it， or to solve the estimated values of the parameters in the ANOVA model based on the generalized estimating equation method.

Discussion on several statistical problems in establishing quality standards of standard decoctions / 中草药·英文版

Since 2016, a number of studies have been published on standard decoctions used in Chinese medicine. However, there is little research on statistical issues related to establishing the quality standards for standard decoctions. In view of the currently established quality standard methods for standard decoctions, an improvement scheme is proposed from a statistical perspective. This review explores the requirements for dry matter yield rate data and index component transfer data for the application of two methods specified in “Technical Requirements for Quality Control and Standard Establishment of Chinese Medicine Formula Granules,” which include the average value plus or minus three times the standard deviation (X-±3SD) or 70% to 130% of the average value (X-±30%X-). The square-root arcsine transformation method is used as an approach to solve the problem of unreasonable standard ranges of standard decoctions. This review also proposes the use of merged data to establish a standard. A method to judge whether multiple sets of standard decoction data can be merged is also provided. When multiple sets of data have a similar central tendency and a similar discrete tendency, they can be merged to establish a more reliable quality standard. Assuming that the dry matter yield rate and transfer rate conform to a binomial distribution, the number of batches of prepared slices that are needed to establish the standard decoction quality standard is estimated. It is recommended that no less than 30 batches of prepared slices should be used for the establishment of standard decoction quality standards.

Inferring Postmortem Submersion Interval in Rats Found in Water Based on Vitreous Humor Metabolites / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#The metabolomics technique of LC-MS/MS combined with data analysis was used to detect changes and differences in metabolic profiles in the vitreous humor of early rat carcasses found in water, and to explore the feasibility of its use for early postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) estimation and the cause of death determination.@*METHODS@#The experimental model was established in natural lake water with 100 SD rats were randomly divided into a drowning group (n=50) and a postmortem (CO2 suffocation) immediately submersion group (n=50). Vitreous humor was extracted from 10 rats in each group at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h postmortem for metabolomics analyses, of which 8 were used as the training set to build the model, and 2 were used as test set. PCA and PLS multivariate statistical analysis were performed to explore the differences in metabolic profiles among PMSI and causes of death in the training set samples. Then random forest (RF) algorithm was used to screen several biomarkers to establish a model.@*RESULTS@#PCA and PLS analysis showed that the metabolic profiles had time regularity, but no differences were found among different causes of death. Thirteen small molecule biomarkers with good temporal correlation were selected by RF algorithm. A simple PMSI estimation model was constructed based on this indicator set, and the data of the test samples showed the mean absolute error (MAE) of the model was 0.847 h.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 13 metabolic markers screened in the vitreous humor of rat corpses in water had good correlations with the early PMSI. The simplified PMSI estimation model constructed by RF can be used to estimate the PMSI. Additionally, the metabolic profiles of vitreous humor cannot be used for early identification of cause of death in water carcasses.

Characterization of Geiger-Müller radiation detectors response at the University of Costa Rica's Cyclotron Facilities / Caracterización de la respuesta de detectores de radiación Geiger-Müller en el Ciclotrón de la Universidad de Costa Rica

To ensure a reliable verification of a radiation detector, the right parameters for this response verification must be determined and a specific characterization on the detectors of interest must be performed. These were the main pillars of this study, where four Geiger-Müller at the University of Costa Rica's Cyclotron Facilities' main laboratories were studied and characterized using a 137Cs source. First, a verification of the inverse-square law was performed to corroborate the correct measurement by the detectors as the distance from a 137Cs source to the detectors was varied using a new design for a positioner support to ensure repeatability. This verification yielded a potential fit curve with and equation D=670635 x-1.961 (error percentage of 1.95%) and an R2 value of 0.9836. Then, using combinations of copper plates of widths 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm as attenuators between the source and the detectors, the mass attenuation coefficient for copper was obtained only as a reference value for future calibrations of the detectors. The result for this value was 0.040 cm2 /g. The results obtained in this study and the method developed to achieve these results will serve as a base for calibrations of the detectors at these facilities, which will ensure the safety of the patients and personnel in this building.

Para asegurar respuesta correcta de un detector de radiación, se deben determinar los parámetros correctos para esta verificación y debe realizarse una caracterización específica de los detectores de interés. Estos fueron los pilares principales de este estudio, donde se estudiaron y caracterizaron 4 detectores Geiger-Müller en los laboratorios principales del Ciclotrón de la Universidad de Costa Rica utilizando una fuente radiactiva de 137Cs. Primero, se realizó una verificación de la ley del inverso-cuadrado para corroborar la medición correcta de los detectores según se varía la distancia entre la fuente de 137Cs al detector utilizando un diseño nuevo de un soporte posicionador para la fuente que asegura la repetibilidad entre experimentos. Esta verificación resultó en una curva de ajuste potencial de ecuación D=670635x-1,961 (porcentaje de error de 1,95%) y un valor de R2 de 0,9836. Luego, utilizando combinaciones de placas de cobre de espesores 1,0 mm y 2,0 mm como atenuadores entre la fuente y los detectores, se obtuvo el coeficiente de atenuación másico para el cobre como un valor de referencia para futuras calibraciones de los detectores. Este resultado fue de 0,040 cm2/g. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación y el método desarrollado para lograr estos resultados servirán como una base para una futura confirmación metrológica calibraciones de los detectores en estos laboratorios, lo cual colaborará con la seguridad y protección radiológica de pacientes y trabajadores en este edificio.

A dança no espaço público da cidade - o "projeto forró na praça": dos encontros e da liberdade / Dance in the public space of the city - "forró na praça" project: meetings and freedom

Este estudo versa sobre os sentidos atribuídos pelos frequentadores de um projeto denominado "Forró na Praça" à vivência da dança no espaço público da praça, sendo este espaço parte constitutiva da cidade, presente na realidade com seus objetos e formado pela contínua interação humana. Para desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram realizadas observações simples das aulas de dança do projeto e aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas ao coordenador do projeto e a três participantes. Os dados coletados foram analisados segundo análise qualitativa do conteúdo, sendo constatado que o dançar na praça promove sociabilidade e novas experiências, podendo se constituir em uma vivência de lazer significativa para os participantes. A praça, pública e aberta, convida "facilmente" aqueles que ocupam e percorrem a cidade a viver a dança neste espaço/paisagem.

This investigation discusses the meanings attributed by the participants of a project called "Forró na Praça" to the experience of dance in the public space of the square. This space is a constituent part of the city, present in reality with its objects and formed by continuous human interaction. For the development of this research, simple observations were made of the dance classes held in the project and semi-structured interviews were applied to the project coordinator and to three participants. The collected data were interpreted according to the qualitative content analysis procedures. From this analysis, it was possible to verify that the possibility of dancing in the square promotes sociability and new experiences, which can constitute a significant leisure experience for the participants. The square, public and open, invites "easily" those who occupy and travel the city to live the dance in this space/landscape.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of burnout syndrome in frontline physicians: prevalence and associated factors

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of burnout syndrome (BS) in physicians working during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paraíba and to investigate the association between BS and the sociodemographic and labor variables of these professionals. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study including physicians who were active during the pandemic in Paraíba, whether they were on the front line (group 1) or not (group 2). Sociodemographic and labor variables were collected, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: A total of 126 physicians were included, including 82 who were on the front line. Among the professionals with results compatible with BS, 85.5% were in group 1, compared with 14.5% in group 2, and this difference was statistically significant. At the 5% level, the variables associated with BS were age (24-33 years), not having children, working on the front line, working in the COVID-19 ICU, being on duty, and having contracted COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: This case series found a positive association between the development of BS and medical action on the front line of the COVID-19 pandemic in Paraíba.

Subjective Well-Being in India: Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants and Differentials

Background: In the face of impressive performance in development indicators but poor ranking in the human development indicators, the subjective well-being in India has not been increasing commensurately with the rise in income. The lack of direct long-run relationship between income and happiness in India is a paradox that needs a deeper understanding of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on subjective well-being over space and time. Methodology: The data from five waves of the World Values Survey of India for 24 years over the period 1990-2014 are used. The socioeconomic and demographic determinants of subjective well-being are analysed using chi-square test. The distribution of subjective well-being indicators - happiness, life satisfaction and financial satisfaction - at the group level are examined. Results: The average levels of life satisfaction and happiness have not increased commensurately with income and economic growth over time in India. The happiness level remains constant and life satisfaction and financial satisfaction declined with sharp variations across background characteristics of people and over space and time. Happiness distribution is left-skewed and life satisfaction is related, but not uniformly, with income. Significant differences in well-being exist with respect to education, income, social class, religion, age, marital status and health, but not much with employment and gender. Conclusion: The subjective well-being levels of people of India are influenced by their socioeconomic status with varying degree among different socioeconomic and demographic groups.

Gazeta do Norte newspaper and the great Sports Square as nation projects: 'Mold for Tomorrow's Men!'

Abstract Aim: This study contextualizes the establishment of Montes Claros Sports Square, in Minas Gerais, through the look of Gazeta do Norte newspaper, and its alignment with a nation project to be established by the government of Getúlio Vargas, who took office in 1930. He formulated actions for a 'national reconstruction' project, for which, from society, it was necessary to emerge both physically and morally healthy subjects, fundamental conditions for the construction of the aforementioned new nation, and which could reach the Brazilians in the hinterlands. Thus, this study aimed to narrate a history of the construction of Montes Claros Sports Square, from the end of the 1930s until 1945, during Getúlio Vargas' first term as President of the Republic, with Benedito Valadares as Governor of Minas Gerais. Methods: The study was based on the extensive collection of data researched in Gazeta do Norte newspaper. Results: Symbol of a modern project for sports, the Sports Square was announced by the governor during his visit to the city, in January 1939, and established on the Oswaldo Cruz meadow. It is possible to verify that, notably, in the 15 years of Getúlio Vargas' first term, the practice of sports is developed and consolidates itself as an 'actor' in the social space of Montes Claros. Conclusion: In this city, in addition to the construction of the Sports Square, it was necessary to educate and inform the individuals. It can be said that the newspaper Gazeta do Norte firmly contributed to Vargas' nation project.

Nigeria's cocoa exports: a gravity model approach / Exportações de cacau da Nigéria: uma abordagem do modelo gravitacional

ABSTRACT: What are the major factors affecting Nigeria's cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it's 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.

RESUMO: Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.

Preliminary study on inversion model of radioactive release source terms / 中国辐射卫生

Objective Based on the monitoring data, Gaussian plume model and optimization algorithm, the inversion model of radioactive release source term was preliminarily studied. Methods By comparing the application conditions and performance of several optimization algorithms, the accuracy of source term inversion results of different algorithms under the same conditions was compared and verified. Results The preliminary study of radioactive release source term inversion model shows that it is feasible to use the least square method to optimize the inversion model based on Gaussian plume. The accuracy of the optimized model is 0.92 times of the measured value for flat terrain, and 1.5 times of the measured value for complex terrain, whose error is relatively large because of the limitation of the model itself. Conclusion The results show that the optimized source term inversion model based on Gaussian plume and least square method can better meet the needs of nuclear accident consequence assessment and emergency decision-making in terms of computational performance and accuracy.

Impact of different centroid means on the accuracy of orthometric height modelling by geometric geoid method

Background:Orthometric height, as well as geoid modelling using the geometric method, requires centroid computation. And this can be obtained using various models, as well as methods. These methods of centroid mean computation have impacts on the accuracy of the geoid model since the basis of the development of the theory of each centroid mean type is different. This paper presents the impact of different centroidmeans on the accuracy of orthometric height modelling by geometric geoid method.Methods:DGPS observation was carried out to obtain the coordinates and ellipsoidal heights of selected points. The centroid means were computed with the coordinates using three different centroid means models (arithmetic mean, root mean square and harmonic mean). The computed centroid means were entered accordingly into a Microsoft Excel program developed using the Multiquadratic surface to obtain the model orthometric heights at various centroid means. The root meanssquare error (RMSE) index was applied to obtain the accuracy of the model using the known and the model orthometric heights obtained at various centroid means.Results:The computed accuracy shows that the arithmetic mean method is the best among the three centroid means types.Conclusions:It is concluded that the arithmetic mean method should be adopted for centroid computation, as well as orthometric height modelling using the geometric method