Gestión espacial de riesgos entomoecológicos en Santiago de Cuba / Space management of entomoecologic risks in Santiago de Cuba

Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, de tipo ecológico, en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba, en el año 2015, con el propósito de identificar la existencia de patrones espaciales respecto a la infestación por Stegomyia aegypti y así desarrollar un análisis pronóstico espacial al respecto. Para ello se utilizaron variables simples y complejas, resumidas y con utilización de paradigmas de la complejidad (redes neuronales y gestión geoespacial). Se observó que la dispersión aleatoria de Stegomyia aegypti condiciona patrones difusos de la infestación, mayormente definida por la dinámica social, más que por las propias características biológicas del vector. De igual modo, la utilización de la Epidemiología panorámica proveyó nuevas aristas de conocimientos en el análisis del problema

An observational, descriptive and ecological study was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, in the year 2015, with the purpose of identifying the existence of space patterns regarding the Stegomyia aegypti infestation and in this way developing a space prognosis analysis in this respect. Thus, summarized simple and complex variables were used, as well as complexity paradigms (neuronal nets and geospace management). It was observed that the randomized dispersion of Stegomyia aegypti conditions diffuse patterns of the infestation, mostly defined by the social dynamics, more than by the common biological characteristics of the vector. In the same way, the use of the panoramic Epidemiology provided new edges of knowledge in the analysis of the problem

Zika virus in Brazil and the danger of infestation by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes

Abstract Zika virus, already widely distributed in Africa and Asia, was recently reported in two Northeastern Brazilian: State of Bahia and State of Rio Grande do Norte, and one Southeastern: State of São Paulo. This finding adds a potentially noxious virus to a list of several other viruses that are widely transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Brazil. The pathology and epidemiology, including the distribution and vectors associated with Zika virus, are reviewed. This review is focused on viruses transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes, including dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro, and yellow fever virus, to emphasize the risks of occurrence for these arboviruses in Brazil and neighboring countries. Other species of Aedes (Stegomyia) are discussed, emphasizing their involvement in arbovirus transmission and the possibility of adaptation to environments modified by human activities and introduction in Brazil.

Primer registro para el estado Aragua de Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera: Culicidae) / First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera: Culicidae) in Aragua state, Venezuela

Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) es una especie invasora originaria del sudeste asiático. Está asociada a la transmisión de los 4 serotipos del virus del dengue además de otros arbovirus como la fiebre amarilla y la encefalitis equina venezolana. En este estudio se reporta por primera vez para el estado Aragua la presencia de esta especie, la cual fue colectada en la localidad de Tiara del municipio Santos Michelena. Con este nuevo registro aumenta la distribución geográfica de Aedes albopictus, registrada hasta ahora en Venezuela en Caracas, Distrito Capital, al estado Aragua.

Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an invasive species native to Southeast Asia. This species is associated with the transmission of the 4 serotypes of dengue virus and other arboviruses such as yellow fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. In this note we report for the first time in Aragua state the occurrence of this species, which was collected in the town of Tiara, Santos Michelena County. The new record increases the geographic distribution of Aedes albopictus, which so far was registered in Venezuela only in Caracas, Capital District, to the Aragua State.

Estudios bioecológicos de Aedes (St.) aegypti en un área urbana de Camagüey con baja densidad del vector / Bioecological studies of Aedes (St.) aegypti in an urban area with low vector density in Camagüey province

INTRODUCCION: el control de los sitios de cría de mosquitos de relevancia médica es esencial en los programas de lucha antivectorial, sin embargo, los esfuerzos ejecutados hasta la actualidad no han sido suficientes por el aumento paulatino de casos confirmados de fiebre de dengue. OBJETIVO: informar sobre los principales sitios de cría de Aedes aegypti, en un ambiente urbano de Camagüey con baja densidad del vector. MÉTODOS: el universo urbano se inspeccionó en su totalidad entre enero y diciembre de 2007. En los depósitos positivos la colecta fue según metodología del Programa Nacional de Control de Vectores. Cada depósito fue caracterizado mediante una planilla de investigación de manzana positiva implementada al efecto. Se determinó el porcentaje de representatividad de cada depósito positivo, así como la proporción de larvas por cada depósito. RESULTADOS: Aedes aegypti colonizó 44 depósitos diferentes con destaque para artificiales (97,73 por ciento). La mayoría fueron permanentes, útiles y no modificables. Siguiendo el criterio de la población la combinación permanentes + útiles se cumple en 17 tipos de depósitos que representan 38,63 por ciento, y aportan un total de 180 recipientes positivos para 81,08 por ciento. Los tanques bajos contribuyeron a 36,03 por ciento de la positividad. CONCLUSIONES: la elevada positividad en depósitos que pudieron ser evitados por la población obliga a elevar la responsabilidad individual en el mejoramiento del saneamiento doméstico y, con ello, la concientización cívica para alcanzar una activa participación comunitaria en este sentido. Esto junto al fortalecimiento de la transectorialidad, permitirá impactar en la eliminación y disposición final de todo material inservible y que pueda servir de criadero a los mosquitos.

INTRODUCTION: the control of the breeding sites of mosquitoes of medical importance is essential for the anti-vector fighting programs; however, the efforts made so far have not great enough since the confirmed dengue fever cases gradually increase. OBJECTIVE: to provide information on the main breeding sites of Aedes aegypti in an urban area with low vector density in Camagüey province. METHODS: the urban universe was fully surveyed from January to December 2007. The collection procedure in the positive containers followed the National Vector Control program methodology. The characteristics of each container were written in a customized study form of positive blocks. The representative percentage of each positive container, as well as the proportion of larvae per container were determined. RESULTS: Aedes aegypti formed colonies in 44 different containers, being the artificial reservoirs the predominant ones (97.73 percent). The majority were permanent, useful and unchangeable. Following the population's criteria, the combination of permanent plus useful is valid in 17 types of containers accounting for 38.36 percent and contributing 180 positive containers for 81.08 percent of the total number. The tanks placed on the ground reached 36.03 percent positivity. CONCLUSIONS: the high number of mosquito-positive tanks demands greater individual responsibility in improving domestic sanitation and thus, the increase of awareness in order to achieve more active community involvement in this regard. The latter together with the strengthening of transectoriality will allow having an impact on the elimination and final disposal of all the useless materials that may serve as possible breeding sites of mosquitoes.

Aedes (St.) aegypti en tanques bajos y sus implicaciones para el control del dengue en Camagüey / Presence of Aedes (St.) aegypti in water tanks on the ground and the implications for dengue control in Camagüey province

INTRODUCCION: los tanques bajos son un importante reservorio doméstico de agua potable, que Aedes aegypti está colonizando con notable frecuencia en el ambiente urbano en un área de salud de la provincia de Camagüey, Cuba. OBJETIVO: determinar el aporte entomológico que brindan los tanques bajos, un depósito artificial de amplia distribución al nivel comunitario, a la infestación por Aedes aegypti que se reporta en un área de salud urbana de la provincia de Camagüey. MÉTODOS: del total general de depósitos positivos se cuantificaron los tanques bajos, para determinar el índice recipiente específico (IRe) junto al promedio de pupas/tanque bajo positivo; estos tanques fueron caracterizados durante la investigación de la vivienda mediante una planilla implementada al efecto. Se determinó igualmente el total de horas promedio que durante el día permanecen destapados. RESULTADOS: los tanques bajos aportaron 36,03 por ciento de positividad en relación con el total general, recibían mayormente agua del acueducto público en el exterior de las viviendas, con un IRe= 2,69. Más de 97 por ciento está sin la debida hermeticidad de su tapa; 92,5 por ciento se mantenían destapados cerca de 6 a 7 h durante el día. En 17 tanques positivos se colectaron 41 pupas para promediar 2,41 pupas/tanques bajos. CONCLUSIONES: el aporte de los tanques bajos a la positividad del área, obliga a priorizar su inspección y cuidado por parte de la población y el personal especializado, puesto que la distribución de tapas no será una solución definitiva si no se modifica la conducta del morador. Ello requiere mejorar la información que se le brinda a la población, para contribuir a modificar la percepción de riesgo y elevar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el tema. De esta forma se logrará contribuir a propiciar una incorporación más activa y consciente de la comunidad al proceso, como elemento fundamental para hacerlo realmente sostenible.

INTRODUCTION: water tanks placed on the ground are an important drinking water container at home; however, Aedes aegypti is very frequently colonizing this kind of reservoirs in an urban health area of Camaguey province, Cuba. OBJECTIVES: to determine the entomological contribution of these water tanks widely distributed containers at community setting- to infestation by Aedes aegypti in an urban health area of Camaguey province. METHODS: out of the total number of containers positive to Aedes aegypty, the amount of water tanks involved was estimated, in order to determine the specific container rate (sCR) together with the average of pupas per positive water tank on the ground. These tanks were characterized during the study of the house using an application form prepared to this end. Similarly, the average total number of hours that the tanks remained uncovered was estimated. RESULTS: it was found that 36.03 percent of all positive containers were water tanks on the ground, which were mostly filled with water from the aqueduct outdoors; being the sCR=2.69. Over 97 percent of them had faulty covers whereas 92.5 percent remained uncovered for 6 or 7 hours a day. Seventeen positive tanks sheltered 41 pupas for an average of 2,41 pupas per tank. CONCLUSIONS: the contribution of water tanks on the ground to the presence of Aedes aegypti pupas in the area makes it necessary to give priority to the inspection and surveillance of such containers on the part of the population and the expert staff. The supply of new covers will not represent the final solution to this problem if the behaviour of the dwellers in a house does not change. It is required to improve the information to be provided to the population so that the risk perception is changed and the level of knowledge on this topic is raised. In this way, it will be possible to involve the community more actively in this process as a key element to make it really sustainable.

Aedes (St) aegypti ovoponiendo en macetas de plantas ornamentales: sus probables implicaciones entomológicas: [revisión] / Aedes (St) aegypti egg-laying in pots of ornamental plants: its probable entomolgic implications: [review]

Se reporta la presencia de larvas de Aedes aegypti en un depósito inusual para realizar la ovoposición: macetas de plantas ornamentales. Estos depósitos de diámetros variables y con fondo de tierra, son utilizados para sembrar plantas con diversos usos por parte de la familia, los cuales no pueden ser flameados, ni son generalmente abatizados por parte del personal especializado de la red de control de vectores. Sin embargo, la presencia de larvas de Ae aegypti en estos depósitos, se deriva al parecer de las acciones intensivas y extensivas que se ejecutan en el área de salud atendida por el Policlínico Universitario Ignacio Agramonte de Camagüey, por lo que se están operando importantes e interesantes modificaciones conductuales en el vector, que deben tenerse en cuenta durante la inspección de las viviendas y los locales.

The presence of larvae of Aedes aegypti is reported in an unusual deposit to carry out the egg-laying: pots of ornamental plants. These deposits of variable diameters and with earth bottom, are used to sow plants with diverse uses on the part of the family, which cannot be flamed, neither are generally abatized on the part of the specialized personnel of the vectors control net-work. However, the presence of larvae of Ae. aegypti in these deposits, is derived apparently of the intensive and extensive actions that are conducted in the health area attended by the University Polyclinic Ignacio Agramonte of Camagüey, therefore important, interesting behavioral modifications are operating in the vector that should be taking into account during the housings and locals inspection.

Natural vertical transmission by Stegomyia albopicta as dengue vector in Brazil / Transmissão vertical natural de Stegomyia albopicta como vetor de dengue no Brasil

The mosquito Stegomyia albopicta is among the most important arbovirus vectors in the world, particularly for Dengue viruses. Their natural history suggests that biologically these viruses are highly adapted to their mosquito hosts and they were most likely mosquito viruses prior to becoming adapted to lower primates and humans. As well as being maintained by transmission among susceptible humans, Dengue viruses may also be maintained by vertical transmission in mosquitoes during inter-epidemic periods. The larvae and mosquitoes of Stegomyia albopicta were used to identify the vertical transmission of the dengue virus in nature and to confirm the vectorial capacity concerning the Dengue virus type 2 infection. The minimum infection rate concerning S. albopicta infection with the Dengue virus was 1:36.45. In Brazil this was the first time that high minimum infection rates of vertical transmission of S. albopicta were detected in this species.

O mosquito Stegomyia albopicta está dentre os mais importantes vetores de arbovírus do mundo, particularmente para o Dengue virus. A história natural sugere que biologicamente esses vírus são altamente adaptados aos seus mosquitos vetores e foram, provavelmente, os vírus que infectavam mosquitos antes de se tornarem adaptados a primatas não humanos e humanos. Além de serem mantidos entre os homens susceptíveis, os Dengue viruses podem também ser mantidos pela transmissão vertical em mosquitos durante os períodos interepidêmicos. As larvas e mosquitos da espécie Stegomyia albopicta foram utilizados para a identificação da transmissão vertical do vírus dengue na natureza e para confirmar a capacidade vetorial em relação à infecção pelo DENV-2 infection. A taxa mínima de infecção em relação à infecção do S. albopicta com o Dengue virus foi de 1:36,45. No Brasil, esta é a primeira vez que altas taxas de infecção mínima da transmissão vertical de S. albopicta foram detectadas nessa espécie.

Variation in Aedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae) container productivity in a slum and a suburban district of Rio de Janeiro during dry and wet seasons

Seasonal variation in container productivity and infestation levels by Aedes aegypti were evaluated in two areas with distinct levels of urbanization degrees in Rio de Janeiro, a slum and a suburban neighborhood. The four most productive containers can generate up to 90 percent of total pupae. Large and open-mouthed containers, such as water tanks and metal drums, located outdoors were the most productive in both areas, with up to 47.49 percent of total Ae. aegypti pupae collected in the shaded sites in the suburban area. Water-tanks were identified as key containers in both areas during both the dry and rainy seasons. Container productivity varied according to seasons and urbanization degree. However, the mean number of pupae per house was higher in the suburban area, but not varied between seasons within each area (P > 0.05). High infestation indexes were observed for both localities, with a house index of 20.5-21.14 in the suburban and of 9.56-11.22 in the urban area. This report gives potential support to a more focused and cost-effective Ae. aegypti control in Rio de Janeiro.