Tree species composition, growing stock and biomass carbon dynamics of the major timber species in Hindu Kush regions of Pakistan / Composição de espécies de árvores, estoque em crescimento e dinâmica de biomassa de carbono das principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões de Indocuche no Paquistão

Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Stability study of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells formulation in large-scale production / 药学学报

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) have been widely used in regenerative medicine, but there is limited research on the stability of UC-MSCs formulation during production. This study aims to assess the stability of the cell stock solution and intermediate product throughout the production process, as well as the final product following reconstitution, in order to offer guidance for the manufacturing process and serve as a reference for formulation reconstitution methods. Three batches of cell formulation were produced and stored under low temperature (2-8 ℃) and room temperature (20-26 ℃) during cell stock solution and intermediate product stages. The storage time intervals for cell stock solution were 0, 2, 4, and 6 h, while for intermediate products, the intervals were 0, 1, 2, and 3 h. The evaluation items included visual inspection, viable cell concentration, cell viability, cell surface markers, lymphocyte proliferation inhibition rate, and sterility. Additionally, dilution and culture stability studies were performed after reconstitution of the cell product. The reconstitution diluents included 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection + 1% human serum albumin, and 0.9% sodium chloride injection + 2% human serum albumin, with dilution ratios of 10-fold and 40-fold. The storage time intervals after dilution were 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. The reconstitution culture media included DMEM medium, DMEM + 2% platelet lysate, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and 0.9% sodium chloride injection + 1% human serum albumin, and the culture duration was 24 h. The evaluation items were viable cell concentration and cell viability. The results showed that the cell stock solution remained stable for up to 6 h under both low temperature (2-8 ℃) and room temperature (20-26 ℃) conditions, while the intermediate product remained stable for up to 3 h under the same conditions. After formulation reconstitution, using sodium chloride injection diluted with 1% or 2% human serum albumin maintained a viability of over 80% within 4 h. It was observed that different dilution factors had an impact on cell viability. After formulation reconstitution, cultivation in medium with 2% platelet lysate resulted in a cell viability of over 80% after 24 h. In conclusion, the stability of cell stock solution within 6 h and intermediate product within 3 h meets the requirements. The addition of 1% or 2% human serum albumin in the reconstitution diluent can better protect the post-reconstitution cell viability.

Assessment of land use cover changes, carbon sequestration and carbon stock in dry temperate forests of Chilas watershed, Gilgit-Baltistan

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Tree species composition, growing stock and biomass carbon dynamics of the major timber species in Hindu Kush regions of Pakistan

Abstract Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Resumo Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Information Gain By People Through Media Related To Laws Governing In Stock Market

The media is a snapshot of our culture, depicting what and how society functions. The only medium that aids in informing people is media, whether it is written, electronic, or on the internet. It also aids in entertaining the public, as well as educating and informing people about current events. The media has evolved into our society's voice.While most people have no direct information about stock market, the media has a significant impact on public attitudes and actions. The stock market is a significant participant in the financial sector, which is made up of both small and large businesses. Therefore, it becomes important to control the markets in order to protect investors' interests as well as those of the business sector. Additionally, the stock market is exposed, which hurts the public's overall interest. As a result, a number of laws have been enacted to safeguard investors and guarantee a just exchange of business ownership in free markets. Purpose: The majority of people have erroneous perceptions of laws related to stock market. They are informed of stock market through the media. The aim of this paper is to give information about laws and regulations through media to a society. Because most individuals are unaware of the laws and regulations pertaining to the stock market. ThroughNeed: media people are aware about laws and regulations of stock market.Methodology: The study based on secondary data.

Trading Behaviour Of Foreign Institutional Investors In India: An Empirical Study

The study is about the investment behaviour of “Foreign Institutional Investors” (FII) in the Indian stock market w.r.t their trading behaviour and its impact on stock market movements. We have collected the daily data of investment of FII net equity investments and NIFTY 50 index in Indian stock markets for a long time period from the year 2000 to 2022. The paper used trend analysis and the relationship between FII net equity investments and NIFTY 50 index. The paper found a significant relationship and causality in the direction of NIFTY to FII investments. The FII are found to invest with consistency in the Indian stock market and are also responsible to contribute significantly to the development of the Indian stock market.

Plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá en cierre difícil de la pared abdominal / Bogotá Pouch Plication in Difficult Closure of the Abdominal Wall

Introducción: El cierre con pérdida masiva de tejido de la pared abdominal constituye un reto en la cirugía. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de cierre abdominal difícil donde se utilizó la técnica plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá hasta lograr aproximación de los planos cutáneo, muscular y aponeurótico. Caso clínico: Paciente recibido en emergencias con herida perforo-cortante en fosa lumbar izquierda. En la intervención se encontró hemoperitoneo por lesión esplénica, diafragmática y sección del ángulo esplénico del colon. Se le realizó esplenectomía, pleurostomía izquierda y rafia de lesión colónica. Pasadas cinco horas se reintervino por signos de choque y se encontró hematoma retroperitoneal y sección completa del polo superior del riñón izquierdo. Se le realizó nefrectomía izquierda. Al quinto día del posoperatorio mostró signos peritoneales y la exploración confirmó peritonitis fecaloidea por dehiscencia de sutura de colon. Se lavó cavidad y se le ejecutó colostomía tipo Devine. La pérdida masiva de pared abdominal obligó a emplear una plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá para aproximar ambos colgajos, se obtuvo aproximación paulatina hasta la síntesis de la pared. Conclusiones: El abdomen catastrófico es una condición grave y de difícil tratamiento. La bolsa Bogotá es una alternativa viable para esta condición y modificada con plicaturas paulatinas permite el acercamiento de los dos colgajos cutáneos y garantiza el cierre de la pared abdominal, además de ser una técnica fácil de usar y económica(AU)

Introduction: Closure with massive loss of abdominal wall tissue is a challenge in surgery. Objective: To report a case of difficult abdominal closure where the Bogotá bag technique was used until the approximation of the cutaneous, muscular and aponeurotic planes was achieved. Clinical case report: This patient was received in the emergency room with a perforating-cutting wound in the left lumbar fossa. In the intervention, hemoperitoneum was found due to splenic and diaphragmatic injury and section of the splenic flexure of the colon. Splenectomy, left pleurostomy and colonic injury raffia were performed. After five hours, the patient was operated again due to signs of shock. We found a retroperitoneal hematoma and a complete section of the upper pole of the left kidney. It was decided to perform left nephrectomy. On the fifth postoperative day, this patient showed peritoneal signs and examination confirmed fecal peritonitis due to dehiscence of the colon suture. Cavity was washed and a Devine-type colostomy was performed. The massive loss of the abdominal wall made it necessary to use a plication of the Bogotá bag to approximate both flaps, a gradual approximation was obtained until the synthesis of the wall. Conclusions: The catastrophic abdomen is a serious condition that is difficult to treat. The Bogotá bag is a viable alternative for this condition and modified with gradual plications, it allows the two skin flaps to approach each other and guarantees the closure of the abdominal wall, in addition to being an easy-to-use and economical technique(AU)

Sistema de acciones psicosociales para la orientación a la familia de pacientes con cáncer de mama

RESUMEN El cáncer de mama tiene una repercusión psicológica que afecta no sólo a las personas diagnosticadas sino también a sus familias. Así, se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de fundamentar teóricamente un sistema de acciones psicosociales para la orientación a las familias de pacientes con cáncer de mama. El estudio tuvo lugar en el Hospital Oncológico de Camagüey durante el periodo de septiembre de 2020 a septiembre de 2021. Sus resultados tributan a un proyecto perteneciente al Centro para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud. La aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas y una batería de test psicológicos para evaluar depresión, ansiedad, afrontamiento afectividad y funcionamiento familiar, permitieron realizar el diagnóstico en la muestra conformada por 81 familiares. Los fundamentos filosóficos, psicológicos y sociológicos que este posee incluyen entre sus soportes teóricos principales el enfoque de sistema. Se implementó en el servicio de mastología del mencionado hospital en una muestra piloto de seis familiares.

ABSTRACT Breast cancer has a psychological impact that affects not only those diagnosed but also their families. Thus, an investigation was carried out with the objective of theoretically support a system of psychosocial actions for the orientation of families of breast cancer patients. The study took place at the Oncological Hospital of Camagüey during the period from September 2020 to September 2021. Its results pay tribute to a project belonging to the Center for the Development of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health. The application of semi-structured interviews and a battery of psychological tests to evaluate depression, anxiety, coping, affectivity and family functioning, it allowed the diagnosis to be made in the sample made up of 81 relatives. The philosophical, psychological and sociological foundations that it possesses include the system approach among its main theoretical supports. It was implemented in the mastology service of the aforementioned hospital in a pilot sample of six relatives.

Discussion on the new mode of blood isolation and batch release / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To compare the effectiveness of the old mode of blood isolation and batch release (the old mode) and the new mode in Chengdu, so as to provide basis for optimizing working strategy. 【Methods】 1) The blood testing report was released one by one in the old mode but released uniformly in accordance with the blood batches classified by blood storage and supply department in the new mode. 2) In the old mode, apheresis platelet samples were detected by serological testing first and nucleic acid testing(NAT) later, and whole blood samples were reasonably arranged according to blood inventory and detection workload. In the new mode, platelets samples collected within our center headquarters were detected by serological test and NAT simultaneously, while those collected outside the center complied with the old strategy. As for whole blood, the same batch samples classified by blood storage and supply department should be arranged to the detection line with the fewest samples.3) The turnaround time(TAT) in the laboratory (referred to as sample TAT) and the TAT in the blood to-detect stock (referred to as blood TAT) in two phases(year 2016 vs 2018, pre- and post- the new mode), involving 164 748 and 179 488 blood samples, were compared by SPSS25.0 software. The constituent ratio of the TATs were compared with Chi-square test, and the difference of blood TAT between old and new mode were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. 【Results】 1) Significant difference was noticed in constituent ratio of TATs between old and new mode (P<0.05). 2)The blood TATof apheresis platelets using the new mode was 0.95(QR: 0.22)days, with the median 0.20 days shorter than that the old mode.. The blood TAT of whole blood in the new mode was 3.77 (QR: 1.99) days, with the median 0.90 days shorter than that in the old mode, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Compared with the old mode, the new mode showed the following advantages: 1) It can realize the unified issuing of testing reports of blood with the same batch, contribute to the early discovery of errors that occurred during blood donation process, and located the errors wihin intra-batches for investigation. 2) It can advance the issuing of blood testing reports of the same batch. 3) It can make the flow of samples and blood with the same batch between different departments more standardized and orderly, and optimize the process of blood sorting thus shortening blood TAT. 4) It can realize the counting and checking of samples, within the same batch, at different states, so as to minimize the error issuing of unqualified blood and to-detect blood, and is more conducive to ensure the quality, safety and timely supply of blood.

Stock assessment of the peacock bass Cichla temensis (Humboldt, 1821), an important fishing resource from the middle Negro river, Amazonas, Brazil / Avaliação de estoque do tucunaré Cichla temensis, um importante recurso pesqueiro do médio rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil

Abstract Peacock bass Cichla temensis is an important species at the Amazon basin, since commercial, subsistence and recreational fisheries simultaneously exploit it. Cichla temensis is the preferred species by recreational fishers and it has been strongly exploited, mainly at the Negro river, the second largest tributary of the Amazon River. It was used data from experimental fisheries, collected at the middle stretch of Negro river, which were coupled with previously published data on its population dynamics, to run a yield per recruit model and build scenarios of sustainable fisheries. The results showed that the age of the first catch is a key variable to successful management of the peacock bass stocks at this region.

Resumo O tucunaré Cichla temensis é uma importante espécie de peixe da bacia Amazônica, uma vez que esta espécie é simultaneamente explotada pela pesca comercial e de subsistência. Além disso, é preferida pelos pescadores esportivos que atuam na região do rio Negro, o segundo maior afluente do rio Amazonas. Foram usados dados de pescarias experimentais, coletados no trecho médio do rio Negro. Estes dados foram vinculados a outros dados, previamente publicados, sobre sua dinâmica populacional, para executar um modelo de rendimento por recruta e, dessa forma, construir cenários para pesca sustentável dessa espécie. Os resultados mostraram que a idade da primeira captura é uma variável chave para gerenciar, com sucesso, os estoques de tucunarés nesta região.

Desafios para a gestão de estoques em empresas de distribuição de bens de consumo / Desafíos para la gestión de inventarios en empresas de distribución de bienes de consumo / Challenges for inventory management in consumer goods distribution companies

Resumo Introdução: As empresas dos canais de distribuição têm como principal função intermediar transações entre os fornecedores e revendas. Além disso, elas servem como agentes entre as revendas e os usuários finais comissionando à revenda. Este artigo foi desenvolvido em uma distribuidora nacional de automação, com 20 anos neste mercado que apresenta problemas no estoque como: rupturas e excessos, buscando ações para minimizar estes principais problemas. Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar e contextualizar estas variáveis, podendo assim identificar sugestões de ações de melhorias de como evitar problemas em gestão de estoques. Materiais e métodos: A metodologia utilizada foi a análise qualitativa, tendo como método de pesquisa o estudo de caso único. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado e avaliadas as informações do banco de dados da empresa. Foi elaborado um fluxograma do setor de compras e estoque para mapear o funcionamento do setor. Resultados: Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram a empresa acredita que tem um controle de estoque adequado, mas identificou a necessidade de melhorias, devido às frequentes rupturas no estoque, assim como os excessos de itens com baixo giro de vendas. Conclusões: Foram determinados ferramentas e indicadores de gestão de estoques para controlar os problemas de distribuição logística.

Resumen Introducción: Las empresas de los canales de distribución tienen como principal función intermediar transacciones entre los proveedores y reventas. Además, ellos sirven como agentes entre los revendedores y los usuarios finales comisionando a la reventa. Este artículo fue desarrollado en una distribuidora nacional de automatización, con 20 años en este mercado y que presenta problemas en el stock como rupturas y excesos, buscando acciones para minimizar estés problemas principales. Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar y contextualizar estas variables, pudiendo así identificar sugerencias de acciones de mejoras de cómo evitar problemas en la gestión de inventarios. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue el análisis cualitativo, teniendo como método de investigación el estudio de caso. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado y evaluado la información de la base de datos de la empresa. Se elaboró un diagrama de flujo del sector de compras y stock para mapear el funcionamiento del sector. Resultados: Los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que la empresa cree que tiene un control de inventario adecuado, pero identificó la necesidad de mejoras, debido a las frecuentes rupturas en el stock, así como los excesos de ítems con bajo giro de ventas. Conclusiones: Se han determinado herramientas e indicadores de gestión de stocks para controlar los problemas de distribución logística.

Abstract Introduction. Companies of distribution channels are mainly responsible broker transactions between suppliers and resellers. Additionally, they serve as agents between resellers and end-users commissioning resale. This article was developed in a national distributor of automation, with 20 years in this market that presents problems in stock as ruptures and excesses, actions seeking to minimize these core problems. Objective. The objective of the research was to analyze and contextualize these variables and thus identify suggestions for actions to improve how to avoid problems in inventory management. Materials and methods. The methodology was qualitative analysis, and as a research method, the single case study was analyzed. A structured questionnaire and evaluated information from the database of the company was applied. A flowchart of the purchasing and storage area was designed to map the functioning of the sector. Results. The results showed the company believes it has adequate inventory control, but identified the need for improvements due to frequent disruptions in stock, as well as the excess items with low sales turnover. Conclusions. Tools and inventory management indicators were determined to control the distribution logistics problems.

Soil organic matter fractions and carbon management index under integrated crop-livestock system / Frações da matéria orgânica do solo e índice de manejo de carbono em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbon content of the physical, chemical and oxidizable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) and to calculate the carbon management index (CMI) in an area managed under an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) in the western region of Paraná - Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm, belonging to the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Seventeen areas, which are managed in different ways, fifteen in ICLS and two areas of controls (Forest and Haymaking), using the design divided with two nested controls, with three replications were evaluated. Deformed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from all the areas to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), carbon stock, the physical, chemical and oxidizable fractions of SOM and the CMI in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m. Little significant changes in the fractions were found for the management of the ICLS area in relation to the Forest and the area of Haymaking, although the Forest presented the best values for most of the studied fractions. It is recommended to adopt sustainable practices, such as ICLS, even though the average fractions tend to take time to match reference areas.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os teores de carbono das frações física, química e oxidável da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e calcular o índice de manejo de carbono (IMC) em uma área manejada em sistema de integração lavoura pecuária (ILP) na região Oeste do Paraná - Brasil. O experimento foi realizado na fazenda experimental, pertencente à Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Foram avaliadas dezessete áreas, que foram manejadas de diferentes formas, quinze em ILP e duas testemunhas (Mata e Fenação), sendo empregado o delineamento subsubsubdividido com duas testemunhas aninhadas, com três repetições. Em todas as áreas foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo para serem determinados o carbono orgânico total, estoque de carbono e as frações físicas granulométricas, oxidáveis e químicas da MOS e o IMC nas camadas de 0-0,05, 0,05-0,1 e 0,1-0,2 m. Alterações pouco significativas das frações foram encontradas para os manejos da área em ILP em relação a mata e a área de fenação, entretanto a mata apresentou os melhores valores para a maioria das frações estudadas. Recomenda-se a adoção de práticas sustentáveis, como a ILP, mesmo que os teores médios das frações tendem a demorar tempo para igualar-se a áreas de referência.

Aplicação de uma planilha de controle de estoque em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição / Application of a stock control sheet in a food and nutrition unit

Introdução: O profissional nutricionista tem, entre suas atribuições, o planejamento de cardápios e o controle de estoque. Dentre as inúmeras atividades inerentes ao setor de alimentação coletiva, a importância da gestão de suprimentos pode passar despercebida e acarretar problemas na execução dos cardápios, gerando monotonia nos mesmos. Assim, ferramentas de controle são necessárias, visto que a monotonia alimentar pode acarretar problemas à saúde dos usuários. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar a elaboração e implantação de uma planilha de controle de estoque em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição (UAN) de uma instituição de ensino superior pública. Métodos: O trabalho foi desenvolvido e executado no Restaurante Universitário da Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, localizada no distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, com levantamento das fichas de controle. Resultados: O produto deste trabalho foi uma planilha no formato Excel® para controle dos gêneros alimentícios secos do estoque. Observou-se que, além de controlar a entrada e a saída dos gêneros, a planilha auxiliou na tomada de decisão de compra e reabastecimento de suprimentos. Conclusão: Diante dos objetivos almejados, a planilha foi desenvolvida e aplicada com êxito, alcançando a finalidade esperada pelo serviço. (AU)

Introduction: the professional nutritionist has the tasks of planning menus and, consequently, stock control. Among countless activities inherent to the collective food sector, the importance of supply management can go unnoticed and cause problems in the execution of the menus, generating monotony in them. So, control tools are needed, since food monotony can cause health problems for users. Objective: this study aimed to present the preparation and implementation of a stock control spreadsheet in a food and nutrition unit (FNU) of a public higher education institution. Methods: the study was developed and carried out at the Restaurante Universitário da Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí (University Restaurant of the Agricultural School of Jundiaí), of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte), located in the District of Jundiaí, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, with a survey of control cards. Results: the product of this study was a spreadsheet in Excel® format to control dry foodstuffs from the stock. It was observed that in addition to controlling the entry and exit of the genders, the spreadsheet also helped in the decision to purchase and replenish supplies. Conclusion: in view of the desired objectives, the spreadsheet was developed and applied successfully, reaching the purpose expected by the service. (AU)

Genetic diversity of four broodstocks of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) from Antioquia, Colombia / Diversidad genética de cuatro grupos de reproductores de tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) de Antioquia, Colombia / Diversidade genética de quatro estoques de reprodutores de tilápia (Oreochromis sp.) de Antioquia, Colombia

Abstract Background: Tilapia is the most farmed fish in Colombia. However, the genetic diversity and structure of broodstocks in the hatcheries of Antioquia province remains unknown. Objective: To analyze the genetic diversity and structure of one Nile and three red tilapia broodstocks in Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: Fish were genotyped using 24 microsatellite markers of 13 linkage groups in five multiple reactions. Genetic diversity metrics were estimated and null alleles were detected. Analysis of Molecular Variance and analysis of number of clusters were used to describe the relationship between broodstocks. Results: Two microsatellites could not be amplified, and 22 were polymorphic. Average number of alleles per locus ranged 5.77 to 7.91. Locus UNH211 had the most alleles (17), whereas OMO032 had the fewest (4). Except for GM234 and OMO032, the analyzed loci had at least one private allele per population. Average effective number of alleles (3.37-4.03) was always less than the number of observed alleles. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with heterozygote deficiencies were registered. Nine markers showed evidence of null alleles. The expected heterozygosity (0.65 to 0.67 per broodstock) was significantly higher than the observed heterozygosity (0.601 to 0.649) in the four populations. The fixation index for all broodstocks (excluding null alleles) was 0.0766 (95% confidence interval, 0.05092 to 0.10289). According to the molecular variance analysis, the greatest variation was between individuals rather than between groups of broodstocks or individuals within broodstocks. The genetic distance between the Nile and red broodstocks ranged from 0.43 to 0.54. Conclusions: Overall, these findings provide baseline information about the genetic diversity and structure of tilapia broodstocks in Antioquia, Colombia, useful for the management of hatcheries.

Resumen Antecedentes: La tilapia es el pez más cultivado en Colombia; sin embargo, hay gran desconocimiento sobre la estructura genetica actual de los reproductores. Objetivo: Analizar la diversidad y estructura genética de los reproductores de tres granjas de tilapia roja y una de tilapia Nilótica en Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Se utilizaron 24 microsatélites de 13 grupos de ligamiento amplificados en cinco reacciones múltiples. Se calcularon diferentes medidas de diversidad y se detectaron alelos nulos. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza molecular y uno de número de grupos para describir las relaciones entre las granjas de reproductores. Resultados: Dos marcadores no fueron amplificados y los 22 restantes fueron polimórficos. El promedio de alelos por locus varió entre 5,77 y 7,91. El mayor número de alelos (17) se encontró en el locus UNH 211, mientras que el menor se observó en OMO032 (cuatro). Veinte loci presentaron por lo menos un alelo privado. El número de alelos efectivos promedio fue menor al número de alelos observado y estuvo entre 3,37 y 4,03. Se registraron desviaciones significativas en el equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg, en su mayoría con deficiencias de heterocigotos. Se encontraron evidencias de alelos nulos en nueve marcadores. La heterocigosidad observada estuvo entre 0,601 y 0,649. El índice de fijación fue de 0.0766 (intervalo de confianza de 95%, entre 0,05092 y 0,10289). Según el análisis de varianza molecular, la mayor fuente de variación se encontró entre individuos. El valor de la distancia de Nei entre los reproductores Nilóticos y rojos estuvo entre 0,43 y 0,54. Conclusión: Los resultados de la presente investigación proveen una línea base acerca de la diversidad y estructura genética de los reproductores de tilapia en Antioquia, Colombia, y son útiles para el manejo de granjas dedicadas a la reproducción de tilapia.

Resumo Antecedentes: A tilápia é o peixe mais cultivado na Colômbia. É importante examinar a diversidade genética de peixes reprodutores. Objetivo: Avaliar a diversidade e estrutura genética de três estoques de reprodutores de tilápias vermelhas e um de tilápia Nilótica em Antioquia, Colômbia. Métodos: Utilizaram-se 24 microssatélites de 13 grupos de ligação em cinco reações múltiplas. Métricas de diversidade genética foram estimadas e alelos nulos foram detectados. Análise da Variância Molecular e análise do número de clusters foram utilizados para descrever a relação entre os estoques. Resultados: Dois marcadores não foram amplificados e vinte e dois microssatélites analisados mostraram-se polimórficos. O número médio de alelos por locus variou entre 5,77 e 7,91. O Locus UNH211 apresentou o maior número de alelos (17), enquanto o OMO032 apresentou o menor número (4). Exceto GM234 e OMO032, os loci analisados mostrou um pelo menos um alelo privado por população. O número efetivo médio de alelos (3,37-4,03) foi sempre menor do que o número de alelos observados. Foram observados desvios significativos do equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg e deficiência de heterozigotos. Nove loci mostraram evidências de alelos nulos. A heterozigosidade esperada (0,6504-0,6748 por população) foi significativamente maior do que a heterozigosidade observada (0,601-0,649). O índice de fixação foi de 0,0766 (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0,05092-0,10289). De acordo com a análise da variância molecular, a maior variação foi entre indivíduos. Adistância genética entre o Nilo e os reprodutores vermelhos variou de 0,43 a 0,54. Conclusão: No geral, esses resultados fornecem informação básica sobre sobre diversidade e estrutura genética de reprodutores de tilápia em Antioquia, Colômbia, e são significativos para o manejo de plantéis de reprodutores.

The Ganges basin fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): detection of wild populations stock structure with landmark morphometry

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) is an Indian major carp originally inhabitant of the Ganga river system in Northern India. No information is available on morphometric variation in natural populations of C. mrigala from Ganga river basin. Therefore, to promote management optimization, this study was undertaken to evaluate the population structure on landmark-based morphometric variations of this commercially important species in Ganges. A total of 381 fish samples of C. mrigala were collected from 10 locations of 10 rivers belonging to Ganges basin. A 12-landmark truss network system was used to generate 66 morphometric variables were transformed (standard length was excluded from the final analysis retaining 65 variables). Transformed measurements were employed to univariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in all the 65 transformed morphometric characters studied. Eight principal components were extracted from 65 significant characters accounting for 94.1 % of the variation. Forward stepwise discriminant function analysis of the 65 significant variables produced eight discriminating variables. DFA extracted eight discriminating functions contributed overall to the variance. The first discriminant function (DF) accounted for 37.9 % while second DF accounted for 23.5% of the among-group variability. In DFA, 45.7 % original while 39.1 % of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified in the overall assignment of individuals, indicating low distinction among the stocks of all the species i.e. low isolation of the stocks for the morphometric measurements. Common ancestry in the prehistoric period and migration of individuals between the rivers could be the possible reason for the observed low level of morphometric differentiation among wild mrigal populations. In future, the application of molecular genetic markers along with morphometric studies would be an effective method to examine the genetic component of phenotypic relatedness between geographic regions and to facilitate the development of management recommendations.

Cirrhinus mrigala es una carpa originaria del sistema fluvial del río Ganges al norte de India, de cual no hay información sobre la variación morfométrica de sus poblaciones naturales en esta cuenca. Por lo tanto, para promover la optimización de su manejo, se evaluó la estructura poblacional usando morfometría basada en puntos de referencia de C. mrigala. En total se midieron 381 individuos de C. mrigala, recolectados en 10 puntos de 10 ríos de la cuenca del Ganges. Se utilizaron 12-puntos de referencia de sistema de redes truss para generar 66 variables morfométricas, de donde se excluyó la longitud estándar y se utilizaron 65 variables. Las medidas transformadas se utilizaron para un análisis de varianza univariado, análisis de componentes principales y análisis de función discriminante. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias en todos los 65 caracteres morfométricos estudiados. Se extrajeron ocho componentes principales de los 65 caracteres, que suman el 94.1 % de la variación. El análisis de función discriminante de las 65 variables produjo ocho variables discriminantes que contribuyeron en la varianza a nivel general. La primera función discriminante representó 37.9 %, mientras que la segunda 23.5 % de la variación entre grupos. En el análisis de función discriminante, 39.1 % de lo agrupado por validación cruzada fue correctamente clasificado en la asignación general de individuos, lo que indica baja diferenciación entre las poblaciones, lo que puede ser un bajo aislamiento de las poblaciones para las medidas morfométricas. Otra posible razón para la baja diferenciación morfométrica es la existencia de un ancestro común en el periodo prehistórico y la migración de individuos entre ríos. En el futuro, la aplicación de marcadores genéticos moleculares junto con estudios morfométricos será un método efectivo para examinar el componente genético de la relación fenotípica entre áreas geográficas y facilitar el desarrollo de recomendaciones de manejo.

Color Stability of Acrylic Resin Teeth After Immersion in Staining Solutions / Análisis del Cambio de Color de Dientes Artificiales Tras Inmersión en Soluciones Colorantes

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the color alteration of four brands of artificial teeth (Art Plus, Trilux, Bionote and Biolux), after immersion in color solutions of coffee, red wine and urucum. We used 80 artificial teeth, which were standardized with 2 mm thickness. Then, they were subjected to finishing and polishing, and divided into 4 groups (n = 05), which were immersed in one of the 3 types of dye, plus distilled water (control). The samples were immersed daily for 4 hours, then they were removed, washed in tap water, dried with absorbent paper and immersed in distilled water for the subsequent hours in a biological glasshouse at 37 ºC, for 21 days. The evaluation of the color change was made in the periods of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days, by means of the tristimulus colorimeter. The data were subjected to the ANOVA and Tukey test with a 5 % significance. The results showed that the urucum was the substance that caused the greatest staining while the coffee and the wine did not show statistical difference. Regarding trademarks, Trilux presented a statistical difference compared to the other commercial brands, revealing colorimetric alteration only in the 14-day period. It was concluded that the composition of the artificial teeth, the type of pigmenting agent and the immersion time determine the color change.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la alteración de color de cuatro marcas de dientes artificiales (Art Plus, Trilux, Bionote y Biolux), después de inmersión en soluciones colorantes de café, vino tinto y urucum. Se utilizaron 80 dientes artificiales, los cuales fueron estandarizados con 2 mm de espesor. En seguida, los mismos fueron sometidos al acabado y pulido, y divididos en 4 grupos (n = 5), los cuales fueron inmersos en uno de los 3 tipos de colorante, más agua destilada (control). Las muestras permanecieron inmersas diariamente durante 4 horas, luego fueron retiradas, lavadas en agua corriente, secas con papel absorbente e inmersas en agua destilada por las horas subsiguientes en invernadero biológico a 37 ºC, por 21 días. La evaluación del cambio de color se realizó en los períodos de 0, 7, 14 y 21 días, por medio del colorímetro tristimulo. Los datos fueron sometidos a la prueba ANOVA y Tukey con un 5 % de significancia. Los resultados demostraron que el urucum fue la sustancia que provocó mayor manchado mientras que el café y el vino no presentaron diferencia estadística. En cuanto a las marcas comerciales, el Trilux presentó una diferencia estadística en comparación con las otras marcas comerciales, revelando alteración colorimétrica sólo en el período de 14 días. Se concluyó que la composición de los dientes artificiales, el tipo de agente pigmentante y el tiempo de inmersión determinan el cambio de color.

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of eight fishspecies from the upper Araguari River, State of Amapá, Brazil

The present study estimated parameters of the length-weight relationship (LWR) and allometric condition factor for eight fish species from the upper Araguari River, in the State of Amapá, Brazil. A total of 615 fish of eight species were analyzed: Acestrorhynchus falcatus, A. falcirostris, Ageneiosus inermis, Hemiodus unimaculatus, Hoplias aimara, Myloplus asterias, M. ternetzi and Tometes trilobatus. The allometric condition factor varied from 0.742 to 1.435. The coefficient of allometry ranged from 2.723 to 3.225. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the LWR ranged from 0.742 to 0.985. This is the first estimate of the length-weight relationship for fish from the Araguari River and the first record of these parameters for Myloplus ternetzi and Tometes trilobatus.

Una nueva visión en la gestión de la logística de aprovisionamientos en la industria biotecnológica cubana / A new vision in the management of supply logistics in the cuban biotechnological industry

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer una nueva metodología en la gestión logística de los aprovisionamientos para las industrias biotecnológicas cubanas que funcionan esencialmente con un ciclo completo de desempeño empresarial, desde la investigación básica de nuevos biofármacos, hasta llegar a la fabricación y comercialización de sus productos, donde la amplia y compleja gama de surtidos a suministrar en un contexto adverso para el país, conlleva a utilizar diferentes métodos de gestión de los aprovisionamientos en correspondencia con su destino y frecuencia de uso. De esta manera, se propone dividir las materias primas y materiales a proveer en: 1) insumos de proyectos, que emplean de forma esporádica pequeñas, pero múltiples variedades de mercancías 2) insumos de procesos, que se caracterizan por consumir altos volúmenes de productos, pero poco diversos, como sucede en las actividades de producción. Finalmente, se evalúa la implementación de este procedimiento en una de las entidades biotecnológicas de mayor prestigio en Cuba, el Centro de Inmunología Molecular, demostrando las ventajas y alcance de esta propuesta que permitió elevar la efectividad en la gestión de los aprovisionamientos, y de esta manera la eficiencia empresarial(AU)

The objective of this work is to propose a new methodology for the logistics management of supplies in Cuban biotechnological industries. They work essentially on a full cycle of enterprise performance, from basic research to the manufacture and marketing of new biopharmaceuticals products. The wide and complex range of supply requirements, in an adverse country-wide context, leads to the use of different methods for managing supplies, in accordance with their destination and frequency of use. We propose to divide the supplies and materials into two categories: 1) supplies for projects, for those that are highly varied, used sporadically and in small quantities, 2) process supplies, for those that are regularly used in large volumes -such as manufacture process-, and a relatively small variety of supply types. The implementation of this methodology is assessed in one of the most prestigious biotechnological entities in Cuba, the Molecular Immunology Center. The effectiveness in the management of supplies was increased, and therefore, business efficiency(AU)

Múltiplos financieros bayesianos para valorar acciones de empresas que comercializan commodities. Caso: Ecopetrol en Colombia / Multiple bayesian financial, to value shares of companies commerce commodities. Case: Ecopetrol in Colombia / Multiplicadores financeiros bayesianos para avaliar ações de empresas que comercializam commodities. Caso: Ecopetrol na Colômbia

Resumen Introducción: En la actualidad, hay muchas fluctuaciones del entorno económico mundial y la demanda y la oferta de activos o productos actúan como una fuerza que determina los precios según los cuales estos se compran y se venden, pero en ocasiones, el precio reflejado de una acción no representa el precio de generación de valor en el tiempo. Objetivo: Valorar el desempeño y la evolución de los múltiplos financieros en el tiempo de la empresa Ecopetrol de Colombia, proyectando el precio de la acción en el mercado secundario a cinco años. Materiales y métodos: Se consideraron cinco fases: análisis de la información de la empresa de Ecopetrol suministrada por Bloomberg; generación de una estructura de ponderación de los múltiplos financieros mediante un primer modelo lineal dinámico bayesiano; proyección de las variables utilizadas en la valoración para los próximos cinco años; cálculo de los múltiplos financieros de los resultados teóricos y, finalmente, realización de simulaciones de Montecarlo en función de distribuciones probabilísticas establecidas para cada variable de entrada. Resultados: Con los valores obtenidos a través de la simulación y el precio de la acción en el mercado secundario, se calculó un indicador relativo de comparación (IRC), con la intención de establecer proyecciones mediante un segundo modelo lineal dinámico bayesiano, logrando un procedimiento novedoso de estimación a mediano plazo del valor de la acción para la empresa Ecopetrol en cinco años futuros: del 2016 al 2020. Conclusiones: Mediante este procedimiento, fue posible comprobar y aplicar la valoración de empresas mediante múltiplos financieros, sin necesidad de utilizar empresas comparables ni competidoras en el mismo mercado.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, there are many fluctuations in the global economic environment and the demand and supply of assets or products act as a force that determines the prices according to which they are bought and sold, but sometimes, the price reflected in an action does not it reflects the price of generating value over time. Objective: Assess the performance and evolution of the financial multiples in the time of the company Ecopetrol de Colombia, projecting the price of the stock in the secondary market to five years. Material and methods: Five phases were considered: analysis of the information provided by Bloomberg of the Ecopetrol company, generation of a structure of weighting of the financial multiples through a first Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model, projection of the variables used in the valuation for the next five years, calculation of the financial multiples of the theoretical results and finally perform Montecarlo simulations based on probabilistic distributions established for each input variable Results: With the values obtained through the simulation and the price of the action in the secondary market, a Relative Comparison Indicator (CRI) was calculated, with the intention of establishing projections through a second Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model, achieving a novel procedure of medium-term estimate of the share value for the company Ecopetrol in five (5) future years: from 2016 to 2020. Conclusions: Through this procedure, it was possible to verify and apply the valuation of companies through financial multiples, without the need to use comparable companies or competitors in the same market.

Resumo Introdução: Atualmente, existem muitas flutuações do entorno econômico mundial, a demanda e a oferta de ativos ou produtos que agem como uma força que determina os preços segundo os quais estes, compram-se e vendem-se, mas às vezes, o preço refletido de uma ação não representa o preço da geração do valor no tempo. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho e a evolução dos multiplicadores financeiros no tempo da empresa Ecopetrol na Colômbia, projetando o preço da ação no mercado secundário para cinco (5) anos. Materiais e métodos: Consideram-se cinco fases: análise da informação da empresa de Ecopetrol fornecida pelo Bloomberg; geração de uma estrutura de ponderação dos multiplicadores financeiros mediante um primeiro modelo linear dinâmico bayesiano; projeção das variáveis utilizadas na valoração para os próximos cinco anos; cálculo dos multiplicadores financeiros dos resultados teóricos e, finalmente, a realização de simulações de Montecarlo em função de distribuições probabilísticas estabelecidas para cada variável de entrada. Resultados: Com os valores obtidos através da simulação e o preço da ação no mercado secundário, calculou-se um indicador de comparação relativo (ICR), com a intenção de estabelecer projeções mediante um segundo modelo linear dinâmico bayesiano, conseguindo um procedimento inovador da estimativa de médio prazo do valor da ação para empresa Ecopetrol nos futuros cinco (5) anos: de 2016 à 2020. Conclusões: Através deste procedimento, foi possível comprovar e aplicar a valoração de empresas mediante multiplicadores financeiros, sem necessidade de utilizar empresas concorrentes comparáveis no mesmo mercado.

The Experience of Applying an Australian Red Blood Cell Safety Stock Calculation to Korean Hospitals / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: The management of red blood cell inventory in hospital's blood bank is crucial. The Australian Red Cross Blood Service developed a RBC safety stock calculation method (abbreviated as the ‘Australian formula’). In this study, we applied this method to four Korean hospitals to calculate the safe RBC stock level. METHODS: The hospitals included in this study were three tertiary teaching hospitals and one teaching hospital. The number of hospital beds in these hospitals were 1093, 1330, 1400, and 854, respectively. The data were collected from the Korea Blood Inventory Monitoring System of Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. The target/minimal/maximal RBC inventory levels and inventory days (inventory level/average daily usage) by ABO blood types were calculated using the daily red cell transfusion, wastage, and supply data between May and October 2016. RESULTS: The enrolled hospitals showed different levels for the target/minimal/maximal RBC inventory according to each blood group. The average of RBC inventory days in the four hospitals was 4.2 days. For each blood group, RBC inventory days were 3.2~4.4 days for O blood group type, 3.5~4.7 days for A blood group, 3.9~4.5 days for B blood group, and 3.9~5.5 days for AB blood group. CONCLUSION: Because the optimal RBC inventory levels are different depending on the hospital characteristics and the ABO blood group, it is necessary to set the RBC inventory levels for each hospital distinctly. The data obtained in this study will help manage blood product inventory in various hospital blood banks.