Correlations between transepidermal water loss rates and stratum corneum hydration levels in healthy children / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To determine whether the transepidermal water loss rate (TEWL) is correlated with the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level.Methods:Healthy children aged ≤ 17 years were enrolled from Medical Center for Public Health of Puning, 2 kindergartens and 2 primary schools, from October 2021 to June 2022. TEWL and SC hydration levels were measured on the left forearm and right anterior shank using a device for measuring skin physiological funcitons. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between TEWL and SC hydration levels in children of different ages and genders.Results:A total of 1 396 healthy children were enrolled, aged from 1 month to 17 years. Among them, 783 were male children and 613 were female children. In children aged 1 to < 12 months, no correlation was observed between TEWL and SC hydration levels on the forearms of male children, while TEWL was positively correlated with SC hydration levels on the anterior shanks of male children, as well as on the forearm and anterior shanks of female children ( r = 0.283, 0.404, 0.420, respectively, all P < 0.05) . In children aged 1 to 2 years, positive correlations were observed between the above two indicators on the anterior shanks of male children and forearms of female children ( r = 0.370, 0.419, respectively, both P < 0.01) , while there were no correlations between the two indicators on the anterior shanks of female children or forearms of male children. Positive correlations were observed between TEWL and SC hydration levels on both the forearms and anterior shanks of female children and the forearms of male children aged 3 to 5 years and 6 to 11 years ( r values ranging from 0.172 to 0.293, all P < 0.05) , but not on the anterior shanks of male children aged from 6 to 11 years. The group aged 12 to 17 years exhibited significantly positive correlations between TEWL and SC hydration levels on both the anterior shanks and forearms of male and female children ( r values ranging from 0.269 to 0.485, all P < 0.001) . Conclusion:SC hydration levels are positively correlated with TEWL on the anterior shanks and forearms of healthy children, and the degree of correlation tends to increase with age.

Mupirocin ointments: In vitro x In vivo bioequivalence evaluation

Abstract Bioequivalence (BE) assessment of topical drug products is a long-standing challenge. Agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have published several drafts in recent years suggesting different approaches as alternative to evaluate the BE. A proposed Topical Classification System (TCS) has even been discussed. Given the above, the objective of this research was to use in vitro and in vivo BE approaches to evaluate Brazilian marketed mupirocin (MPC) ointments, previously classified as TCS class The in vitro permeation test (IVPT) was performed by applying formulations to pig skin by Franz cells. The in vivo methodology was dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK). These approaches (in vivo tape stripping and IVPT) demonstrated capability of distinguishing among different formulations, thus making them useful methodologies for BE evaluation.

Quantificação de substâncias do fator de hidratação natural (NMF) do estrato córneo ex vivo em função do fototipo e idade / Ex vivo quantification of natural hydration factor (NMF) substances in the stratum corneum as a function of phototype and age

A hidratação cutânea ocorre, em parte, pelos componentes do Fator de Hidratação Natural (NMF), originados da degradação da filagrina, sendo alguns exemplos o ácido pirrolidona-carboxílico (PCA), o ácido urocânico (UCA) e a histidina (His). Estes estão presentes no estrato córneo (EC). O objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa foi determinar, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), o PCA, o UCA e a His no estrato córneo de participantes obtido por tape stripping em função do fototipo e idade do participante da pesquisa. Participantes foram selecionados em função da idade acima de 18 anos, ambos os gêneros e fototipo da pele entre I a VI, de acordo com a classificação de Fitzpatrick. As amostras do EC foram obtidas do antebraço volar por tape stripping e irradiadas artificialmente. A cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi eficaz para separação e quantificação adequada das substâncias químicas His, PCA e os isômeros de UCA (trans-UCA e cis-UCA) no estrato córneo dos participantes. O método apresentou-se seletivo e ausente de interferentes, ademais, possuiu linearidade e limites de detecção e quantificação compatíveis com os objetivos dessa investigação. No fototipo I, os níveis de His foram menores em comparação aos demais grupos. Ademais, os níveis dessa mesma substância não apresentaram diferença entre as faixas etárias. Em função da irradiação das amostras, o montante de His aumentou em todos os fototipos. Os níveis de PCA apresentaram-se menores após a irradiação em todos os fototipos de pele. Ainda, as concentrações do PCA foram mais elevadas na faixa etária de 46 a 55 anos de idade. Os níveis de concentração do isômero cis-UCA foram maiores nos participantes com fototipo III, após a irradiação UV. Os níveis de concentração do isômero trans-UCA diminuíram após a irradiação, de forma proporcional à formação de cis-UCA em todos os fototipos. A faixa etária de 46-55 anos de idade obteve níveis significativamente menores de trans-UCA e cis-UCA

Cutaneous hydration occurs, in part, by the components of the Natural Hydration Factor (MFN), originating from the degradation of filagrina, some examples being pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid (PCA), urocanic acid (UCA) and histidine (His). These are present in the stratum corneum (SC). The objective of this research project was to determine, by high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC), the PCA, UCA and His in the stratum corneum of participants obtained by tape stripping due to the phototype and age of the research participant. Participants were selected according to age above 18 years, both genders and skin phototype between I and VI, according to Fitzpatrick's classification. The SC samples were obtained from the volar forearm by tape stripping and artificially irradiated. High efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) was effective for the separation and proper quantification of the chemicals His, PCA and UCA isomers (trans-UCA and cis-UCA) in the stratum corneum of the participants. The method was selective and absent from interfering, in addition, it had linearity and limits of detection and quantification compatible with the objectives of this investigation. In phototype I, His levels were lower compared to the other groups. Moreover, the levels of this same substance showed no difference between age groups. Due to the irradiation of the samples, the amount of His increased in all phototypes. PCA levels were lower after irradiation in all skin phototypes. Furthermore, PCA concentrations were higher in the age group from 46 to 55 years of age. The concentration levels of the cis-UCA isomer were higher in participants with phototype III after UV irradiation. The concentration levels of the trans-UCA isomer decreased after irradiation, proportionally to the formation of cis-UCA in all phototypes. The age group 46-55 years of age obtained significantly lower levels of trans-UCA and cis-UCA

Does dry skin indicate defective epidermal permeability barrier? / 中华皮肤科杂志

It has been speculated that dry skin results from dysfunction of epidermal permeability barrier. But so far, there is no sufficient evidence to support this speculation. In fact, dry skin indicates low levels of stratum corneum hydration. Stratum corneum hydration levels are primarily determined by the content of natural moisturizers in the skin, while epidermal permeability barrier is mainly regulated by intercellular lipids and structural proteins in the stratum corneum. If dry skin is due to a defective permeability barrier, stratum corneum hydration levels should be inversely correlated with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) , an indicator of epidermal permeability barrier function. But no negative correlation has been demonstrated between stratum corneum hydration levels and TEWL in either normal human skin, ichthyoses lesions of patients, or sebaceous gland-deficient mice in a number of studies. In contrast, a positive correlation between stratum corneum hydration levels and TEWL was observed in normal human skin. Taken together, a line of evidence suggests that dry skin unlikely indicates epidermal permeability barrier dysfunction.

Research on motor behavior in the year 2018 / Pesquisa na área de comportamento motor no ano de 2018

ABSTRACT Motor Behavior (MB) is the study of neuropsychological processes with regard to the motor response organization in terms of learning, control, and motor development. Three research sub-areas emerged from MB, that is, Motor Learning (ML), Motor Control (MC), and Motor Development (MD). The present study aimed at describing the intellectual production related to ML, MC and MD sub-areas in 2018, in addition to identifying the current profile of the MB area. The intellectual production of the MB sub-areas was organized according to stratum, type of task, and adherence to the journals of area 21 (CAPES). Fifty three articles on MB, published by 51 researchers, were found. All these studies were produced by the Graduate Programs of Physical Education in 2018. The distribution of the articles in sub-areas was represented as follows: 30.18% ML, 54.72% MC, and 15.10% MD. The MC sub-area had 86% of its articles published in the upper strata; the ML sub-area had 37%, followed by the MD sub-area with 13%. The average of the three sub-areas resulted in 83.02% of studies with simple tasks and only 16.98% with complex tasks. The greater number of publications with low adherence combined with the greater number of investigations with simple tasks seems to show the researchers' difficulty in approaching the knowledge produced in the MB area for undergraduate Physical Education students.

RESUMO A área de Comportamento Motor (CoM) investiga os processos neuropsicológicos da organização da resposta motora em termos de aprendizagem, controle e desenvolvimento motor, de onde emergiram. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a produção intelectual da área de Comportamento Motor (CoM), e as especificidades das suas subáreas de investigação denominadas Aprendizagem Motora (AM), Controle Motor (CM) e Desenvolvimento Motor (DM) produzidos pelos programas de Pós-graduação em Educação Física no ano de 2018. A produção intelectual nas subáreas do CoM foi organizada, por estrato, tipo de tarefa e aderência com os periódicos da área 21 da CAPES. Foram encontrados 53 artigos publicados por 51 pesquisadores. A distribuição dos artigos por subáreas foi representada por 30,18% AM, 54,72% CM e 15,10% DM. A subárea CM apresentou 86% de publicação dos artigos nos estratos superiores, a subárea AM com 37%, seguida da subárea DM com 13%. A média das três subáreas resultou em 83,02% de estudos com tarefa simples construída em laboratório e somente 16,98% com tarefa complexa. O maior número de publicações com baixa aderência aliado ao maior número de pesquisas com tarefas simples parece demonstrar a dificuldade dos pesquisadores de aproximar os conhecimentos produzidos na área de CoM com a formação de um corpo de conhecimento específico da Educação Física.

Enhancing effect and mechanism of muscone on transdermal penetration of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients with different log P value / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the enhancing effect of muscone on the transdermal penetration of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and explore its possible mechanism of action. The Franz diffusion cells were employed to investigate the effect of muscone on the transdermal permeation of a series of model drugs with a wide range of log P values. The solubilities at saturation and the stratum corneum(SC)/vehicle partition coefficients of model drugs were measured to evaluate the effect of muscone on drug thermodynamic activities and partition of drugs into SC. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) was employed to explore the effect of muscone on the molecular structure of SC. The results showed that muscone significantly promoted the transdermal penetration of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, and the enhancement ratio(ER) increased with the decrease in the log P. Muscone could interact with the SC lipids to increase the disorder and fluidity of lipid bilayer packing, which improved skin permeability and promoted transdermal absorption of drugs. This study provides a scientific basis for the application of muscone in traditional Chinese medicine topical preparations.

Mechanistic insights of the controlled release capacity of polar functional group in transdermal drug delivery system: the relationship of hydrogen bonding strength and controlled release capacity

Background@#Hydrogen bonding interaction was considered to play a critical role in controlling drug release from transdermal patch. However, the quantitative evaluation of hydrogen bonding strength between drug and polar functional group was rarely reported, and the relationship between hydrogen bonding strength and controlled release capacity of pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) was not well understood. The present study shed light on this relationship.@*Methods@#Acrylate PSAs with amide group were synthesized by a free radical-initiated solution polymerization. Six drugs, , etodolac, ketoprofen, gemfibrozil, zolmitriptan, propranolol and lidocaine, were selected as model drugs. drug release and skin permeation experiments and pharmacokinetic experiment were performed. Partial correlation analysis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular simulation were conducted to provide molecular details of drug-PSA interactions. Mechanical test, rheology study, and modulated differential scanning calorimetry study were performed to scrutinize the free volume and molecular mobility of PSAs.@*Results@#Release rate of all six drugs from amide PSAs decreased with the increase of amide group concentrations; however, only zolmitriptan and propranolol showed decreased skin permeation rate. It was found that drug release was controlled by amide group through hydrogen bonding, and controlled release extent was positively correlated with hydrogen bonding strength.@*Conclusion@#From these results, we concluded that drugs with strong hydrogen bond forming ability and high skin permeation were suitable to use amide PSAs to regulate their release rate from patch.

Comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte em pastagem de sorgo forrageiro implantada com diferentes arranjos populacionais / Ingestive behavior of heifers in sorghum implanted with different population arrangements

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da implantação de pastagem de sorgo forrageiro com diferentes arranjos populacionais no comportamento animal e na estrutura do pasto e de suas relações. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de dois espaçamentos entrelinhas e duas densidades de sementes ha-1, sendo 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal inicial de 15 meses e 262kg, respectivamente. Os tratamentos E44D24 e E22D12 apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo (469,33 e 467,78 minutos, respectivamente). Os animais do tratamento E44D24 apresentaram menor taxa de bocado (23,99 bocados minuto-1) em relação ao tratamento E22D24 (32,45 bocados minuto-1). Os animais do tratamento E44D12 apresentaram maior número de estações alimentares minuto-1 (9,21) e maior taxa de deslocamento (11,76 passos minuto-1). O espaçamento entrelinhas de plantio de 22cm aumenta o número de bocados estação-1. O aumento na densidade de sementes (24kg ha-1) e a utilização de maiores espaçamentos entrelinhas de plantio aumentam a densidade de folhas nos estratos inferior (0-30cm) e superior (acima de 60cm) do pasto. Os tratamentos E44D12 e E22D24 apresentaram maiores quantidades de colmos no estrato superior do pasto.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of sorghum pasture implantation with different population arrangements in animal behavior and pasture structure and their relationships. The treatments were the combination of two row lines and two seeds per hectare densities, 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha -1 of seed. 36 heifers at 15 months of age and 262kg body weight were used. The E44D24 and E22D12 treatments showed higher time of grazing (469.33 and 467.78 minutes, respectively). The animals in E44D24 treatment had lower bit rate (23.99 bites minute -1 ) compared to treatment with E22D24, a higher bit rate (32.45 bits min -1 ). The animals in E44D12 treatment presented the largest number of stations minute -1 (9.21) and higher displacement rate (11.76 steps min -1 ). The row spacing of 22cm increases the number of bits station -1 . The increase in seed density and the use of larger planting row spacing's increase the leaf density of the lower (0-30cm) and higher stratum (above 60cm) of pasture. The E44D12 and E22D24 treatment have higher amounts of stems in the upper stratum of the pasture.(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados con embarazos no deseados en mujeres estudiantes de medicina / Risk factors associated with unwanted pregnancies in female medical students

Resumen Introducción: La mayoría de los embarazos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes son involuntarios y muchos son consecuencia del uso inconsistente de los métodos anticonceptivos. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en las adolescentes que presentan embarazos no deseados. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de medicina de Ecuador, para el cual se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2013, escala APGAR familia y escala socioeconómica de Graffar-Méndez Castellanos. Resultados: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad de inicio de la vida sexual activa (18.11 ± 1.45) de las estudiantes que se embarazaron en comparación con las que no se embarazaron (19.22 ± 2.28). La edad promedio al embarazo fue de 20.41 ± 2.18); no usaron protección en su primera relación sexual, 59.3 % de las que tuvieron embarazo y 32 % de las que no lo tuvieron. El embarazo fue más frecuente en las residentes de ciudades (100 %), católicas (85.2 %), pertenecientes a estrato socioeconómico medio alto (55.6 %) y a familias con disfunción moderada (40.7 %). Conclusiones: Un porcentaje importante de estudiantes de medicina tuvo algún embarazo no deseado a temprana edad; la mayoría procedía de familias con disfunción moderada y de un nivel socioeconómico medio alto.

Abstract Introduction: Most pregnancies in adolescents and young adults are unwanted and many are the consequence of inconsistent contraception use. Objective: To analyze the risk factors that may influence on female adolescents with unwanted pregnancies. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in Ecuadorian female medical students, where the 2013 National Sexual and Reproductive Health Survey, the family APGAR scale, and the Graffar-Méndez Castellanos socio-economic scale were used. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the age of active sexual life initiation between those who became pregnant (18.11 ± 1.45) and those who did not (19.22 ± 2.28). Average age at pregnancy was 20.41 ± 2.18; 59.3 % of those who had a pregnancy and 32% of those without pregnancy did not use protection in their first intercourse. Pregnancy was more common in city residents (100%), Catholic females (85.2%), who belonged to middle-high (55.6%) and middle-high socioeconomic strata (29.6%) and to families with moderate dysfunction (40.7%). Conclusions: A significant percentage of adolescents in our study had an unwanted pregnancy at an early age despite being young undergraduate medical students, coming from moderately dysfunctional families and belonging to a middle-high socioeconomic status.

Grazing criteria for perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) consumed by sheep in rotational stocking / Critérios de pastejo para amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) consumido por ovelhas em sistema rotacionado

The objective of work was to study the productive profile of perennial peanut in a rotational stocking environment under different criteria. The treatments corresponded to pre-grazing height of 14 and 18cm or 95% of light interception (LI) distributed in a completely randomized design. The studied variables were forage mass, percentage of structural components, forage mass and the structural components in the lower and upper canopy strata. The entrance criterion of 18cm in height, despite having higher forage mass, presented lower percentage of leaves and higher percentage of stems and forage losses. The criteria of 14cm and 95% light interception presented similar production between them and the highest rate of forage accumulation. In all criteria, in the upper strata of pasture a higher percentage of leaves were found. The criteria of 95% LI and 14cm in height presented the best productive performances. The entry criterion of 18cm presented a higher mass of pre-grazing forage with lower percentage of dead material, but with higher forage losses, resulting from senescent leaves. Due to changes in the structural components, as grazing cycles increase, the interception of 95% of the incident light by the perennial peanut occurs at lower heights.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o perfil produtivo do amendoim forrageiro em um ambiente rotacionado, sob diferentes critérios. Os tratamentos corresponderam à altura de pré-pastejo de 14 e 18cm ou 95% de intercepção de luz (LI), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As variáveis estudadas foram massa forrageira, porcentagem de componentes estruturais, densidade da massa forrageira e densidade dos componentes estruturais nos estratos do dossel inferior e superior. O critério de entrada de 18cm de altura, apesar de ter maior massa forrageira, apresentou menor porcentagem de folhas e maior porcentagem de hastes e perdas de forragem. Os critérios de interceptação de luz de 14cm e 95% apresentaram produção similar entre eles e a maior taxa de acumulação de forragem. Em todos os critérios, no estrato superior de pastagem, foi encontrada maior porcentagem de folhas. Os critérios de 95% LI e 14cm de altura apresentaram os melhores desempenhos produtivos. O critério de entrada de 18cm apresentou maior massa de forragem pré-pastagem com menor porcentagem de material morto, mas com maiores perdas de forragem, resultantes de folhas senescentes. Devido às mudanças nos componentes estruturais, à medida que os ciclos de pastagem aumentam, a intercepção de 95% da luz incidente pelo amendoim forrageiro ocorre em alturas mais baixas.(AU)

Prácticas pa ra la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en cuidadores de niños de 1 a 5 años en un barrio de Cartagena (Colombia) / Practices for the prevention of accidents in the home in caregivers of children from 1 to 5 years in a district of Cartagena (Colombia)

Introducción: los accidentes en la población infantil constituyen una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad convirtiéndose hoy día en un problema de salud pública mundial, principalmente la población más afectada son los niños en etapa preescolar, por la vulnerabilidad y dependencia del cuidador. Objetivos: describir las prácticas para la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en cuidadores de niños de 1 a 5 años en un barrio de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo descriptivo transversal. Constituido por 354 cuidadores de niños menores de 5 años, se utilizó la técnica de observación y la aplicación del instrumento con base a la práctica N° 15 de AIEPI (Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia). Resultados: socio demográficamente los cuidadores fueron principalmente de género femenino (87%), con 20 ­ 29 años de edad (44,9%), madres de los niños (61,3%), conviven en unión libre (54,2%), son bachilleres (50,3%), de estrato uno (91,8%), amas de casa (62,7%), con hijos (93,8%), residen en casas (54,5%). Los niños de 1 a 5 años fueron mayoritariamente de género masculino (51,7%), y han presentado accidentes (75,1%), sobre todo, caídas (61,9%). El nivel de riesgo de accidentes en el hogar fue bajo (85%), y las prácticas de prevención suelen ser regulares (55,1%). Conclusión: los niños enfrentan relativamente bajo riesgo de accidente en el hogar, sin embargo, las prácticas para prevenirlos resultan ser regulares..(AU)

Introduction: accidents in children are an important cause of morbidity and mortality,becoming today a global public health problem, mainly the most affected population are children in preschool, for the vulnerability and dependence of the caregiver. Objectives:to describe the practices for the prevention of accidents at home in caregivers of children from 1 to 5 years of age, in a neighborhood of Cartagena (Colombia). Materials and methods: quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Consisting of 354 caregivers of children under 5 years of age, the technique of observation and the application of the instrument was used based on practice No. 15 of IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness). Results: demographic partner caregivers were mainly female (87%), with 20 - 29 years of age (44.9%), mothers of children (61.3%), live together in a free union (54.2%), are high school graduates (50.3%), of stratum one (91.8%), housewives (62.7%), with children (93.8%), reside in houses (54.5%). Children from 1 to 5 years old were male (51.7%), and had accidents (75.1%), especially falls (61.9%). The level of accident risk in the home was low (85%), and prevention practices are usually regular (55.1%). Conclusion: children face relatively low risk of accident in the home, however, practices to prevent them turn out to be regular..(AU)

Gender Differences in the Microanatomy of Skin of Palm in Humans

Knowledge of basic elements provides opportunity to make clear vision of structure of any organ. It is well known that accurate values of thickness of epidermis of skin and its variation with body site, age and sex are important in the fields of medical and biological research. The variations in skin reaction to certain stimuli could be due to biological factors such as the epidermal thickness, dermal thickness, distribution of epidermal appendages etc. Methods: Skin was procured from palm of six freshly embalmed human cadavers. Out of these three were males and three were females. Age of the male and female cadavers ranged between 60 to 70years (mean age 67years). Skin samples measuring 1cm (L) X 0.5cm (B) were taken from center of palm. Tissue was preserved in 10% formaldehyde for 48 hours. Fixed tissue specimens were dehydrated through increasing concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and absolute) of ethanol. After clearing the tissue in xylene, embedding was done in paraffin wax. 5 µm thick sections were cut using rotary microtome. Whole thickness of tissue was sectioned. Haematoxylin[Harris’s] and Eosin stained section was observed for 3 different fields thus for each cadaver 27 observations were obtained. Results: In females thickness of epidermis(Edp) of were observed 404.43±23.41µm,thickness of stratum corneum (330±32.83µm),layers of stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum were 4 and 3 respectively, number of rete pegs (7.52±0.94), depth of rete pegs (195.78±18.05µm), thickness of papillary dermis and reticular dermis were(135.92±13.230µm) and (386.10±8.24µm) respectively. Whereas In males thickness of epidermis(Edp) of were observed (296.63±107.03µm),thickness of stratum corneum were (112.20±63.92µm),layers of stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum were 2, number of rete pegs 16.15±3.71, depth of rete pegs (104.56±15.28µm), thicknesss of papillary dermis and reticular dermis were(142.63±40.84µm) and (483.27±116.43µm) respectively. Conclusion: Despite of the fact that subjects from both sexes belonged to the same age group, clear and statistically significant histological differences were observed in the skin of palm. Females showed thicker epidermis as well as stratum corneum but thinner dermis in comparison to males. Males had more number of rete pegs but these are shallower than females.

The effect of thioredoxin-1 on different layers of skin flap during the early stage of ischemia-reperfusion injury / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a leading cause of flap compromise and organ dysfunction during free-tissue transfer, and remains a great challenge for plastic surgeons. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) was proved to protect the IR flap by mitigating the oxidative stress, and inhibiting the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The aim of this study is to investigate the distinction of Trx-1 expression, apoptosis indices in different layers of IR flaps, and the feasibility of tissue-layer-specific administration of Trx-1.@*Methods@#Ten patients′ specimens of IR flaps for DIEP breast reconstruction were collected and assessed for apoptosis and Trx-1 expression. Twenty mice were used to establish the IR flap model. The mice were sacrificed twenty-four hours after reperfusion. The flap tissues were harvested and tested by immunohistochemistry staining and TUNEL assay. The tissue-layer-specific dermoprotective effect of Trx-1 and the molecular mechanisms were assessed by an in vitro epithelial skin cell hypoxia-reoxygenation model. The statistics were conducted by t test and ANOVA using SPSS 20.0.@*Results@#Trx-1 expression and apoptotic cells were observed mainly located in the basal layer of epidermis and the papillary layer of dermis in human IR flaps and mice models. Trx-1 depletion was 24.19 %± 2.23% in the basal layer of epidermis and the papillary layer of dermis of patient IR flaps, decreasing significantly compared with 70.71% ± 6.38% in control group (t = 27.54, P< 0.001). Similar tissue-layer-specific down regulation of Trx-1 also displayed in mice IR flap models (19.83% ± 2.34% vs. 76.59% ± 4.88%; t = 34.71, P<0.001). The apoptotic index in human samples significantly increased from 1.32% ± 1.52% in control group to 43.71 %± 3.17% in IR group (t =38.23, P<0.001); while it was proved to be dramatically raised in mice models from 0.86% ± 1.15% in control group to 41.14 %± 4.21% in IR group (t= 36.96, P < 0.001). Western Blot analysis revealed Trx-1 down regulation and a significant increase in ASK-1, p-p38, and c-PARP abundance in the hypoxia-reoxygenation-treated HaCaT cells (P < 0.01). Supplementation of recombinant human Trx-1 significantly reduced the apoptosis-related protein expression.@*Conclusions@#The basal layer of epidermis and the papillary layer of dermis are the main damaged tissue layers in the early stage of skin flap ischemia-reperfusion injury. The IR flap can be protected by precisely replenishing the vulnerable layers with Trx-1.

Effect of the Hot Water Extract of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf with Husks on Skin Improvement / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

We examined the influence of hot water extract of coix seed (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) with husks on facial skin. Ten females (28-58 years old) took hot water extract of coix seed with husks 1 g/day for 8 weeks, and various skin parameters were measured. The results showed that the total amount of subsurface reflection of blue light, which is an index of skin translucency, increased significantly after 8 weeks of intake (p = 0.011). In addition, skin texture improved significantly after 4 and 8 weeks of intake (p = 0.007, p = 0.042). Additionally, the condition of tape-stripped stratum corneum also indicated significant improvement after 4 and 8 weeks intake (p = 0.0002, p = 0.020). These results suggested that the hot water extract of coix seed with husks exhibited effects even at 1 g/day, which is less than in previous reports.

Effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal absorption of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this paper was to explore the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal absorption, and investigate the mechanism of permeation on the microstructure and molecular structure of stratum corneum. Through the determination of stratum corneum/medium partition coefficient of ferulicacid in Chuanxiong influenced by Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil, the effects of volatile oil of frankincense and Myrrh on the the microscopic and molecular structure of stratum corneum were explored by observation of skin stratum corneum structure under scanning electron microscopy, and investigation of frankincense and myrrh essential oil effects on the molecular structure of keratin and lipids in stratum corneum under Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the oil could enhance the distribution of ferulic acid in the stratum corneum and medium, and to a certain extent damaged the imbricate structure of stratum corneum which was originally regularly, neatly, and closely arranged; some epidermal scales turned upward, with local peeling phenomenon. In addition, frankincense and myrrh essential oil caused the relative displacement of CH2 stretching vibration peak of stratum corneum lipids and amide stretching vibration peak of stratum corneum keratin, indicating that frankincense and myrrh essential oil may change the conformation of lipid and keratin in the stratum corneum, increase the bilayer liquidity of the stratum corneum lipid, and change the orderly and compact structure to increase the skin permeability and reduce the effect of barrier function. It can be concluded that Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil can promote the permeation effect by increasing the distribution of drugs in the stratum corneum and changing the structure of the stratum corneum.

Dexamethasone acetate microemulsions: formulation and effect on skin permeability / 药学学报

The present project was designed to optimize the microemulsion (ME) formulation of oil in water (O/W) for dexamethasone acetate (DA), and examine its impact on DA percutaneous permeation. The saturated solubility of DA in different oils, surfactants and co-surfactants was tested. The ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant was selected by constructing pseudo three phase diagrams to investigate the maximal microemulsion area. In vitro permeation studies of DA from microemulsion and suspension were performed to optimize the formulation further. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflection flourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were performed to investigate the mechanism of microemulsion action on skin. The optimized formulation was composed of oleic acid/Labrasol/propylene glycol/water with 8/45/15/32(w/w), and the DA loading was 0.75% (w/w). The permeation enhancement of microemusion was 6.00-fold as that of suspension, and the DA from microemulsion retained in the skin was 4.79-fold as that of suspension. DSC and ATR-FTIR results suggested that microemulsion could affect the intercellular lipid lamellae and keratin of the stratum corneum. The barrier function of stratum corneum was disordered by the microemulsion so that the dermal drug delivery was enhanced. Therefore, the optimized microemulsion enhanced DA percutaneous permeation significantly through the interaction of microemulsion with skin, microemulsion is a promising approach for DA percutaneous delivery.

Expression of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme and its significance in cervical adenocarcinoma / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To investigate the expression of stratum corneum chymotuptic enzyme (SCCE) and its significance in human cervical adenocarcinoma.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of SCCE,ER,CEA and Vimentin in tissues from the group of 45 cervical adenocarcinoma patients,group of 24 cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) patients and group of 24 normal cervical tissues.Results The expression of SCCE was 84.44 ％ (38/45),58.33 ％ (14/24) and 8.33 ％ (2/24) in 3 groups respectively.The SCCE expression from group of cervical adenocarcinoma were more significantly than that of normal cervical tissues (P ＜ 0.012 5),the expression of SCCE from group of CGIN were more significantly than that of normal cervical tissues (P ＜ 0.012 5),but there was no difference between the cervical adenocarcinoma and the CGIN on the expression of SCCE (P ＞ 0.012 5).Conclusion SCCE could be recommended as a new biomarker for the early screening cervical adenocarcinoma and as an additional marker for the prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma.

Evaluation of skin hydration after exposition to the aqueous and hydroalcoholic bases and silicone emulsion.

Several dermocosmetic bases even without active substances, can increase the cutaneous hydration, resulting in a beneficial effect to the skin. The evidence and interpretation of possible hydration effect of formulations in the skin can be carried through by means of histopathological and histomorphometrical evaluation, a time that allows the analysis of the epithelial tissue, of dermis and also of the cellular characteristics. The objective of this research was to evaluate the skin hydration after exposition to the aqueous and hydroalcoholic bases and silicone emulsion. Swines had areas submitted to treatments during 15 days with three different formulations (F1 - aqueous gel, F2 - hydroalcoholic gel and F3 - silicone emulsion). By means of histometric and histopathological techniques were gotten the thickness of the epidermis and stratum corneum. Comparison of means was done using ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. The F1 provoked significant increase in the thickness of the epidermis. The formulaton F2 provoked significant reduction in the thickness of the epidermis and stratum corneum. F3 not presented significant difference in this structures. According to the study, the type of base chosen intervenes with the skin hydration.

Ph de los jabones: un estudio observacional / SOAP PH: an observational study

La epidermis es la primera línea de defensa entre el cuerpo y el medioambiente, evitando que irritantes, alérgenos y microbios se penetren en el cuerpo. La capa más superficial se conoce como “mantoácido”. Cambios en el pH de esta capa provoca irritación y alteración de sus funciones. El agua y el jabón entre otros pro ductos cosméticos modifican el pH de 20 jabones de distintas marcas comerciales. Se observaron diferentes grados de alcalinidad entre los jabones estudiados. La mayoría de estos jabones resultaron de elevada alcalinidad, con pH que osciló entre 7.81 y 10.25.

The epidermis is the first line of defense between de body and thee nvironment. The epidermis prevents irritants, allergens and microbes from penetrating into the body. The most superficial layer is called “acidmantle”. The pH changes in this layer result in irritation and alteration of its functions. The pH is modified by water and soap, among other cosmetic products. The pH of 20 soaps of different trade marks was measured. Different alkalinity levels were observed in the studied soaps. Most of these soaps had a high level of alkalinity, with a pH that ranged from 7.81 to10.25.

Acute Modulations in Stratum Corneum Permeability Barrier Function Affect Claudin Expression and Epidermal Tight Junction Function via Changes of Epidermal Calcium Gradient

Tight junction (TJ) is recognized as a second barrier of the skin. Altered expression of TJ proteins in various skin diseases characterized by the abnormal permeability barrier such as psoriasis suggests that TJ could be affected by stratum corneum (SC) barrier status. However, the physiological relationship between SC and TJ barrier remains to be investigated. Therefore, we examined the effect of SC barrier disruption on the expression of TJ proteins, claudin (Cldn)-1 and Cldn-4, and TJ barrier function in hairless mouse skin. We also investigated whether the alterations in epidermal Ca2+ affected TJ proteins expression in vivo. Repeated tape-stripping induced a sequential change of the expression and function of TJ. As early as 15-30 minutes after tape-stripping, downregulation of Cldn-1 and Cldn-4 immunoreactivity and protein level without change in mRNA level was found. This was accompanied by the abnormal leakage of lanthanum. However, by 1 hour Cldn-1 and Cldn-4 immunolocalization recovered along with normalized lanthanum permeation pattern. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of Cldn-1 and Cldn-4 were increased by 1 to 6 hours after tape-stripping. Inhibition of calcium loss by immersion of barrier-disrupted skin into a high Ca2+ solution prevented the dislocation of Cldn-1 and Cldn-4. Occlusion of barrier-disrupted skin delayed the restoration of Cldn-1 and Cldn-4. Our results suggest that the alteration of epidermal Ca2+ gradient caused by SC barrier perturbation affects the TJ structure and function and the faster recovery of TJ as compared to the SC barrier may imply the protective homeostatic mechanism of skin barrier.