Streptococcus gallolyticus bacteremia detected in apheresis platelets and its link to colonic neoplasms

Introduction: Streptococcus gallolyticus belongs to theStreptococcus bovis complex, and it is a common bacterium colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. Its presence in the blood may suggest an underlying pathology such as a colonic neoplasm. We report herein a case of S. bovis bacteremia in an apheresis platelet donor, review similar cases in the literature, and suggest a flowchart for the management of similar cases in other blood donation centers. Case Presentation: A 61-year-old subject presented to a Hemotherapy Service to make an apheresis platelet donation. On quality control testing, S. gallolyticus was identified in hemoculture, and the donor was called back for follow-up. At first, a new hemoculture was requested, and the patient was referred to the outpatient department of infectious diseases to further investigate pathologies associated with S. gallolyticus. A subsequent colonoscopy investigation evidenced a polypoid structure in the ascending colon. Pathology reported the resected specimen as a low-grade tubular adenoma. Conclusion: Isolation of S. bovis in blood products requires further investigation and should be managed with precision by Hemotherapy Services. A standard protocol for the management of asymptomatic patients with S. bovis positive hemoculture, with the requests of a new blood culture, a colonoscopy, and an echocardiogram is crucial, as it may ensure early diagnosis and reduce morbidity and mortality. (AU)

Tumor de colon como hallazgo incidental en un paciente con endocarditis por Streptococcus gallolyticus: experiencia desde la práctica clínica / Colon tumor as an incidental finding in a patient with endocarditis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus: experience from clinical practice

El Streptococcus gallolyticus del colon. La fisiopatología que explica este fenómeno implica el aumento local de niveles de lactato puede presentarse como el germen causal de la endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes con lesiones premalignas y malignas, colágeno, fibrinógeno y fibronectina secundario a la hiperactividad metabólica tumoral que genera un ambiente adecuado para el crecimiento y adhesión bacteriana a la pared intestinal y posterior translocación al torrente sanguíneo. Simultáneamente, se establece la presencia de infecciones secundarias por la formación de biofilms, tanto a nivel colorrectal como en válvulas cardíacas. El objetivo del manuscrito es un mapeo en la literatura médica disponible sobre la correlación entre la endocarditis por Streptococcus gallolyticus y las lesiones premalignas y malignas de colon. Simultáneamente, exponer la experiencia clínica de un hombre de 82 años con diagnóstico de endocarditis por Streptococcus gallolyticus y el hallazgo incidental de pólipos adenomatosos del colon(AU)

Streptococcus gallolyticus can present as the causative germ of infective endocarditis in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions of the colon. The pathophysiology that explains this phenomenon involves the local increase in lactate that can be presented as the causal germ of infective endocarditis in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions, collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin levels secondary to tumor metabolic hyperactivity, which generates a suitable environment for bacterial growth and adhesion to the intestinal wall and subsequent translocation to the bloodstream. Simultaneously, the presence of secondary infections is established due to the formation of biofilms, both at the colorectal level and in the heart valves. The objective of the manuscript is a mapping in the available medical literature on the correlation between Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis and premalignant and malignant colonic lesions. Simultaneously, to present the clinical experience of an 82-year-old man diagnosed with Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis and the incidental finding of adenomatous polyps of the colon(AU)

Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus: un agente inusual ocasionando una infección común / Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus: a common infection caused by an unusual agent

Resumen Introducción: Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus es un coco grampositivo, catalasa negativo, perteneciente al grupo D de Lancefield, que se encuentra relacionado con cuadros de sepsis neonatal, específicamente con meningitis. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 2 meses con un cuadro de meningitis por S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus. Se describen la sintomatología y el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico. Asimismo, se realiza una revisión de la literatura que evidencia el subdiagnóstico de este agente como causa de meningitis en pediatría. Conclusiones: Este caso representa el primer aislamiento de este agente en el Hospital Nacional de Niños de Costa Rica, de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social.

Abstract Background: Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus is a positive Gram stain, catalase negative coccus that belongs to the Lancefield group D. It is associated with clinical manifestations such as neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Case report: The case of a 2-month-old male patient with meningitis caused by S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus is described. Moreover, the symptoms, diagnosis, and management of the patient are discussed. Also, a review of the literature was conducted showing the sub-diagnosis of this agent as a cause of meningitis in pediatrics. Conclusions: This case represents the first detection of this agent in the National Children's Hospital of Costa Rica, which is part of the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social.

Effect and Mechanism of Streptococcus gallolyticus Metabolites on Regulating Growth of Colon Cancer Cells / 胃肠病学

Background: Streptococcus gallolyticus (SG) may alter the colon microenvironment through its metabolites, and transforming the human body into a high-risk state prone to tumor formation. Aims: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Streptococcus gallolyticus metabolites (SGM) on growth of colon cancer cells. Methods: Human colon cancer cell line SW620 was conventionally cultured, and were divided into blank group (group A), healthy intestinal flora group (group B), Bifidobacterium metabolites group (group C), SGM group (group D) and Bifidobacterium metabolites + SGM group (group E). CCK-8 test was used to detect the proliferation of tumor cell. Cell migration ability was detected by scratch test. The protein expression of β-catenin was determined by Western blotting. The mRNA expression of c-myc was measured by real time PCR. Results: Compared with group A, group B, group C, cell proliferation was significantly increased (P0.05). Conclusions: SG can enhance the proliferation and migration ability of colon cancer cells through its metabolites, which may be through the activating of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, Bifidobacterium metabolites cannot inhibit the enhancement of proliferation and migration ability of colon cancer cells by the SGM.

Causa inusual de meningitis en pacientes infectados por HIV-1 / Unusual cause of meningitis in HIV-1 infectedpatient6. Corredoira J, Garcia-Garrote F, Rabuñal R, et al. Association between bacteremia due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (S. bovis I) and colorectal neoplasia: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:491-967. Sheng WH, Chuang YC, Teng LJ, Hsueh PR. Bacteremia due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies pasteuri

La infección por HIV suele ser un campo propicio para la aparición de complicaciones de causas inusuales, entre ellas, las infecciones por gérmenes extremadamente infrecuentes. Las distintas subespecies de Streptococcus bovis suelen presentarse como bacteriemias o endocar-ditis asociadas, con mucha frecuencia, a tumores benignos o malignos de las regiones colorrectal, gástrica, pancreática o hepatobiliar.Se presenta un caso raro de meningitis por Streptoccocus gallolyticusen un paciente adulto infectado por HIV, sin evidencia alguna de las asociaciones o localizaciones mencionadas y con características clíni-cas y licuorales que pueden inducir a pensar en diagnósticos distintos y, por ende, a tratamientos no apropiados.Un sistema inmunológico deteriorado suele ser el escenario determi-nante para la emergencia de estas raras complicaciones

HIV infectionis, usually, a favorable field for the development of complications from unusual causes including infections with extremely raregerms. The different subspecies of Streptococcus bovis often present as bacteriemias or endocarditis, most frequently associated with benign or malignant tumors of the colorectal, gastric, pancreatic or hepatobiliary regions.A rare case of meningitis due to Streptoccocus gallolyticus in an adult patient infected by HIV is presented without any evidence of associations or mentioned locations and with clinical and the cerebrospinal fluid features that induce to other diagnoses and subsequent inappropriate treatment.A deteriorated immune system is the determining factor for the emergence of these rare complications

A Case of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus Bacteremia in Liver Cirrhosis

Streptococcus bovis bacteremia in humans has been traditionally associated with infective endocarditis, colorectal cancer, and liver cirrhosis. S. bovis strains were previously categorized by biotype, but since the 2000s, they have been reclassified by DNA homology. We report a case of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus bacteremia, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, in a patient diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. A 61-yr-old man with a history of liver cirrhosis presented to the hospital with a complaint of fever. Blood culture revealed the presence of gram-positive cocci, and the isolated organism was identified as S. bovis by the MicroScan identification kit (Beckman Coulter, USA), but as Enterococcus saccharolyticus by the Vitek 2 identification kit (bioMérieux, USA). The organism was finally confirmed as S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus by 16S rRNA sequencing.

First Isolation of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus from a Korean Patient with Severe Septic Shock / 대한임상미생물학회지

A 60-year-old man presented with a 1-day history of fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. He was diagnosed with severe septic shock on the basis of a body temperature of 38.9degrees C, heart rate of 92/min, respiratory rate of 25/min, WBC count of 22,970/microL, C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 136 mg/L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 34.0 mg/dL, and creatinine of 2.98 mg/dL. On blood culture, Gram-positive cocci were detected in all 6 bottles. Small grayish non-hemolytic colonies were found on blood agar plates after incubation at 37degrees C for 2 days. The isolates were negative for catalase and L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis, and positive for bile-esculin and leucine aminopeptidase activity. The strain was identified as Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus using Vitek 2 GP II systems. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected 100% identity with S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus strain CIP 107122T (1,345/1,345-bp). The patient recovered after receiving ampicillin-sulbactam. This is the first report of phenotypic and genetic identification of S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus causing severe septic shock in a Korean patient.

A Case of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus Infective Endocarditis with Colon Cancer: Identification by 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequencing / 대한진단검사의학회지

Although the association between Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and colon carcinoma is well known, very few cases of S. bovis infection associated with underlying malignancies have been reported in Korea. The S. bovis group has been recently reclassified and renamed as Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus infantarius subspecies under a new nomenclature system. We report a case of infective endocarditis with colon cancer caused by S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (previously named S. bovis biotype I). A 59-yr-old woman presented with a 1-month history of fever. Initial blood cultures were positive for gram-positive cocci, and echocardiography showed vegetation on mitral and aortic valves. Antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis was started. The infecting strain was a catalase-negative and bile-esculin-positive alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus susceptible to penicillin and vancomycin. The strain was identified as S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus with the use of the Vitek 2 GPI and API 20 Strep systems (bioMerieux, USA). The 16S rDNA sequences of the blood culture isolates showed 100% homology with those of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus reported in GenBank. The identification of the infecting organism, and the subsequent communication among clinical microbiologists and physicians about the changed nomenclature, led to the detection of colon cancer. The patient recovered after treatment with antibiotics, valve surgery, and operation for colon cancer. This is the first report of biochemical and genetic identification of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus causing infective endocarditis associated with underlying colon cancer in a Korean patient.