Analysis of direct drinking water quality and its influencing factors in primary and secondary schools in Nanjing City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the quality and influencing factors of direct drinking water in schools in Nanjing City, so as to provide basis for management of school drinking water.@*Methods@#From April to July 2023, direct drinking water equipment from 146 primary and secondary schools were selected from Nanjing City using a stratified random sampling method and tested for colony forming units (CFU) and permanganate index. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between groups, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.@*Results@#The CFU and permanganate levels of school direct drinking water in Nanjing City were 1.00(0.00,15.50)CFU/mL and 0.47(0.26, 0.75)mg/L, respectively. The CFU level increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and when the water source was piped, while the permanganate index increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and using activated carbon technology ( Z =-2.21, -3.92, -2.31, -8.45 , P <0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the replacement time of filter element exceeding 3 months was positively correlated with the CFU level, and the process type involving activated carbon, a laid pipe network and a filter replacement time exceeding 3 months were positively correlated with the permanganate index( β =167.08, 0.32, 0.35, 0.11, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusions@#There are certain problems with the water quality of primary and secondary school direct drinking water in Nanjing City. Schools should promptly replace the filter and maintain the drinking water equipment to ensure the hygiene and safety of campus water quality.

Historical transformation of healthy promotion patterns among children and adolescents in China / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#In order to identify new pattern and experience of school health, and to elaborate on the progress and trends in children and adolescents health promotion, the present article presents historical changes in health promotion approaches for children and adolescents in China, making strategic shift from "prevention and treatment of student common disease centered" to "student healthy development centered", fostering policy changes from "special school health services" to " comprehensive school health services", enacting the paradigm shift from "biomedical disease prevention and health care" model to "promoting social and behavioral success for learning" model, using various methods including needs analysis, trend research and judgment, system evaluation, and empirical evidence. The fast, substantial and extensive transformation delivers sustainable long term value and will continue to respond to the needs of the times and make steady and long term progress.

Interventions for Strengthening General Self-Efficacy Beliefs in College Students: An Integrative Review / Intervenciones para Fortalecer las Creencias de Autoeficacia General en Estudiantes Universitarios: Revisión Integrativa / Intervenções para Fortalecimento das Crenças de Autoeficácia Geral em Estudantes Universitários: Revisão Integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at strengthening self-efficacy beliefs in college students. Methods: Integrative Review conducted on the Lilacs, PubMed, CinahL, Cochrane Collaboration Databases, Scopus, and PsycInfo databases. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using tools proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, and the results were analyzed descriptively. Results: Out of the 10 selected studies, six demonstrated that interventions aimed at strengthening self-efficacy were effective (Levels of Evidence II and III), and four revealed contrary results (Levels of Evidence I and II). Programs aimed at enhancing self-efficacy should include content on positive mental health, psychoeducation strategies, cover a period of eight to twelve weeks, and consider the completion of homework assignments. Conclusion: The synthesis of evidence pointed to pathways for building an effective self-efficacy strengthening program to be implemented in universities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar las evidencias sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones para fortalecer las creencias de autoeficacia en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Revisión Integrativa realizada en las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed, CinahL, Cochrane Collaboration Databases, Scopus y PsycInfo. La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó utilizando herramientas propuestas por el Instituto Joanna Briggs y los resultados se analizaron de forma descriptiva. Resultados: De los 10 estudios seleccionados, seis demostraron que las intervenciones para fortalecer la autoeficacia fueron efectivas (niveles de evidencia II y III) y cuatro arrojaron resultados contrarios (niveles de evidencia I y II). Los programas dirigidos al fortalecimiento de la autoeficacia deben incluir contenido sobre salud mental positiva, estrategias de psicoeducación, abarcar un período de ocho a doce semanas y considerar la realización de ejercicios para hacer en casa. Conclusión: La síntesis de evidencia señala el camino para la construcción de un programa efectivo de fortalecimiento de las creencias de autoeficacia que debe implementarse en las universidades.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências sobre a efetividade das intervenções para fortalecer as crenças de autoeficácia em universitários. Métodos: Revisão Integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, PubMed, CinahL, Cochrane Collaboration Databases, Scopus e PsycInfo. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada por meio de ferramentas propostas pelo Joanna Briggs Institute e os resultados foram analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: Dos 10 estudos selecionados, seis demonstraram que as intervenções para fortalecer a autoeficácia foram efetivas (níveis de evidências II e III) e quatro revelaram resultados contrários (níveis de evidências I e II). Os programas direcionados ao fortalecimento da autoeficácia devem possuir conteúdo sobre saúde mental positiva, estratégias de psicoeducação, abranger o período de oito a doze semanas e considerar a realização de exercícios para casa. Conclusão: A síntese das evidências apontou caminhos para a construção de um programa efetivo de fortalecimento das crenças de autoeficácia a ser implementado em universidades.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en estudiantes de tecnicatura en enfermería / Health-related quality of life among technical nursing students / Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em estudantes de técnica de enfermagem

Objetivo: Analizar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y sus factores asociados en los estudiantes de la carrera de Tecnicatura en enfermería de una institución de educación superior no universitaria de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 204 estudiantes de Tecnicatura en enfermería elegidos mediante muestreo no probabilístico quienes respondieron al instrumento SF-36 durante el primer cuatrimestre del 2023. Resultados: Los encuestados tuvieron una media de edad de 29,87 años (DE: 8,41) y fueron mayormente mujeres (78,92%), solteras (79,41%), sin hijos (59,31%), de segundo año del plan de estudios de la carrera (43,14%) y del turno mañana (40,69%). Relativo al autocuidado, se halló una baja prevalencia de tabaquismo (18,14%) y alta de sedentarismo (67,16%), la mayoría concurren a consulta médica 2 veces al año (58,33%) y se realizan exámenes de sangre anuales (57,35%). Al analizar las dimensiones que componen la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, se encontró que la Función Física fue la mejor puntuada con una media de 89,95 (DE: 13,45), mientras, Vitalidad obtuvo la valoración más baja con una media de 49,12 (DE: 17,24). Conclusiones: Con excepción de la Vitalidad, todas las dimensiones evaluadas presentaban una valoración positiva. El sexo (hombre), el año del plan de estudios (tercero), el turno (vespertino), el índice de masa corporal (normal) y la implementación de actividades de autocuidado se relacionaron positivamente con la calidad de vida.

Objective: To analyze the quality of life related to health and its associated factors in technical nursing students of a non-university higher education institution in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. The sample consisted of 204 technical nursing students, selected by non-probabilistic sampling, who responded to the SF-36 instrument during the first quarter of 2023. Results: Respondents had a mean age of 29.87 years (SD: 8.41) and were predominantly female (78.92%), single (79.41%), without children (59.31%), in the second year of the career (43.14%), and working the morning shift (40.69%). Regarding self-care, a low prevalence of smoking (18.14%) and a high prevalence of sedentary lifestyle (67.16%) were found. Most of the students had medical examinations twice a year (58.33%) and had annual blood tests performed (57.35%). When analyzing the dimensions that make up health-related quality of life, it was found that physical function obtained the best evaluation, with a mean of 89.95 (SD: 13.45), while vitality received the lowest evaluation with a mean of 49.12 (SD: 17.24). Conclusions: Except for vitality, all dimensions received a positive evaluation. Gender (male), year of the career (third), shift (evening), Body Mass Index (normal), and self-care activities were positively associated with quality of life.

Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde e seus fatores associados em estudantes de técnica de enfermagem de uma instituição de ensino superior não universitária da Cidade Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por 204 estudantes de técnica de enfermagem escolhidos por amostragem não probabilística que responderam ao instrumento SF-36 durante o primeiro quadrimestre de 2023. Resultados: Os entrevistados tinham idade média de 29,87 anos (DP: 8,41) e eram em sua maioria do sexo feminino (78,92%), solteiros (79,41%), sem filhos (59,31%), no segundo ano do curso de enfermagem (43,14%) e no turno da manhã (40,69%). Relativamente ao autocuidado, verificou-se uma baixa prevalência de tabagismo (18,14%) e uma alta prevalência de sedentarismo (67,16%), a maioria foi ao médico duas vezes por ano (58,33%) e fez análises sanguíneas anuais (57,35%). Ao analisar as dimensões que compõem a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde, verificou-se que a Função Física foi a mais bem classificada com uma média de 89,95 (DP: 13,45), enquanto a Vitalidade obteve a classificação mais baixa com uma média de 49,12 (DP: 17,24). Conclusões: Com exceção da Vitalidade, todas as dimensões avaliadas foram avaliadas positivamente. O sexo (masculino), o ano curricular (terceiro ano), o turno (noturno), o índice de massa corporal (normal) e a realização de atividades de autocuidado estavam positivamente relacionados com a qualidade de vida.

Diseño y validación de una escala para medir la alfabetización alimentaria entre estudiantes universitarios

El objetivo de esta investigación es diseñar y validar una escala para medir la alfabetización alimentaria entre estudiantes universitarios. Su validez se basó en análisis de contenido, de consistencia interna, factorial exploratorio y factorial confirmatorio, aplicados sobre datos correspondientes a estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 25 años, de los programas de administración y nutrición de una universidad mexicana. Los resultados indican que medir la alfabetización alimentaria entre estudiantes universitarios debe considerar cuatro componentes: la selección de insumos y alimentos, el consumo de alimentos con calidad nutricional y en la cantidad apropiada, las actitudes acerca de lo importante que es desarrollar hábitos de alimentación saludables y la percepción del control que las personas tienen sobre su propia alimentación. Una de las principales limitaciones de esta investigación consiste en que la muestra es muy específica, por lo cual, la validación de la escala entre muestras estudiantiles más amplias es una oportunidad para desarrollar futuras investigaciones. Los hallazgos obtenidos son de interés para académicos que participan en el diseño de programas educativos enfocados en el desarrollo de hábitos alimenticios saludables, así como de personas responsables de instrumentar políticas, programas e iniciativas en materia de nutrición, alimentación y salud tendientes a mejorar el bienestar general de la población.

This paper aims to design and validate a scale to measure food literacy among university students. We performed content, internal consistency, exploratory factor, and confirmatory factor analyses, based on data corresponding to management and nutrition university students aged 18-25, at a Mexican university. Our results indicate that measuring food literacy among university students must consider four components: the selection of supplies and foods, the consumption of meals with nutritional quality and in the appropriate quantity, attitudes about the importance of developing healthy eating habits, and the perception of control that consumers have about their diet. One of the main limitations of this study is that the sample is very specific, so the validation of the scale among larger student samples is an opportunity to develop future research. Our findings are of interest to academics who participate in the design of educational programs focused on the development of healthy eating habits, as well as to the designers and developers of policies, programs, and initiatives regarding nutrition, food, and health aimed at improving general well-being.

Oxidación celular y su relación con el consumo de alimentos antioxidantes en estudiantes universitarios

Desde la antigüedad se buscaba la "panacea de la juventud", la alquimia estuvo enfocada en ello y actualmente, estando en el ámbito educativo, se tiene la oportunidad de dar a conocer los productos alimenticios que tienen esa cualidad de ser antioxidantes y retardar el envejecimiento. Objetivo. Evaluar la oxidación celular y su relación con el consumo de alimentos antioxidantes en estudiantes universitarios de Pre grado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle. Lima, Perú. Materiales y Métodos. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo explicativo con nivel relacional. La población estuvo conformada por estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación, y por muestreo aleatorio fueron considerados a 36 estudiantes del IX Ciclo, asumiendo que tienen la formación y competencias adecuadas, para salir al mercado laboral después de un ciclo de estudios académicos. Resultados. Se obtuvo que el 94.4 % si sabe que es oxidación celular, el 83.3 % sabe que es un antioxidante y el 88.8 % conoce la importancia del consumo de antioxidantes naturales entre los cuales la naranja es la más conocida por el contenido de antioxidantes, seguido de espinaca, col morada, uva negra, vino tinto y maíz morado. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes universitarios, consumen a diario fruta fresca de la estación, seguido de verduras con carotenos (color naranja) y frutos con licopeno de color rojo.

Since ancient times the "panacea of youth" was sought, alchemy was focused on it and nowadays, being in the educational field, we have the opportunity to make known the food products that have the quality of being antioxidants and delay aging. Objective. To evaluate cellular oxidation and its relationship with the consumption of antioxidant foods in undergraduate university students of the Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle. Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods. The research was descriptive and explanatory with a relational level. The population consisted of students of the Faculty of Education, and by random sampling 36 students of the IX Cycle were considered, assuming that they have adequate training and competencies to enter the labor market after a cycle of academic studies. Results. It was obtained that 94.4 % know what cellular oxidation is, 83.3 % know what an antioxidant is and 88.8 % know the importance of the consumption of natural antioxidants among which orange is the most known for its antioxidant content, followed by spinach, purple cabbage, black grape, red wine and purple corn. Conclusions. University students consume fresh seasonal fruit daily, followed by vegetables with carotenes (orange color) and fruits with red lycopene.

Desde a antiguidade se buscava a "panaceia da juventude", a alquimia se debruçava sobre ela e hoje, estando no campo educacional, temos a oportunidade de dar a conhecer os produtos alimentícios que têm a qualidade de serem antioxidantes e retardarem o envelhecimento. Objetivo. Avaliar a oxidação celular e sua relação com o consumo de alimentos antioxidantes em estudantes universitários de graduação da Universidade Nacional de Educação Enrique Guzmán y Valle. Lima, Peru. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa foi descritiva e explicativa com um nível relacional. A população foi formada por alunos da Faculdade de Educação e, por amostragem aleatória, foram considerados 36 alunos do IX Ciclo, supondo-se que eles tenham a formação e as competências adequadas para sair para o mercado de trabalho após um ciclo de estudos acadêmicos. Resultados. Obteve-se que 94,4 % sabem o que é oxidação celular, 83,3 % sabem o que é um antioxidante e 88,8 % sabem a importância do consumo de antioxidantes naturais, entre os quais a laranja é a mais conhecida por seu conteúdo antioxidante, seguida por espinafre, repolho roxo, uvas pretas, vinho tinto e milho roxo. Conclusões. Os estudantes universitários consomem diariamente frutas frescas da estação, seguidas de vegetais com caroteno (cor laranja) e frutas com licopeno vermelho.

Risco e rabisco: representações sociais de crianças expressas em desenhos acerca do procedimento de coleta sanguínea / Scribbling and doodling: social representations by children expressed in drawings, regarding the experience of blood sampling

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar as representações sociais de crianças de uma escola pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro acerca do procedimento de coleta sanguínea e discutir as representações sociais emergidas, à luz da atuação da equipe de saúde da família na realização desse procedimento. Utilizou-se o método e a teoria de análise das representações sociais fundamentadas por Moscovisci e Jodelet, numa abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, empregou-se a técnica projetiva de cena de produção estética e do discurso do escolar. Os resultados foram agrupados em quatro categorias: 1) dimensões estruturais que envolvem o procedimento de coleta sanguínea; 2) dimensão do componente humano e sua interface no procedimento de coleta sanguínea; 3) a dimensão psicoemocional retratada no procedimento de coleta sanguínea e 4) a coleta de sangue: a importância para a saúde do escolar. No que diz respeito à importância da coleta sanguínea, evidenciamos a percepção de escolares para a importância de ações voltadas à prevenção e promoção da saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article was to identify the social representations of children in a municipal public school in Rio de Janeiro, with respect to the blood sampling procedure and to discuss the social representations that emerge, in the light of the performance of the family health team in carrying out this procedure. Moscovisci's method/theory of analysis of social representations based on a qualitative approach was used. For data collection, the projective technique of the esthetic production scene and the student's speech was used. The results were grouped into four categories: 1) structural dimensions involved in the blood sampling procedure; 2) dimension of the human component and its interface in the blood sampling procedure; 3) the psycho-emotional dimension portrayed in the blood sampling procedure; and 4) blood sampling: the importance for student health. With respect to the importance of blood sampling, we highlight the perception of students regarding the importance of actions aimed at prevention and health care promotion.

Frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de Medicina en una universidad privada de Paraguay

Introducción: la infección tuberculosa latente es un estado de respuesta inmune tipo hipersensibilidad celular retardada del organismo a la estimulación por antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis sin evidencia clínica y radiológica de tuberculosis. Puede ser diagnosticada mediante la prueba de tuberculina o derivado proteico purificado de tuberculina. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de Medicina y las variables asociadas a una reacción positiva en la prueba de tuberculina. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el cual se procedió a realizar la prueba de tuberculina por el método de Mantoux utilizando 0,1 ml de derivado proteico purificado de tuberculina Tubersol, en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de una universidad. Resultados: participaron 290 estudiantes. La frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente fue 19,3%. Al relacionar las variables demográficas con la reacción positiva en la prueba de tuberculina, los hombres presentaron 1,895 veces mayor probabilidad de dar positivo a la prueba de tuberculina que las mujeres. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina fue 19,3% y la variable que presentó asociación estadística a la prueba de tuberculina positiva fue el sexo masculino.

Introduction: Latent tuberculosis infection is a state of delayed cellular hypersensitivity immune response of the organism to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without clinical and radiological evidence of tuberculosis. It can be diagnosed by tuberculin test or tuberculin purified protein derivative. Objectives: To determine the frequency of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students and the variables associated with a positive reaction in the tuberculin test. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in which the tuberculin test was made by the Mantoux method using 0.1 ml of purified protein derivative of Tubersol tuberculin in students of the medicine career of a university. Results: Two hundred ninety students participated. The frequency of latent tuberculosis infection was 19.3%. When relating the demographic variables to the positive reaction in the tuberculin test, men were 1,895 times more likely to test positive for the tuberculin test than women. Conclusions: The frequency of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students was 19.3% and the variable that presented a statistical association with the positive tuberculin test was male sex.

Reflexoterapia e auriculoterapia para lombalgia aguda em docentes e discentes universitários: Ensaio clínico duplo-cego / Reflexotherapy and auriculotherapy for acute lumbalgia in university teachers and students: A double-blind clinical trial

Objetivo: comparar os efeitos da auriculoterapia e reflexoterapia podal para lombalgia aguda inespecífica em docentes e discentes universitários da área da saúde. Método: ensaio clínico, randomizado, controlado, duplo-cego, com 189 participantes distribuídos em três grupos: auriculoterapia experimental, reflexoterapia experimental e combinadas. Fora realizados 3 intervenções. Para a coleta foram utilizados: Questionário Sociodemográfico; Escala Visual e Analógica de intensidade na avaliação da dor; e Questionário para Lombalgia. Os dados foram analisados no programa IBM SPSS Statistics versão 18.0 Foram aplicados: teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov; testes Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher para comparação entre os grupos, e Análise de variância com post hoc ou Kruskal-Wallis, conforme apropriado. Resultados: evidenciou-se redução significativa da dor nos três protocolos (p=<0,001) para o Questionário de lombalgia, mas na comparaçãoda escala da dor, houve menor eficácia no grupo combinado (p=0,006). Conclusão: Ambas as terapias são eficazes e indicadas para controle da lombalgia aguda(AU)

Objective: to compare the effects of auriculotherapy and foot reflex therapy for nonspecific acute low back pain in university professors and students in the health area. Method: clinical trial, randomized, controlled, double-blind, with 189 participants divided into three groups: experimental auriculotherapy, experimental reflex therapy and combined therapy. Three interventions were performed. For data collection, the following were used: Sociodemographic Questionnaire; Visual and Analog Scale of intensity in pain assessment; and Low Back Pain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics program, version 18.0. The following were applied: Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test; Chi-square or Fisher's Exact tests for comparison between groups, and Analysis of variance with post hoc or Kruskal-Wallis, as appropriate. Results: there was a significant reduction in pain in the three protocols (p=<0.001) for the Low Back Pain Questionnaire, but when comparing the pain scale, there was less efficacy in the combined group (p=0.006). Conclusion: Both therapies are effective and indicated for the control of acute low back pain(AU)

Objetivo: comparar los efectos de la auriculoterapia y la terapia refleja podal en el dolor lumbar agudo inespecífico en profesores y estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud. Método: ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego, con 189 participantes divididos en tres grupos: auriculoterapia experimental, terapia refleja experimental y terapia combinada. Se realizaron tres intervenciones. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron: Cuestionario Sociodemográfico; Escala Visual y Analógica de intensidad en la valoración del dolor; y Cuestionario de dolor lumbar. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el programa IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 18.0, se aplicaron: prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; Pruebas Chi-cuadrado o Exacto de Fisher para comparación entre grupos, y Análisis de varianza con post hoc o Kruskal-Wallis, según corresponda. Resultados: hubo reducción significativa del dolor en los tres protocolos (p=<0,001) para el Low Back Pain Questionnaire, pero al comparar la escala de dolor, hubo menor eficacia en el grupo combinado (p=0,006). Conclusión: Ambas terapias son efectivas e indicadas para el control del dolor lumbar agudo(AU)

Relação entre variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes estratificados por sexo / Relationship between anthropometric and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents stratified by sex / Relación entre variables antropométricas y de aptitud física en niños y adolescentes estratificados por sexo

A aptidão física (ApF) pode estar associada à saúde, ao desempenho esportivo e refere-se a capacidade de apresentar um determinado desempenho motor quando submetido a situações que envolvam esforços físicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar as variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes da cidade de Pelotas/RS, estratificados por sexo. Foram avaliados 1720 escolares da rede municipal de Pelotas/RS, sendo 896 crianças (idade = 9,91 ± 1,21 anos) e 824 adolescentes (idade = 13,11 ± 1,04 anos), através de uma bateria de avaliações das medidas antropométricas (estatura [EST], massa corporal [MC], envergadura [ENV], índice de massa corporal [IMC]) e de testes físicos (flexibilidade [FLEX], potência de membros superiores [PMS], potência de membros inferiores [PMI], velocidade com troca de direção [VTD], velocidade linear [VL], resistência muscular localizada [RML] e capacidade cardiorrespiratória [CC]). O estudo de caráter de diagnóstico com cunho observacional utilizou o teste de correlação através do r de Pearson e classificou-as como muito fraca (0-0,19), fraca (0,2-0,39), moderada (0,4-0,69), forte (0,7-0,89) e muito forte (0,9-1). Destacou-se que no sexo feminino houve correlação moderada com IMC e PMS, as variáveis antropométricas EST, ENV e MC apresentaram pelo menos uma correlação com as variáveis de ApF, enquanto que estas variáveis demonstraram correlações moderadas entre PMS, VL e VTD. Já no sexo masculino foi observada correlação moderada entre IMC e CC, além de correlações fracas e moderadas entre EST, ENV e MC com pelo menos uma das variáveis de ApF, enquanto as variáveis de ApF demonstraram correlações moderadas entre PMI, VL e VTD. Portanto, ressalta-se a importância do diagnóstico destas variáveis para controle dos fatores de risco à saúde bem como para identificar potenciais relacionados ao desempenho esportivo.

Physical fitness (PhF) can be associated with health, sports performance and refers to the ability to present a certain motor performance when submitted to situations involving physical efforts. The aim of this study was to relate anthropometric and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents from the city of Pelotas/RS, stratified by sex. A total of 1720 schoolchildren from the municipal schools of Pelotas/RS were evaluated, 896 children (age = 9.91 ± 1.21 years) and 824 adolescents (age = 13.11 ± 1.04 years), through a battery of the anthropometric measurements (height [HT], body mass [BM], wingspan [WP], body mass index [BMI]) and physical tests (flexibility [FLEX], upper limb power [ULP], lower limb power [LLP], change of direction speed [CODS], linear speed [LS], localized muscular endurance [LME] and cardiorespiratory capacity [CC]). The study of a diagnostic character with an observational nature used the correlation test through Pearson's r and classified them as very small (0-0.19), small (0.2- 0.39), moderate (0.4- 0.69), large (0.7-0.89) and very large (0.9-1). It was highlighted that in females there was moderate correlation with BMI and ULP, the anthropometric variables HT, WP and BM showed at least one correlation with the PhF variables, while these variables showed moderate correlations between ULP, LS and CODS. In males, a moderate correlation was observed between BMI and CC, in addition to small and moderate correlations between HT, WP and BM with at least one of the PhF variables, while the PhF variables showed moderate correlations between LLP, LS and CODS. Therefore, it emphasizes the importance of diagnosing these variables to control health risk factors as well as to identify potentials related to sports performance.

La aptitud física (AF) puede estar asociada a la salud, al rendimiento deportivo y se refiere a la capacidad de presentar un determinado desempeño motor cuando sometido a situaciones que impliquen esfuerzos físicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar variables antropométricas y de aptitud física en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Pelotas/RS, estratificados por sexo. Fueron evaluados 1720 escolares de las escuelas municipales de Pelotas/RS, 896 niños (edad = 9,91 ± 1,21 años) y 824 adolescentes (edad = 13,11 ± 1. 04 años), a través de una batería de medidas antropométricas (altura [HT], masa corporal [BM], envergadura [WP], índice de masa corporal [IMC]) y pruebas físicas (flexibilidad [FLEX], potencia de miembros superiores [ULP], potencia de miembros inferiores [LLP], velocidad de cambio de dirección [CODS], velocidad lineal [LS], resistencia muscular localizada [LME] y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria [CC]). El estudio, de carácter diagnóstico y observacional, utilizó la prueba de correlación mediante la r de Pearson y las clasificó en muy pequeñas (0-0,19), pequeñas (0,2-0,39), moderadas (0,4- 0,69), grandes (0,7-0,89) y muy grandes (0,9-1). Se destacó que en las hembras hubo una correlación moderada con el IMC y el ULP, las variables antropométricas HT, WP y BM mostraron al menos una correlación con las variables PhF, mientras que estas variables mostraron correlaciones moderadas entre ULP, LS y CODS. En los varones, se observó una correlación moderada entre IMC y CC, además de correlaciones pequeñas y moderadas entre HT, WP y BM con al menos una de las variables PhF, mientras que las variables PhF mostraron correlaciones moderadas entre LLP, LS y CODS. Por lo tanto, se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico de estas variables para controlar los factores de riesgo para la salud, así como para identificar potenciales relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo.

Reflexoterapia e auriculoterapia para lombalgia aguda em docentes e discentes universitários: Ensaio clínico duplo-cego / Reflexoterapia y auriculoterapia para la lumbalgia aguda en universitarios: Un ensayo clínico doble ciego / Reflexotherapy and auriculotherapy for acute lumbalgia in university teachers and students: A double-blind clinical trial

Objetivo: comparar os efeitos da auriculoterapia e reflexoterapia podal para lombalgia aguda inespecífica em docentes e discentes universitários da área da saúde. Método: ensaio clínico, randomizado, controlado, duplo-cego, com 189 participantes distribuídos em três grupos: auriculoterapia experimental, reflexoterapia experimental e combinadas. Fora realizados 3 intervenções. Para a coleta foram utilizados: Questionário Sociodemográfico; Escala Visual e Analógica de intensidade na avaliação da dor; e Questionário para Lombalgia. Os dados foram analisados no programa IBM SPSS Statistics versão 18.0 Foram aplicados: teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov; testes Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher para comparação entre os grupos, e Análise de variância com post hoc ou Kruskal-Wallis, conforme apropriado. Resultados: evidenciou-se redução significativa da dor nos três protocolos (p=<0,001) para o Questionário de lombalgia, mas na comparaçãoda escala da dor, houve menor eficácia no grupo combinado (p=0,006). Conclusão: Ambas as terapias são eficazes e indicadas para controle da lombalgia aguda(AU)

Objective: to compare the effects of auriculotherapy and foot reflex therapy for nonspecific acute low back pain in university professors and students in the health area. Method: clinical trial, randomized, controlled, double-blind, with 189 participants divided into three groups: experimental auriculotherapy, experimental reflex therapy and combined therapy. Three interventions were performed. For data collection, the following were used: Sociodemographic Questionnaire; Visual and Analog Scale of intensity in pain assessment; and Low Back Pain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics program, version 18.0. The following were applied: Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test; Chi-square or Fisher's Exact tests for comparison between groups, and Analysis of variance with post hoc or Kruskal-Wallis, as appropriate. Results: there was a significant reduction in pain in the three protocols (p=<0.001) for the Low Back Pain Questionnaire, but when comparing the pain scale, there was less efficacy in the combined group (p=0.006). Conclusion: Both therapies are effective and indicated for the control of acute low back pain.(AU)

Objetivo: comparar los efectos de la auriculoterapia y la terapia refleja podal en el dolor lumbar agudo inespecífico en profesores y estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud. Método: ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego, con 189 participantes divididos en tres grupos: auriculoterapia experimental, terapia refleja experimental y terapia combinada. Se realizaron tres intervenciones. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron: Cuestionario Sociodemográfico; Escala Visual y Analógica de intensidad en la valoración del dolor; y Cuestionario de dolor lumbar. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el programa IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 18.0, se aplicaron: prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; Pruebas Chi-cuadrado o Exacto de Fisher para comparación entre grupos, y Análisis de varianza con post hoc o Kruskal-Wallis, según corresponda. Resultados: hubo reducción significativa del dolor en los tres protocolos (p=<0,001) para el Low Back Pain Questionnaire, pero al comparar la escala de dolor, hubo menor eficacia en el grupo combinado (p=0,006). Conclusión: Ambas terapias son efectivas e indicadas para el control del dolor lumbar agudo.(AU)

Technical guideline for school sanitary and anti epidemic measures after flood disasters / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Flood disasters are the common public health emergencies, mainly leading to environmental damage, water pollution, food pollution, vector breeding, infectious disease epidemic and other risk factors of sanitary and anti epidemic work. The guideline has been formulated with reference to the technical documents such as Guideline for Environmental Sanitation Disposal and Preventive Disinfection in Flooded Areas and Technical Proposal for Sanitary and Anti epidemic Measures after Flood Disasters, as well as the latest research progress at home and abroad. In order to guide the sanitary and anti epidemic measures in flooded areas, protect the health and safety of students and teachers and ensure the normal educational and teaching order, the guideline introduces the key measures that should be taken by schools, teachers and students in flood striken areas.

Construction of an evaluation index system for the response capacity of universities to public health emergencies / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To construct an evaluation index system to assess the response capacity of universities to public health emergencies, so as to provide a basis for improvements the response capacity.@*Methods@#In November 2019, in order to develop an evaluation system based on literature review and expert discussions, 15 experts were invited to conduct a subjective evaluation used hierarchical analysis. The objective evaluation was conducted in 120 universities in Jiangsu Province used the inverse entropy weighting method, and the final evaluation employed the joint subjective and objective weighting method.@*Results@#The indicator system consisted of four primary indicators, nine secondary indicators, 32 tertiary indicators and 67 quaternary indicators. The analysis of the combined weighting method showed that the primary indicators, in descending order, included incident handling capability ( 0.666 ), incident detection capability (0.203), prior preparation capability (0.101) and post event recovery capability ( 0.031 ). The top three secondary indicator weights were emergency response (0.480), monitoring and reporting (0.203) and command and coordination (0.151). The results of the evaluation of the consistency indicators showed that the expert authority coefficient was 0.909 and the Kendall s W coordination coefficient was 0.836 ( P <0.01), with all consistency scale values < 0.1.@*Conclusion@#The evaluation system is highly scientific and credible, and provides basis for evaluating the response capability of universities to public health emergencies.

Dilemma and optimization strategies of school psychological crisis intervention from multiple perspectives / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the dilemma of different participants in school psychological crisis intervention, so as to provide guidance for the implementation of comprehensive psychological crisis intervention from multiple perspectives.@*Methods@#From March 2022 to January 2023, a total of 10 psychological consultants, 10 counselors, 10 peer students, 10 parents and 10 clients were selected from a certain university using convenient sampling method was interviewed with semi structured interviews, and the transcribed data were analyzed according to grounded theory.@*Results@#The predicaments of psychological crisis intervention mainly involved three core themes: early warning, ethical dilemma and negative emotion. Early warning approaches mainly included three core themes: school, social media and other institutions, and 50 participants reported mainly on peer students in schools(18 cases) and online media in social media(18 cases). Ethical dilemmas mainly focued on the conflict between confidentiality breaches and privacy protection. The negative emotions mainly include three core themes of anxiety, fear and powerlessness, which were characterized by dispersion. The optimization expectation of psychological crisis intervention mainly consisted of two core themes: professional expectation and collaborative expectation, both of which were the common expectation of the people involved.@*Conclusion@#School psychological crisis intervention should pay attention to the establishment of crisis early warning system and dialectic between confidentiality breaches and privacy protection. Schools should prevent the dispersion of negative emotions of participants, deepen professional construction and the coordination between home and school, and implement psychological crisis intervention from a comprehensive perspective.

School Feeding Programs in the United States during 1853-2010 / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The Children s Aid Society of New York has been providing free food to students at local vocational schools since 1853. It wasn t until 1975 that the school lunch program was permanently mandated by Congress. The National School Lunch Program in America has gone through a historic process from its inception and establishment to its development. The continued interest and oversight of the American people, public opinion guidance by progressive people like nutrition reformers, home economics and other are external factors in the continued development of this program. The timely enactment of the bill by the federal government and the high concern of senior leaders on this project is an important prerequisite for continued development. Integrating this program into the national agricultural development strategy and realizing the overall development philosophy is the key to the sustainability of this program. Paying attention to children s physical health is the core reason why American School Feeding Programs focus on children s diet quantity to children s nutritional quality. All of these factors contribute to the development of this project.

A consensus on the management of allergy in kindergartens and primary schools / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Allergic diseases can occur in all systems of the body, covering the whole life cycle, from children to adults and to old age, can be lifelong onset and even fatal in severe cases. Children account for the largest proportion of the victims of allergic disease, Children s allergies start from scratch, ranging from mild to severe, from less to more, from single to multiple systems and systemic performance, so the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in children is of great importance, which can not only prevent high risk allergic conditions from developing into allergic diseases, but also further block the process of allergy. At present, there is no consensus on the management system of allergic children in kindergartens and primary schools. The "Consensus on Allergy Management and Prevention in Kindergartens and Primary Schools", which includes the organizational structure, system construction and management of allergic children, provides evidence informed recommendations for the long term comprehensive management of allergic children in kindergartens and primary schools, and provides a basis for the establishment of the prevention system for allergic children.

Implementation of school mental health social service system in accordance with the contemporary characteristics of children and adolescents mental health problems / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#In recent years, mental health problems of children and adolescents are increasingly recognised as one of the most significant public health concerns. The article briefly describes the contemporary characteristics of mental health problems in children and adolescents, and proposes the implementation of school mental health social service system, including the establishment of comprehensive school mental health social service policies, the improvement of the school mental health social service model, the construction of regional school mental health service centers, and the strengthening of school mental health service practices in order to address youth mental health needs.

Association between Norovirus epidemics and school toilets design and management in Chengdu City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the relationship between the toilet design and sanitary condition of primary and secondary schools in Chengdu and the epidemic situation of Norovirus infection, so as to provide scientific references for school toilet design and Norovirus prevention and control.@*Methods@#A total of 78 cases of norovirus epidemics from 2019 to 2020 were included in this study. These epidemics happened in 78 schools and the causes were indicated as human-to-human transmission. The Chi square and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare categorical and continuous data respectively. Unconditional binary Logistic regression was used to examine the multivariate associations.@*Results@#Most epidemics happened from October in 2019 to March in 2020(79.49%, 62 cases), in primary schools (71.79%, 56 cases) and in the center area (52.56%, 41 cases). The median of the case number in each epidemic was 10. Overall, 56 schools (71.79%) were equipped with toilets which were flushed independently, and 22 schools (28.21%) were equipped with toilets which were flushed uniformly. There were 27 schools (34.62%) that did not have enough water taps. Logistic regression analysis found that those with toilets flushed uniformly had a stronger epidemic, compared to the schools with toilets flushed independently( OR=5.53, 95%CI=1.63-18.76, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#In order to prevent intestinal infectious diseases , it is suggested that schools should design or reconstruct independent flushing toilets with adequate faucets.

Analysis of 73 emergency visits in a university hospital in Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current situation regarding emergency visits to a university hospital in Beijing, and to provide a basis for the standardized construction and formulation of emergency visit measures to university hospitals.@*Methods@#This study carried out a retrospective investigation and analysis of 73 emergency visits from September 2020 to December 2022 at a university hospital in Beijing.@*Results@#A total of 17 cases(23.3%) exhibited the most common of symptoms associated with convulsions during emergency visits to university hospital, while nine cases of abdominal pain(12.3%) and eight cases of dizziness( 11.0 %) were recorded. The proportion of males and females who presented to the emergency department was 60.3% and 39.7%, respectively. The top three diseases among emergency department outpatients included nervous system diseases(40 cases), gynecological diseases(seven cases), depression and alcoholism(six cases). The peak number of emergency visits occurred in April, May, September and November. The most frequent emergency visits presented from 13:00 to 18:00(32.9%), followed by 7:00 to 12:00(30.1%). Following emergency care, 12 cases improved, 54 cases were transferred to higher level hospitals for treatment, 2 depressive patients were taken home, 5 cases refused referral.@*Conclusion@#University hospitals should develop emergency plans for diseases related to emergency visits, provide targeted training for doctors and health education for teachers and students, and improve the emergency treatment capabilities.

Prevalência e fatores associados à iniciação sexual em adolescentes escolares do Piauí, 2015 / Prevalência y factores asociados a la iniciación sexual en adolescentes escolares de Piauí, Brasil, 2015 / Prevalence of sexual initiation and associated factors in school adolescents in Piauí, Brazil, 2015

Objective: to analyze prevalence of sexual initiation and associated factors in adolescents in Piauí. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, with secondary data from the 2015 National Adolescent School-based Health Survey. Hierarchical analysis was performed using robust Poisson regression. Results: a total of 3.872 adolescents were interviewed. Prevalence of sexual initiation was 24.2%; risk factors for sexual initiation were being male [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.18; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.90;2.47], being 15 years old or over (PR = 2.49; 95%CI 2.18;2.76), living with mother (PR = 0.68; 95%CI 0.54;0.82), working (PR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.55;2.10), attending a public school (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.09;1.75), practicing bullying (PR = 1.50; 95%CI 1.31;1.72), using alcohol (PR = 2.35; 95%CI 2.09;2.64), using cigarettes (PR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.22;1.70) and using illicit drugs (PR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.15;1.66). Conclusion: prevalence of sexual initiation was high and associated with sociodemographic characteristics and vulnerable health behaviors, indicating the need for health promotion strategies.

Objetivo: analizar prevalencia y factores asociados a la iniciación sexual de adolescentes en Piauí. Métodos: estudio transversal, con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Adolescente, 2015. Se realizó análisis jerárquico mediante regresión robusta de Poisson. Resultados: han sido entrevistados 3.872 adolescentes. Hubo prevalencia de iniciación sexual del 24,2%, estando asociada con ser hombre (RP = 2,18; IC95% 1,90;2,47), tener 15 años o más (RP = 2.49; IC95% 2,18;2,76), vivir con la madre (RP = 0,68; IC95% 0,54;0,82), trabajar (RP = 1.82; IC95% 1,55;2,10), estudiar en escuela pública (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,09;1,75), practicar bullying (RP = 1,50; IC95% 1,31;1,72), consumir alcohol (RP = 2.35; IC95% 2,09;2,64), consumir cigarrillos (RP = 1,46; IC95% 1,22;1,70) y consumir drogas ilícitas (RP = 1,40; IC95% 1,15;1,66). Conclusión: la prevalencia de iniciación sexual fue alta y se asoció con comportamientos vulnerables a la salud y características sociodemográficas, indicando estrategias para de promoción de la salud.

Objetivo: analisar prevalência e fatores associados à iniciação sexual de adolescentes do Piauí. Métodos: estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015. Realizou-se análise hierarquizada por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: foram entrevistados 3.872 adolescentes. A prevalência de iniciação sexual foi de 24,2%; sexo masculino [razão de prevalência (RP) = 2,18; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,90;2,47], idade ≥ 15 anos (RP = 2,49; IC95% 2,18;2,76), morar com a mãe (RP = 0,68; IC95% 0,54;0,82), trabalhar (RP = 1,82; IC95% 1,55;2,10). estudar em escola pública (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,09;1,75), praticar bullying (RP = 1,50; IC95% 1,31;1,72), usar álcool (RP = 2,35; IC95% 2,09;2,64), cigarro (RP = 1,46; IC95% 1,22;1,70) e drogas ilícitas (RP = 1,40; IC95% 1,15;1,66) foram fatores de risco para o evento. Conclusão: a prevalência de iniciação sexual foi alta e associada a características sociodemográficas e comportamentos vulneráveis à saúde, demandando estratégias de promoção de saúde.