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OBJECTIVE：To evaluate the efficiency of drug safety supervision in Guangdong priovince and provide optimization suggestion for improving the construction of drug safety supervision system. METHODS ：Taking 21 cities in Guangdong province as samples ， the supervision input （supervision funds investment ， supervision and inspection of enterprises）-output（the rate of administrative penalty and qualified rate of sampling inspection ）data were collected from 2017 to 2018. Super-efficiency data envelopment analysis （DEA）model and Malmqusit index were used to analyze the efficiency of drug safety supervision from both static and dynamic point of view. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：In static efficiency evaluation ， average drug safety supervision super-efficiency DEA in Guangdong province was 0.810，and the overall efficiency of drug safety supervision was in the low level ；among different cities ，there were obvious differences in supervision efficiency ；DEA values of only 5 cities（Shenzhen，Zhanjiang，Shaoguan，Qingyuan，Yangjiang）were higher than 1 and had achieved relatively effective results，while those of remaining cities were all invalid. In dynamic efficiency evaluation ，average Malmqusit index of drug safety supervision in Guangdong province was 0.787，which was decreased by 21.30％ in 2018 than 2017；the level of drug safety supervision in the whole province was declining ，and the main reason for the decline in the efficiency of drug safety supervision was technical backwardness ；technical efficiency played a promoter role in supervision efficiency to a certain extent. It is suggested that the efficiency improvement of drug safety supervision should further optimize resource allocation ，strengthen the level of supervision technical innovation ，expand the supervision scale ，and coordinate regional regulatory balance according to local conditions，so as to improve the construction of drug safety supervision system in Guangdong province.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for pharmaceutical enterprises to enhance the R&D capability and improve the R&D investment strategy. METHODS： The annual report data of 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises in southwest China were collcted. Taking fixed assets， operating costs， the number of employees in service and the amount of R&D investment as input indicators， net profit， operating income and earnings per share as output indicators， the efficiency values were calculated by using MyDEA 1.0 software based on super-efficiency DEA model. The operating efficiency of enterprises with or without R&D input were compared； the contribution rate of R&D investment to enterprises were calculated. Finally， Wilcoxon symbolic rank test was carried out by using SPSS 20.0 software to compare the difference. RESULTS： From 2013 to 2015， 10 of the 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises had increased their R&D investment， which indicated that listed pharmaceutical enterprises in southwest China paid more attention to R&D investment. For three consecutive years， the efficiency value of R&D investment of the 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises was significantly higher than that of the enterprises without R&D investment， and the number of the former reaching DEA efficiency was more， indicating that R&D investment was positively correlated with the operational efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises. The Wilcoxon symbol rank test also confirmed that R&D investment was an effect input. After three enterprises joined the R&D input index， their operational efficiency was improved， and their R&D contribution was greater. Five enterprises had zero R&D contribution， their efficiency value remained unchanged whether or not they joined R&D input. The R&D contribution of other listed pharmaceutical enterprises varied greatly in each year. CONCLUSIONS： At the overall level of the industry， enterprises should increase their R&D investment and pay attention to improving R&D efficiency， establish a sound R&D innovation system and R&D personnel training mechanism， establish an integrated training mode of production， learning and research； the government should create an environment to support R&D activities of pharmaceutical enterprises. For individual enterprises， different strategies should be adopted based on practical situation in order to improve the pulling effect of R&D input on the operational efficiency of enterprises.
RESUMO
Objective: To analyze the efficiency and differences of China Community Health Service, to analyze the shares of eastern-middle-western regional differences and the difference within each region in the total efficiency difference. Methods: The super efficiency DEA model and decomposition of Gini coefficient by Subgroups are used to analyze the provincial data in China from 2008 to 2011. Results: The eastern-central-western regional difference is the major cause of the efficiency differences in China Community Health Service. In the meantime, the shares of the difference within each region in the total efficiency difference are also non-negligible. Conclusion: To narrow the efficiency differences among eastern, central and western areas; improve the inter-regional flow of community health service resources; improve the support and supervision on the backward regions; make regional policies to coordinate the internal resources of community health services and strengthen the assessment mechanism using efficiency as the indicator.