Functional beverage design based on fresh milk, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) beverage and oatmeal (Avena sativa)

ABSTRACT The tarwi is an Andean legume with a high nutritional value from which a vegetable beverage can be obtained. Cereals, like oat, have good characteristics as a prebiotic for the production of functional drinks, whose consumption is currently increasing. The objective of the research was to design a probiotic fermented beverage based on fresh milk, tarwi beverage, and oatmeal. An optimal treatment consisted of 1.9% oatmeal, 39.9% tarwi beverage, 46.2% fresh milk, 10.0% honey, and 2.0% probiotic culture; determined by applying a rotatable central composite design of surface response methodology. It had a probiotic count of 3.47x108 cfu/mL, a protein content of 3.75%, and overall acceptability of 7 points, which corresponds to "I like it very much". The result was experimentally validated. Likewise, the shelf life of the optimal beverage was 20 days at 5 °C with appropriate functional, nutritional, and sensory characteristics.

RESUMEN El tarwi es una leguminosa andina con un alto valor nutricional a partir de la cual se puede obtener una bebida vegetal, los cereales como la avena tienen mejores características como prebióticos para la producción de bebidas funcionales, cuyo consumo está aumentando actualmente. El objetivo de la investigación fue diseñar la formulación de una bebida fermentada probiótica a base de leche fresca, bebida de tarwi y avena. Se determinó un tratamiento óptimo que consistió en 1,9% de avena, 39,9% de bebida de tarwi, 46,2% de leche fresca, 10,0% de miel y 2,0% de cultivo probiótico; mediante la aplicación de un diseño compuesto central rotable de metodología de respuesta de superficie. Se reportó un recuento de probióticos de 3,47x108 ufc/mL, un contenido de proteínas de 3,8% y una aceptabilidad general de 7 puntos, que corresponde a "Me gusta mucho"; el resultado fue validado experimentalmente. Asimismo, la vida útil de la bebida óptima fue de 20 días de almacenamiento a 5 °C con características funcionales, nutricionales y sensoriales apropiadas.

Formula Optimization of Memantine Hydrochloride Sustained Release Pellets by Box-Behnken Surface Response Design / 中国药师

Objective: To optimize the formula of memantine hydrochloride sustained release pellets and investigate the drug release in vitro.Methods: Memantine hydrochloride sustained release pellets were prepared by a fluidized bed.The factors such as inlet air temperature, spray pressure and feeding rate were optimized by orthogonal tests.The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to screen the major influencing factors (ethyl cellulose aqueous dispersion, PEG 6000 and the coating weight) in the release of memantine hydrochloride.The coating formula and coating weight were optimized with the cumulative release rate of memantine hydrochloride in 2, 6,and 12 h as the response values.The drug release in vitro was also studied.Results: The optimum preparation parameters of the pellets were as follows: the inlet air temperature of 45℃, the spray pressure of 1.0 bar, and the feeding rate of 1.5 r·min-1.The best sustained release coating formula was as follows: the content of ethyl cellulose aqueous dispersion of 8.4%, the content of PEG 6000 of 2.3%, and the weight gain of sustained release layer of 16.7%.The memantine hydrochloride sustained release pellets had notable sustained release effect.Conclusion: Orthogonal tests and Box-Behnken response surface method can be used for the formula optimization of memantine hydrochloride sustained-release pellets.The established fitting model is simple with good predictability.

Optimization of culture conditions for tannase production by Aspergillus sp. gm4 in solid state fermentation / Otimização das condições de cultivo para produção de tanase por Aspergillus sp. gm4 em fermentação em estado sólido

Tannase is an industrially important enzyme produced by a large number of microorganisms. This study analyzed the production of tannase by Aspergillus sp. GM4 under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using different vegetable leaves (mango, jamun and coffee) and agricultural residues (coffee husks, rice husks and wheat bran). Among the substrates used jamun leaves yielded high tannase production. The Plackett-Burman design was conducted to evaluate the effects of 12 independent variables on the production of tannase under SSF using jamun leaves as substrate. Among these variables, incubation time, potassium nitrate and tannic acid had significant effects on enzyme production. A lower incubation time was fixed and supplementation with potassium nitrate and tannic acid were optimized using the Central Composite Design. The best conditions for tannase production were: incubation time of 2 days; tannic acid at 1.53% (w w-1) and potassium nitrate at 2.71% (w w- 1). After the optimization process, tannase production increased 4.65-fold, which showed that the statistical experimental design offers a practicable approach to the implementation of optimization of tannase production.

Tanase é uma enzima industrialmente importante produzida por um grande número de microrganismos. Este estudo analisou a produção de tanase por Aspergillus sp. GM4 em fermentação em estado sólido (FES) utilizando diferentes vegetais como folhas de manga, de jambolão, de café e resíduos agrícolas, como a casca de café, casca de arroz e farelo de trigo. Entre os substratos utilizados, as folhas jambolão renderam alta produção de tanase. O planejamento de Plackett-Burman foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de 12 variáveis independentes sobre a produção de tanase em FES usando folhas jambolão como substrato. Entre estas variáveis, tiveram efeitos significativos na produção da enzima o tempo de incubação, o nitrato de potássio e o ácido tânico. O menor tempo de incubação foi fixado e a suplementação de nitrato de potássio e ácido tânico foi otimizada utilizando o planejamento composto central rotacional. As melhores condições para a produção de tanase foram o tempo de incubação de dois dias, a concentração de ácido tânico de 1,53% (g g-1) e de nitrato de potássio 2,71% (g gw-1). Após o processo de otimização, a produção tanase aumentou 4,65 vezes, o que mostrou que o delineamento experimental foi um método viável para a otimização da produção de tanase.

Multiple responses optimization in the development of a headspace gas chromatography method for the determination of residual solvents in pharmaceuticals / 药物分析学报

An efficient generic static headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) method was developed, optimized and validated for the routine determination of several residual solvents (RS) in drug substance, using a strategy with two sets of calibration. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was selected as the sample diluent and internal standards were used to minimize signal variations due to the preparative step. A gas chroma-tograph from Agilent Model 6890 equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and a DB-624 (30 m × 0.53 mm i.d., 3.00μm film thickness) column was used. The inlet split ratio was 5:1. The influ-encing factors in the chromatographic separation of the analytes were determined through a fractional factorial experimental design. Significant variables: the initial temperature (IT), the final temperature (FT) of the oven and the carrier gas flow rate (F) were optimized using a central composite design. Response transformation and desirability function were applied to find out the optimal combination of the chromatographic variables to achieve an adequate resolution of the analytes and short analysis time. These conditions were 30 °C for IT, 158 °C for FT and 1.90 mL/min for F. The method was proven to be accurate, linear in a wide range and very sensitive for the analyzed solvents through a comprehensive validation according to the ICH guidelines.

Optimización del medio de cultivo QBP para la producción de biomasa del consorcio BIOYAF / Optimization of culture media QBP to the production of biomass of consortium BIOYAF

La optimización de los medios de cultivo con fines industriales en la mayoría de los casos ha sido efectuada mediante procedimientos empíricos de ensayo y error. Empleando diversos métodos estadísticos es probable que el medio de cultivo original pueda ser optimizado, en muchos casos es posible obtener un medio que no solo sea más productivo, sino de menor o igual costo que el original. Se optimizó el medio de cultivo QBP para el crecimiento de las cepas del consorcio bacteriano BIOYAF capaz de degradar hidrocarburos del petróleo, empleando un Diseño de Factor Categórico Individual para determinar el tiempo de trabajo, un Diseño Factorial (24) para determinar los rangos de trabajo de concentración de los nutrientes y un Diseño de Superficie de Respuesta para optimizar las concentraciones. Las variables de respuesta de evaluación de los experimentos fueron masa húmeda, masa (UDO), conteo de viables, conductividad, pH y tensión superficial. El tiempo óptimo para el crecimiento de las cepas del consorcio BIOYAF es de seis horas. El medio de cultivo QBP con concentraciones óptimas de fosfato de amonio (3,19 g.L-1), sulfato de magnesio (0,04 g.L-1), levadura (3,77 g.L-1) y sacarosa (47,89 g.L-1) permite que la producción de biomasa aumente de 1,540 UDO a 3,082 UDO.

The optimization of culture media with industrial purposes, in most cases, has been made through empirical trial and error procedures. Using different statistical methods original culture media can be optimized, in many cases, is possible to obtain a more productive media, at the same cost as the original one. The culture media QBP was optimized for the growth of the bacterial consortium BIOYAF, which can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons, using a Categorical Individual Factor Design to determine the working time, a Factorial Design (24) to determine working range of elements concentration and a Surface Response Design to optimize the concentrations. The response variables of the experiments used in this work were: wet mass, mass (UDO), viable's count, conductivity, pH and surface tension. The optimal time for growth of the consortium was of six hours. The optimized QBP culture media (ammonium phosphate: 3.19; magnesium sulphate: 0,04; yeast extract : 3,77; sucrose: 47,89) allowed that the biomass' production increases of 1,540 UDO to 3,082 UDO.

Optimizing dehydration of apples Malus Domestica with fructo-oligosaccharide incorporation

The objective of the present study was to study the effect of the variables of the osmotic dehydration process on sliced Fuji apples (Malus domestica) using a 2 x 3² factorial design. The variables studied in the apple slices were the pretreatment (blanching or acidification), the temperatures (30, 45 and 60ºC) and the FOS concentration (40%, 50% and 60% m/v) of the osmotic solution. There was no difference among the pretreatments for the water activity and titratable acidity. The slices pre-treated by the acidification presented less enzymatic browning (greatest luminosity L* value) combined with a greater soluble solid contents (thus, this treatment was selected). Treatments T4 (45ºC and 40% m/v) and T7 (60ºC and 40%m/v), using the acidification presented responses within the recommended standards and FOS were validated by the repetition.

Influência da concentração de NaCl e pH na extração de ricina em torta de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) e sua caracterização por eletroforese / Influence of NaCl and pH concentration on the extraction of ricin in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) and its characterization by electrophoresis

A mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) é uma oleaginosa de alto valor econômico pelo fato de apresentar um mercado bem definido para o óleo extraído de suas sementes. A torta, que é um resíduo desta extração, se destaca pelo alto teor em proteínas. Dentre as proteínas encontradas na torta destaca-se a ricina, uma citotoxina, que inviabiliza sua utilização como fonte protéica alternativa para alimentação animal. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar um melhor tratamento experimental para a extração de ricina da torta de mamona, visando futuros estudos de perda de integridade da ricina, o que garantiria a inocuidade do produto. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar a solução de maior capacidade de extração de proteínas, empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta. Um delineamento composto central rotacional foi elaborado a fim de verificar o melhor pH e concentração de NaCl para a extração. Dos cinco diferentes valores de pH (4,0; 4,6; 6,0; 7,4; 8,0) e concentração de NaCl (0,0M; 0,3M; 1,0M; 1,7M; 2,0M) utilizados, o tratamento associando fosfato de potássio 0,2M/NaCl 1,7M pH 7,4 foi escolhido como o melhor. A concentração de proteína extraída neste tratamento chegou a valores quatro vezes maiores que o encontrado no de mínima extração de proteína. Pela evidenciação do gel de eletroforese não houve extração preferencial de ricina nos tratamentos testados, entretanto etapas de purificação usando diálise e precipitação com sulfato de amônio, permitiram uma evidenciação melhor das duas cadeias polipeptídicas de ricina.

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed crop of high economic value due to the fact of presenting a clearly defined market for the oil extracted from its seeds. Castor cake, which is a residue of oil extraction, is at the moment receiving special attention because of its high protein content. However, among the proteins found in this cake it is observed the presence of ricin, a cytotoxin, which turns this seed dangerous to be used as an alternative protein source for animal feed. The present research has the objective of identifying the best experimental treatment for extraction of ricin from castor cake, with the aim of future studies of loss of ricin integrity, which would ensure the safety of the product. With this aim, it was initiated the search for a buffer of higher capacity of proteins extraction, using the response surface methodology. A central composite design was developed in order to determine the best pH and NaCl concentration for extraction. Of the five different pH values (4.0, 4.6, 6.0, 7.4, 8.0) and NaCl (0.0M, 0.3M, 1.0M, 1.7M, 2.0M) used, the treatment containing 0.2M potassium phosphate / 1.7M NaCl pH 7.4 was chosen as the best. The amount of protein extracted in this treatment reached values four times larger than the minimum found in other treatment studied. The electrophoresis analysis showed that there was no preferential extraction of ricin in the treatments; however purification steps using dialysis and precipitation with ammonium sulfate led to a better resolution of the two polypeptide chains presents in ricin.

Simultaneous effects of pH and substrate concentration on hydrogen production by acidogenic fermentation / Efectos simultáneos del pH y la concentración de sustrato en la producción de hidrógeno mediante fermentación acidogénica

The present research examined the effects of initial substrate concentration and pH on the yield and productivity of hydrogen production by acidogenic fermentation. Assays were carried out at three different initial pH levels (5.5, 6.5 and 7.5) and three initial substrate concentrations (3, 5 and 10 g COD/L). Glucose was used as carbon source and the experiments were conducted at 37°C in batch tests, after a thermal pretreatment to eliminate methanogenic microorganisms. Conversions of glucose into hydrogen were between 16.75 and 27.25 percent of theoretical maximum, and high values of hydrogen productivity were obtained. An optimum value for the yield of glucose between initial pH of 6.3 and 3.7 g COD/L and productivity of the 5.95 H2/gVSS h and initial pH of 6.7 and 10 g COD/L were obtained from the response surface.

Batch and continuous extraction of bromelain enzyme by reversed micelles

The main aim of this study was to optimize the conditions for bromelain extraction by reversed micelles from pineapple juice (Ananas comosus). The purification was carried out in batch extraction and a micro-column with pulsed caps for continuous extraction. The cationic micellar solution was made of BDBAC as a surfactant, isooctane as a solvent and hexanol as a co-solvent. For the batch process, a purification factor of 3 times at the best values of surfactant agent, co-solvent and salt concentrations, pH of the back and forward extractions were, 100 mM, 10 percent v/v, 1 M, 3.5 and 8, respectively. For the continuous operation, independent variables optimal point was determined: ratio between light phase flow rate and total flow rate equal to 0.67 and 1 second for the time interval between the pulses. This optimal point led to a productivity of 1.29 mL/min and a purification factor of 4.96.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal otimizar as condições para extração da bromelina do suco do abacaxi (Ananas comosus) por micelas reversas. A purificação foi feita usando o processo de extração em batelada e contínuo, este último em uma micro-coluna de campânulas pulsantes. A solução micelar catiônica foi preparada com o surfactante BDBAC, i-octano como solvente e hexanol como co-solvente. Na extração em batelada encontrou-se um fator de purificação de 3 vezes, e seus melhores valores de concentração do agente surfactante, co-solvente e sal, de pH da re-extração e extração, foram respectivamente iguais a: 100 mM, 10 por cento v/v, 1 M, 3,5 e 8. Para a operação contínua, as variáveis independentes ótimas foram: 0,67 para a razão entre as taxas de fluxos da fase leve e a total e 1 s para o intervalo de tempo entre pulsos das campânulas. Este ponto ótimo leva a uma produtividade de 1,29 mL/min e a um fator de purificação igual a 4,96.