Determination of 9 components Simultaneously in Swertia chirayita by HPLC method / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To establish a HPLC method for determinating 9 components simultaneously in Swertia chirayita. Methods:By useing water Sunfire C18 column (4.6 mm× 250 mm,5 μm); Gradient elution was carried out with methanol-0.05% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase. Setting the column temperature at 30 ℃, the flow rate at 1.0 ml/min, and the detection wavelength at 254 nm.Results:9 components showed good linear relationship within the injection quality range. The recovery rates of wertiamarin, Gentiopicroside, Angelica glycosides,Mangiferin, Isolysine, Gentianoside, Diol glycoside, 8-hydroxy-1,3,5 trimethoxyketone, and Daisy leaf gentinone were 95.38%, 92.41%, 95.14%, 91.87%, 92.24%, 92.51%, 95.08%, 91.72%, 95.74% ( n=6). Conclusion:The method is simple, efficient, sensitive, accurate, economical and practical, with repeatability and stability. It could provide reference for the quality control and comprehensive utilization of Swertia chirayita.

Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genome sequences within Gentianaceae and significance of identifying species / 中草药

The family Gentianaceae are found mostly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, which have important medicinal properties. Based on 27 published complete chloroplast genome sequences from Gentiana, Swertia, Halenia, Menyanthes, and Nymphoides of Gentianaceae, the chloroplast genome structure was analyzed. The cp genome sizes of 27 taxa range from 137 to 154 kb, and they contain 101-114 unique genes, including 67-80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. Also, a Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the 27 cp genome sequences with Pentalinon luteum (Apocynaceae) as the outgroup. The tree was topologically consistent with the treatments of traditional taxonomy, and the cp genome sequences have genus- or section-level resolution. In addition, we reviewed the significance of species identification within the family. These cp genome sequences could provide basic data for the endangered species conservation, the genetic analysis and pharmacognostic researches of herbs from Gentianaceae.

Study on the antiemetic property of methanolic stem extract of Swertia chirata using chick emesis model

Background: Swertia chirata has been an important herb known for centuries for its various medicinal uses and bitter taste. The stem of the plant is used as a traditional medicine in an array of diseases including the treatment of vomiting. Therefore, the study was undertaken to explore the possible antiemetic property of methanolic extract of its stems by using chick emesis model.Methods: 25 male chicks of four days old weighing 25 to 35 grams were fed with copper sulfate anhydride at 50mg/kg body weight to induce emesis. The chicks were grouped into 5 with each group bearing 5 chicks (n=5). Group I (control) received 10ml/kg normal saline; group II (standard) received 150mg/kg chlorpromazine; group III (experimental-1), group IV (experimental-2) and group V (experimental-3) received 50, 100 and 150mg/kg respectively of the extract. All doses are given intraperitoneally. Assessment of antiemetic activity was done by calculating the percentage of inhibition of the number of retches in the chicks.Results: All the three doses of the extract showed antiemetic activity. The dose of 50 mg/kg showed activity comparable to chlorpromazine, while dose of 100 mg/kg and 150mg/kg showed greater activity than chlorpromazine. Highest antiemetic activity (79.26% inhibition) was shown by a dose of 150mg/kg and lowest (42.22% inhibition) by 50mg/kg.Conclusions: Methanolic extract from the stems of Swertia chirata has excellent anti-emetic property which can be further investigated for development of potential antiemetic medicines.

Correlation Between Chemical Constituents and Ecological Factors of Tibetan Medicine Swertia mussotii / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:The HPLC fingerprinting of Swertia mussotii was established to study the correlation between chemical components and ecological factors in different areas. Method:The fingerprint of S. mussotii was established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),and the evaluation and analysis were made based on the " Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System 2004A Edition" promulgated by the National Pharmacopoeia Commission. The analysis was carried out on a Wondasil C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm), with methanol-0.2%phosphoric acid as the mobile phase for gradient elution,and the column temperature was set at 30℃. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, and the detection wavelength was set at 245 nm. And data on ecological factors in each sample habitat, such as climate and soil, were collected. The gray correlation and bivariate analysis were carried out on the chemical constituents and ecological factors of medicinal materials in different areas using DPS data processing system and SPSS 21.0 statistical software. Result:The HPLC fingerprint of S. mussotii was established,a total of 12 common fingerprint peaks were marked, and the chemical constituent of the seven peaks were determined. The chemical constituents, such as swertiamain and mangiferin of S. mussotii, were significantly correlated with ecological factors. Moreover,the chemical constituents were obviously affected by the monthly average temperature range,annual precipitation,precipitation seasonality in the climatic factors,the soil organic carbon ratio and soil pH in the soil factors. Conclusion:The chemical constituents of S. mussotii have a correlation with the external ecological factors,the findings could provide a basis for the artificial planting of the medicinal material and the scientific connotation of the " environment-based" theory for Tibetan medicines.

Discrimination of Different Species in Swertia Using FTIR Combined with Chemometrics / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To realize the rapid and accurate discrimination of Swertia plants by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemometrics. Method:The original infrared spectra data from different parts (roots,stems,leaves) of all of the 543 samples of S. davidii,S. mileensis,S. punicea,S. angustifolia and S. cincta were collected and preprocessed by multiplicative scatter correction (MSC),standard normal variate (SNV),Savitzky-Golay filter (SG),first derivative (1D),second derivative (2D),third derivative (3D). Then,the spectral ranges of 4 000-3 700,2 799-1 800 cm-1 and 682-653 cm-1 were deleted before PLS-DA and SVM analysis. Result:The samples of the five species could not be distinguished with similar averaged infrared spectra in the same part. The characteristic peaks of different parts in the same species were different, and the sequence of complexity was leaves > stems > roots. The five species of Swertia could accurately be identified by PLS-DA and SVM models established by spectra data in roots, stems and leaves. MSC+SG+2D showed the best preprocessing effect,and the prediction accuracies of all models were 100%. The values of R2Y in PLS-DA of all of the parts were more than 0.8, and the RMSEP was less than RMSECV,indicating that the model was stable and more effective. Furthermore,the value of Q2 exceeded 0.6, and the accuracy of prediction set reached 100%, indicating a high classification accuracy. It showed that PLS-DA models had a strong prediction ability. The c values in SVM model of roots,stems and leaves were 22.627 4,2 and 1.414 2,respectively,which were all within the normal ranges. The accuracy of prediction set was 100%, suggesting a high accuracy. Conclusion:FTIR combined with PLS-DA and SVM could accurately distinguish different species from Swertia, and the model has a good prediction effect and provides certain reference for the identification of other plants.

Cloning and expression of SmDXS2 gene in Swertia mussotii / 中国中药杂志

1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase2(DXS2) is the first key enzyme of the MEP pathway,which plays an important role in terpene biosynthesis of plants. According to the data of Swertia mussotii transcriptome, DXS2 gene(Gen Bank number MH535905) was cloned and named as Sm DXS2. The bioinformatics results showed that Sm DXS2 has no intron,with a 2 145 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 714 amino acids. They are belonging to 20 kinds of amino acids,and the most abundant amino acids include Ala,Gly and Trp. The predicted protein molecular weight was 76. 91 k Da and its theoretical isoelectric point(p I) was6. 5,which belonging to a hydrophilic protein. α-Helix and loop were the major motifs of predicted secondary structure of DXS2. The three function domains are TPP＿superfamily,Transket＿pyr＿ superfamily and Transketolase＿C superfamily,respectively. The Sm DXS2 protein shared high identity with other DXS2 proteins of plants. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Sm DXS2 protein is grouped with the gentian DXS2 protein. The recombinant protein of Sm DXS2 gene in Escherichia coli was approximately 92. 00 k Da(containing sumo-His tag protein 13 k Da),which was consistent with the anticipated size.This work will provide a foundation for further functional research of Sm DXS2 protein and increasing the product of iridoid compound by genetic engineering in S. mussotii.

Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of 3 Basic Plants of Tibetan Medicine “Dida”Based on ISSR Technology / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the phylogenetic relationships of 3 basic plants of Tibetan medicine “Dida”， such as Swertia puricea， Wertia mileensis， Halenia elliptica. METHODS： ISSR technology was used for PCR amplification of 9 samples of S. puricea （ZT-1 to ZT-5 from Gantongsi in Dali Cangshan， ZC-1 to ZC-4 from Binchuan county of Dali）， 2 samples of W. mileensis （QYD-1 to QYD-2） and 2 samples of H. elliptica （HM-1 to HM-2）. Using DNA genome of S. puricea as template， 8 primers were screened and used for PCR reaction. The PCR amplification products were read by hand， the original data matrix was established， and the polymorphic band ratio was calculated. At the same time， genetic similarity coefficient was calculated by using NTSYS 2.1 software， and UPGMA method was used to draw cluster diagram. RESULTS： A total of 113 clear and identifiable amplification product bands were obtained by 8 ISSR primers. The rate of polymorphic site was 100％. The genetic similarity coefficients for totally 13 samples of S. puricea， W. mileensis and H. elliptica ranged 0.301-0.500. Intraspecific genetic similarity coefficients for 9 samples of S. puricea ranged from 0.752 to 0.929. The cluster analysis showed， when the range line was 0.410， 13 samples could be divided into three groups， i.e. S. puricea， W. mileensis， H. elliptica； when the range line was 0.780， 9 samples of S. purpurea could be divided into 2 subgroups， one of which was only sample ZT-1 collected from Gantongsi in Cangshan， and the other contained the remaining 8 samples. CONCLUSIONS： ISSR technology can be used to identify S. punicea， S. glabra and H. elliptica at the molecular level. S. punicea has some genetic relationship with S. glabra and H. elliptica， but the genetic relationship is relatively distant and the genetic difference is large. S. punicea from two different locations in Dali area has little genetic difference and close relationship， but it shows abundant genetic diversity.

Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of SmMK gene in Swertia mussotii / 中草药

Objective: In order to identify the function of the mevalonate kinase (MK) which is a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway (MVA) in Swertia mussotii, and to improve the study of MVA in S. mussotii. Methods: According to the SmMK gene sequence of transcriptome of S. mussotii, the specific primers were designed, the cDNA complete sequences was obtained by RT-PCR and the sequence was analyzed using bioinformatics. Prokaryotic expression vector MBP-SmMK was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) for expression. Results: The results showed that SmMK cDNA complete sequences had a length of 1 164 bp encoding 387 amino acid residues. The SmMK protein shared high identity with other MK proteins of plants. And the protein signal peptide, transmembrane region, location, secondary, and tertiary structures were analyzed and forecasted. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the expressed proteins were consistent with the anticipated size, which was 40 970. Conclusion: This work will provide a foundation for research the SmMK protein functional and study MCA in S. mussotii. At the same time, it will supply the basis to improve the production of the isoprenoids.

Chemical constituents from ethyl acetate fraction of Swertia davidii / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from Swertia davidii. Methods: The chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction from the whole plants of S. davidii (Gentianaceae) were investigated by various chromatographic methods including silica gel, ODS, semi-preparative HPLC and so on. Their structures were identified on the basis of NMR spectral data analysis and comparisons with the data reported in literatures. Results: Seventeen known compounds were separated and purified from the ethyl acetate fraction of this plant, which were identified as gentiocrucine (1), gentiocrucine A (2), gentiocrucine B (3), junipediol A (4), 1-hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone (5), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (6), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxyxanthone (7), 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (8), swertianolin (9), deacetylcentapicrin (10), amarogentin (11), amaroswerin (12), swertiamarin (13), gentiopicroside (14), oleanolic acid (15), daucosterol (16), and β-sitosterol (17). Conclusion: Compounds 1-6, 10, 12, 16, and 17 are isolated from S. davidii for the first time.

Taxonomic identification of Tibetan herb Bawo Sebo and its chloroplast genome structure / 药学学报

As a common Tibetan herb, Bawo Sebo was mainly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and urarthritis in Traditional Tibetan medicine. Based on our ethnobotanical survey, the origin of the herb was determined as Swertia verticillifolia T. N. Ho et S. W. Liu (Gentianaceae), endemic to the region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The diagnostic characters:perennial; stem leaves in whorls; corolla campanulate, yellow-green, 4-lobed; nectary 1 per corolla lobe, naked. Also, its complete chloroplast (cp) genome was sequenced. It is 151 682 bp in length, including a large single copy (LSC) region of 82 623 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18 335 bp and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25 362 bp. It contains 129 unique genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs. This study provides information for understanding the diversity of Swertia cp genomes, and the alpine species identification, conservation and molecular phylogenetic researches of Swertia and Gentianaceae.

Metabolic profile and β-glucuronidase inhibitory property of three species of Swertia

ABSTRACT β-Glucuronidase inhibitors are suggested as potential hepatoprotective agents. Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B. Clarke, Gentianaceae, is known for its hepatoprotective and anti-hepatotoxic activity in Ayurvedic system of medicine for ages. This plant is substituted by other species like S. decussata Nimmo ex C.B. Clarke and S. bimaculata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hook. f. & Thomson ex C.B. Clarke. The aim of the study was to compare metabolite profile and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity of these three important species of Swertia and to identify the active constituents. S. chirayita (IC50 210.97 µg/ml) and S. decussata (IC50 269.7 µg/ml) showed β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity significantly higher than that of silymarin, the known inhibitor of the enzyme. The activity of S. bimaculata was low. The metabolites present in the three species were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS based metabolomics approach. Five amino acids, twenty one organic acids, one inorganic acid, eight fatty acids, twenty one phenols including xanthones, eight sugars, seven sugar alcohols, five terpenoids and amarogentin were identified. Activities of the xanthones mangiferin (IC50 16.06 µg/ml), swerchirin (IC50 162.84 µg/ml), decussatin (IC50 195.11 µg/ml), 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone (IC50 245.97 µg/ml), bellidifolin (IC50 390.26 µg/ml) were significantly higher than that of silymarin (IC50 794.62 µg/ml). Quinic acid (IC50 2.91 mg/ml), O-acetylsalicylic acid (IC50 48.4 mg/ml), citric acid (IC50 1.77 mg/ml), D-malic acid (IC50 14.82 mg/ml) and succinic acid (IC50 38.86 mg/ml) also inhibited the enzyme β-glucuronidase. The findings suggest that constituents, in addition to the xanthones, probably also contribute to the bioactivity of different Swertia species by synergistic effect. Further in vivo study is required to support the claim.

Analysis on chemical constituents from Swertia mileensis by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS / 中草药

Objective: To analyze and identify the chemical constituents from Swertia mileensis by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS. Methods: The analysis was performed on an Acquity HSS T3 reverse phase column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, and was used for gradient elution, with the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Mass spectrometry was applied for the qualitative analysis under positive and negative ion modes and ESI ion source. Data was analyzed by Masslynx 4.1 software, SciFinder database, literatures, and standards. Results: Twenty-eight compounds, including 7 iridoids, 14 xanthones, 3 flavonoids, 2 triterpenes, and 2 phenols were identified from S. mileensis. Among them, vogeloside, 8-O-β-D- glueopyranosyl-(l→6)-β-D-glueopyranosyl-l,7-dihydroxy-3-ethoxyxanthone, 3-O-demethylswertipunicoside, and sweriyunnanlactone A were reported from this species for the first time. Conclusion: Using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS method the main chemical constituents from S. mileensis can be rapidly and accurately identified, which provides a new strategy for its quality control as well as a reference for clarifying the material basis of its efficacy.

Cloning and expression of geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene in Swertia mussotii / 中草药

Objective: To clone the geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene from Swertia mussotii (SmGPPS), analyze the bioinformation of SmGPPS, and perform the gene expression. Methods: According to the SmGPPS gene sequence of transcriptome of S. mussotii, the specific primers were designed, the cDNA complete sequences was obtained by RT-PCR and the sequence was analyzed using bioinformatics. Prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a-SmGPPS was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL-21 (DE3) for expression under 37℃ and induced by 1 mmol/L IPTG. The relative expression of gene SmGPPS in the leaf, stem, and flower of S. mussotii was also studied. Results: The results showed that SmGPPS cDNA complete sequences had a length of 1 119 bp encoding 372 amino acid residues. And the protein secondary and tertiary structures were analyzed and forecasted. The SmGPPS protein shared high identity with other GPPS proteins of plants. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the expressed proteins were consistent with the anticipated size. Relative RT-PCR analysis indicated that SmGPPS showed the highest transcript abundance in the leaf. Conclusion: This work will provide a foundation for further functional research of SmGPPS protein and increasing the product of iridoid compound by genetic engineering in S. mussotii.

Chemical constituents of xanthone in Swertia kingii / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Swertia kingii. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 chromatographies. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectrometric data. Results: Ten compounds obtained from this plant were identified as demethylbellidifolin (1), β-sitosterol (2), 1,3,7-trihydro-xanthone (3), swertianolin (4), 1,3,7-trihydrox-8-methoxy-xanthone (5), 1,5,8- trihydroxy-3-methoxy-xanthone (6), 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-xanthone (8), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy-xanthone (9), and 1,2,6,8-tetrahydroxy-xanthone (10). Conclusion: Except for compound 2, the other compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

UPLC fingerprint for three species of folk medicine in Swertia L / 中草药

Objective: To accelerate the development of nation medicine, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with content analysis of index compound, cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate and discriminate three kinds of national folk medicinal plants, Swertia davidi, S. punicea, and S. angustifolia. Methods: The chromatograms of 27 samples from three kinds of Swertia L. were collected. The chromatograms were imported in Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chinese Materia Medica 2004A to obtain data retention time and peak area of samples. Three sets of samples of similarity were analyzed. The peak area data were imported in SPSS and SIMCA-P+ software for cluster analysis and principal component analysis, dendrogram and principal component scores were obtained, and the clustering effect was observed. Results: The line relationship of this way was good (R2 > 0.9993), with high precision instrument (RSD of 0.19%-2.45%), the method had good reproducibility (RSD of 0-1.77%), recovery was between 95.8% and 102.3% (RSD of 0.45%-2.81%). Three kinds of Swertia L. medicinal plants were different in the contents of index compounds, and the contents of index compounds in the same species were different. Swertiamarin: S. davidi (0.54-10.05 mg/g), S. angustifolia (undetectable), S. punicea (1.76-15.62 mg/g); gentiopicroside: S. davidi (4.27-11.18 mg/g), S. angustifolia (0.26-3.58 mg/g), S. punicea (1.13-16.11 mg/g); sweroside: S. davidi (0.02-0.28 mg/g), S. angustifolia (0.02-0.14 mg/g), S. punicea (0.11-44.52 mg/g); mangiferin: S. davidi (0.14-0.55 mg/g), S. angustifolia (0.03-0.04 mg/g), S. punicea (0.01-13.49 mg/g). The accuracy of dendrogram classification was 85.2%. The contents of index compounds of three false anomalies were less than the remaining nine samples of S. punicea. The effect of discrimination by PCA scores plot of three Swertia L. plants was good, and S. punicea with dispersive distribution indicated that the individuals were significant difference. Conclusion: The method to evaluate and discriminate three Swertia L. medicinal plants is feasible by UPLC combined with analysis of index compound HCA and PCA. In this article, S. punicea is more valuable compared S. davidi and S. angustifolia.

Application progress of molecular markers in research in plants of Swertia L / 中草药

Swertia L. plants distributed widely in China, and favored with its outstanding medicinal value by the researchers. Molecular marker technology has been developing rapidly in recent years, as a kind of effective modern method. It was used widely in various fields of medicinal plants. The application status of the molecular markers including RAPD, SSR, ISSR and DNA barcoding on somatic hybridization, genetic diversity study, germplasm resources identification and phylogenetic analysis of Swertia L. were systematically reviewed in this paper for the first time, to provide reference for studies on Swertia L. and plants in other genus.

Chemical constituents from Tibetan medicine Swertia chirayita / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of Swertia chirayita. Methods: Column chromatography, such as silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 were used to isolate and purify the compounds. Physicochemical properties and spectroscopic methods were used to elucidate their structures. Results: Twelve compounds, including 2 xanthones, 4 triterpenoids, 3 secoiridoids, and 3 other compounds, the chemical constituents were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction from 85% ethanol extract of S. chirayita, and identified as bellidifolin (1), norbellidifolin (2), oleanolic acid (3), 4-epi-hederagenin (4), 2-epi-corosolic acid (5), ursolic acid (6), amarogentin (7), swerimilegenin I (8), erythrocentaurin (9), pyrocatechol (10), syringic acid (11), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (12). Conclusion: Compounds 4, 5, and 11 are isolated from genus Swertia for the first time, compounds 8 and 9 are found from S. chirayita for the first time.

Chemical constituents from petroleum ether fraction of Swertia chirayita and their activities in vitro / 中国中药杂志

The present work is to study the chemical constituents from petroleum ether fraction of Tibetan medicine Swertia chirayita by column chromatography and recrystallization. The structures were identified by physical and chemical properties and spectral data as swerchirin (1), decussatin (2), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxy-3,5,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone (4), bellidifolin (5), 1-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (6), methylswertianin (7), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (8), erythrodiol (9), oleanolic acid (10), gnetiolactone (11), scopoletin (12), sinapaldehyde (13), syringaldehyde (14), and β-sitosterol (15). Compounds 3, 4, 9, 11-14 were isolated from S. chirayita for the first time. Compounds 9 and 12 were firstly isolated from the genus Swertia. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8 against human pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and BxPC-3,and the protective effects of these compounds against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human endothelium-derived EA.hy926 were investigated in vitro. The results showed no obvious effect at the high concentration of 50 μmol•L⁻¹.

Application of remote sensing and GIS in study of suitability distribution of Swertia mussotii, a Tibetan medicine in Sichuan province / 中国中药杂志

Swertia mussotii is a kind of rare medicinal materials, the relevant researches are mainly concentrated on its medicinal efficacy and medicinal value till now, researches of adaptive distribution by applying remote sensing and GIS are relatively less. This study is to analyze the adaptive distribution of S.mussotii in Sichuan province by applying remote sensing and GIS technology, and provide scientific basis for the protection and development of wild resources, artificial cultivation and adjustment of Chinese medicine industrial distribution in Sichuan province. Based on literature review and ecological factors such as altitude, annual precipitation and annual average temperature, this study extracted ecological factors, overlay analysis in GIS, as well as combining GPS field validation data by means of remote sensing and GIS, discusses the adaptive distribution of SMF sin Sichuan province. ①The area of adaptive distribution of S. mussotii in Sichuan province is 1 543.749 km², mainly in Dege county, Ganzi county, Daofu county, Kangding county, Barkam, Jinchuan county, Xiaojin county, Danba county, Daocheng county, Xiangcheng county, Xinlong county, Aba county, Muli county and other counties and cities, accounts for about 7.25% in total area. ② Combining statistical information and field validation, this study found that S. mussotii adaptive distribution gained by remote sensing and GIS is in conformity with its actual distribution. The study shows that remote sensing and GIS technology are feasible to obtain the S. mussotii adaptive distribution, they can further be applied to studies on adaptive distributions of other rare Chinese medicinal herb.

Fingerprint Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Swertia patens / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the HPLC fingerprint of Swertia patens, the most commonly used substitute of Swertiae Mileensis Herba recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, compare the major chemical constituents between the two kinds of herbs, and provide scientific evidence for their identification and quality control. METHODS: HPLC fingerprint method was used to analyze 12 batches of S. patens and 5 batches of Swertiae Mileensis Herba. Similarity evaluation method and clustering analysis method were introduced to compare the HPLC chromatograms of them. RESULTS: The repetition, stability, and precision of the fingerprint method were good. A total of 13 common peaks were confirmed. The similarities of the chromatograms of 17 batches of Swertia were greater than 0.94. CONCLUSION: Different batches of S. patens and Swertiae Mileensis Herba have high similarity. It is possible for S. patens to take place of Swertiae Mileensis Herba.