Dermatitis cercarial en bañistas del norte de la Patagonia Argentina / Cercarial dermatitis of bathers in northern Argentine Patagonia

La dermatitis cercarial es una enfermedad cutánea, zoonótica y estival, causada por una larva nadadora de trematodes de la familia Schistosomatidae, llamada cercaria. Esta larva penetra accidentalmente la piel de personas que se encuentran en el agua, generando una reacción alérgica que generalmente no se informa en centros de salud, dificultando el registro de su incidencia. Se han informado casos en todo el mundo, incluyendo a la Argentina, aunque los estudios epidemiológicos se han realizado solamente en el Hemisferio Norte. En este trabajo se estudió la epidemiología de la dermatitis cercarial en tres balnearios patagónicos de los lagos Pellegrini, Mari Menuco y Puelo, donde se realizaron encuestas a visitantes durante los veranos de 2012-2013 y 2013-2014. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo, que fueron agrupados en “características personales”, “uso del recurso” y “medidas de prevención”. En el lago Pellegrini fue la sensibilización de la persona incluida en "características personales" el único factor determinante para la ocurrencia de esta zoonosis, mientras que en el lago Mari Menuco la ocurrencia se asoció con el tiempo y la distancia a la costa y el uso de cremas. En el lago Puelo no se registraron casos durante el período de estudio.

The cercarial dermatitis is a zoonotic, summer, skin-disease, caused by a swimming larva (cercaria) of a schistosomatid trematode. This larva accidentally penetrates the skin of people in the water, causing an allergic reaction, which is not always reported in health centers, so it is difficult to determine its incidence. Cases have been registered worldwide, including Argentina, although the epidemiological studies were performed only in the Northern Hemisphere. In this survey the epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis was studied in three Patagonian lakes watering places, Pellegrini, Mari Menuco, and Puelo, where surveys were conducted during summers of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. The risk factors were analyzed and grouped in “personal characteristics”, “use of the recreational resource”, and “prevention measures”. At the Pellegrini Lake, the people´s sensitivity included in "personal characteristics" was the only determining factor for the occurrence of this zoonosis, mean while in Mari Menuco Lake, the bathing time and distance from the coast, and the use of lotions would affect the occurrence of swimmer’s itch. In Puelo Lake, no cases were recorded during the study period.

Swimmer syndrome affecting an entire litter of kittens / Síndrome do filhote nadador em ninhada completa de felinos

Swimmer syndrome is a developmental abnormality characterized by a delay in the ability to walk and move about and is manifested in newborns between 15 and 20 days of age. These animals exhibit constant coxofemoral articulation abduction, and their pelvic limbs move caudally and laterally. This case reports a litter of three crossbreeds kittens (26 days old) with swimmer syndrome. Each animal was treated with physical therapy and shackle bandages that kept their pelvic limbs bent and close to the body. After seven days, all of the animals exhibited normal ambulation, indicating that this treatment had a curative effect on the kittens.

A síndrome do filhote nadador é uma anormalidade do desenvolvimento caracterizada pelo atraso na capacidade de marcha e deslocamento, a qual se manifesta por volta dos 15 a 20 dias de idade. Os animais apresentam a articulação coxofemoral em constante abdução, deslocando os membros pélvicos lateral e caudalmente. Este trabalho relata uma ninhada de três filhotes felinos, sem raça definida, de 26 dias de idade, acometidos por síndrome do filhote nadador, e discute possíveis causas, complicações e tratamentos. Os filhotes foram submetidos à fisioterapia, algemas e bandagens, as quais mantiveram os membros pélvicos flexionados junto ao corpo. Ao final de sete dias, todos os filhotes apresentavam deambulação normal, e o tratamento proposto pode ser considerado curativo para felinos.

AGE-RELATED CHANGE OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN JUNIOR SWIMMERS / 体力科学

This study was intended to clarify factors that contribute to swimming performance, and to determine the extent to which these factors change with respect to junior swimmers' development. Participants were 114 boys and 130 girls, 8-18 years old, who belonged to swimming clubs. They were classified into four groups : 8-10 years, 11-12 years, 13-14 years, and 15-18 years. We selected four factors - body size, muscle strength, flexibility, and stroke efficiency - which are putatively related to swimming performance. Swimming performance was identified as standardized 50 m records. We applied simultaneous analysis of multiple groups to multiple regression models and thereby examined the relationship between those four factors and swimming performance with respect to age and sex.Stroke efficiency was the salient explanatory factor for swimming performance of swimmers of both sexes under 14 years. For the over-15 age group, muscle strength was the most effective parameter in boys, whereas body size was the most influential factor of swimming performance in girls. The influence of swimming career was small. These results suggest that stroke efficiency contributes strongly to the swimming performance in subjects who are less than 14-years-old, but that body size and muscle strength do not. For swimmers over 15-years-old, stroke efficiency was less important, but muscle strength was an important explanatory factor of swimming performance.

Incidência de sintomas, doenças profissionais e doenças do trabalho em nadadores de competição da Cidade de Campinas, São Paulo / Incidence of symptoms and occupational diseases in competitive swimmers from the City of Campinas, São Paulo

A natação no Brasil é um desporto de rendimento, praticado de modo não profissional, sem contratos de trabalho, mantida por incentivos e patrocínios. Ao contrário do que se acredita, não é um esporte inofensivo. Pode causar tanto lesões por movimentos repetitivos, como doenças intrínsecas ao ambiente aquático (otite externa, dermatites, micoses, etc). Visando a apontar a incidência de sintomas, lesões e doenças relacionadas à natação, ocorridas nos últimos dois anos, 33 nadadores de competição da cidade de Campinas responderam a questionários. Tinham idade média de 17 ± 2 anos (s14 a 21 anos), pesavam e mediam 54,6 ± 6,1 kg e 1,65 ± 0,04 m (sexo feminino), respectivamente, e 69 ± 7,7 kg e 1,78 ± 0,07 m (sexo masculino, equivalente a 57,6%) e nadavam semanalmente 35,8 ± 5,8 km. As principais queixas de dores foram: ombro (82%), coluna (52%), ouvido (36%) e joelho (33%). Em relação a doenças, 88% dos nadadores relataram casos de resfriado, seguido por gripe (61%), sinusite (27%), micose (15%), bronquite (12%) e conjuntivite (6%). Outras ocorrências foram: torções (12,1%) e tendinites (27,3%).

Swimming in Brazil is considered a productive sport, practiced in a non-professional way, where there is no job contract. It is supported by material encouragement and sponsorship. Contrary to believed, swimming is not inoffensive. It can cause repetitive movement injuries as well as diseases due to water exposition (external otitis, dermatitis, mycoses, etc). Aiming to point the incidence of symptoms, lesions and diseases related to swimming, occurred in the last two years, 33 competitive swimmers from the city of Campinas answered to questionnaires. They had average age of 17 ± 2 years-old (14 to 21 years-old), weighted and were 54,6 ± 6,1 kg and 1,65 ± 0,04 m tall (females), respectively, and 69 ± 7,7 kg and 1,78 ± 0,07 m tall (males, corresponding to 57,6%) and swam weekly 35,8 ± 5,8 km. The main painful complaints were: shoulder (82%), spinal column (52%), ear (36%) and knee (33%). Related to illness, 88% swimmers pointed cases of cold, followed by influenza (61%), sinusitis (27%), mycoses (15%), bronchitis (12%) and conjunctivitis (6%). Other occurrences were: sprains (12,1%) and tendinitis (27,3%).

Study on the changes of heart beat and arterial blood pressure in athlete-swimmers with ages of 8-14 after exercise test

The study was carried out in 30 athlete -swimmer and 30 pupils as control group. after exercise test, the changes of heart rate and artery blood pressure in the athlete -swimmers reached good reaction during strenuous muscle activity.-There was no significant difference in heart rate in comparision with control group.- There were marked increase in the systolic pressure. Significant increase in the diastolic and differential pressure after 6 months, and 9 months of swimtraining in comparision with control group. The changes of heart rate and artery blood pressure after exercise test in the male and female athlete-swimmers were the same.

Comparison of the front crawl leg kick and arm stroke characteristics of male age-group and college swimmers / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses, stroke rate and stroke length of front crawl leg kick and arm stroke of age-group and college swimmers and to elucidate the characteristics of male age-group swimmers, which have not been highlighted adequately. The subjects were ten 11.8-to 12.4-year-old well-trained male elementary school swimmers (group E) and nine 20.1-to 21.1-year-old well-trained male college swimmers (group C) . All the subjects were categorized into similar swimming levels for their ages. All the experiments were performed in a swimming flume (AQUAGYM made by IHI) . The water velocities during leg kicking and arm stroking were 60 and 70%, respectively, of the maximal velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (Vmax) . The oxygen uptake (VO<SUB>2</SUB>), heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (V<SUB>E</SUB>), tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR) and blood lactate (BL) level of each group were significantly higher during leg kicking than arm stroking at both velocities. VO2, V<SUB>E</SUB>; and TV were significantly higher in group C than group E during leg kicking and arm stroking at both velocities, but HR, RR and BL did not differ significantly. The leg kick to arm stroke VO<SUB>2</SUB> ratio at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group E than group C. The stroke rate at the same velocity was significantly lower and the stroke length was significantly higher in group C than group E, but the kick rate and length did not differ significantly. VO<SUB>2</SUB>·SR<SUP>-1</SUP> and VO<SUB>2</SUB> KR<SUP>-1</SUP> at both velocities were significantly higher in group C than group E. VO<SUB>2</SUB> Wt<SUP>-1</SUP> SR<SUP>-1</SUP> at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group C than group E, but VO<SUB>2</SUB> Wt<SUP>-1</SUP> KR<SUP>-1</SUP> at both velocities was significantly lower in group C than group E. These results clarified the differences between group E and group C, which must be considered carefully when designing a training program for age-group swimmers.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN WELL-TRAINED YOUNG SWIMMERS / 体力科学

Well-trained young swimmers seem to have different physical characteristics as compared with non-athletes of the same age group. The purpose of this study was to determine physical characteristics of well-trained young competitive swimmers from a standpoint of differences in training, sex, and growth and development. A total of 47 boy and girl swimmers and 124 untrained boys and girls were selected as subjects.<BR>All swimmers began to swim regularly in an elementary school age and continued hard swimming training for at least 2 years. A battery of 53 parameters representing each physical domain such as physique, muscular strength, flexibility, neuromuscular function, cardio-respiratory function, were selected to examine subject's physical characteristics. The following results were found : boy swimmers have less body fat, superior physique, mascular strength, flexibility, agility, and also superior cardio-respiratory function as compared with untrained boys. Also girl swimmers have almost the same physical characteristics except for physique and general static strength. Boy swimmers possess larger stature and bone width, and superior muscular strength and cardio-respiratory function as compared with girl swimmers. A similar sex difference is found in non-athletes. High school swimmers have more solid body mass, and superior dynamic and static strength, relating to an achievement of swimming speed, than junior high school swimmers.

Comparison of the vascular reaction to cold of the finger among groups of swimmers, track and field athletes, gymnasts and non-athletes / 体力科学

The difference in vascular reaction to cold among 5 groups of 17 swimmers with experience of 3 years or longer, 13 swimmers with experience of 2 years or less, 12 track and field athletes, 7 gymnasts and 9 non-athletes were studied. Four components which are useful indexes of cold tolerance showed statistically significant differences among 5 groups. From test results of linear comparison between each group, it was determined that athletes compared with non-athletes, and swimmers with other athletes possess better cold tolerance. But there was no significant difference between swimmers with different types in swimming experience years or between outdoor-and indoor-athletes.

Physical characteristics on well-trained young swimmers / 体力科学

Well-trained young swimmers seem to have different physical characteristics as compared with non-athletes of the same age group. The purpose of this study was to determine physical characteristics of well-trained young competitive swimmers from a standpoint of differences in training, sex, and growth and development. A total of 47 boy and girl swimmers and 124 untrained boys and girls were selected as subjects.<BR>All swimmers began to swim regularly in an elementary school age and continued hard swimming training for at least 2 years. A battery of 53 parameters representing each physical domain such as physique, muscular strength, flexibility, neuromuscular function, cardio-respiratory function, were selected to examine subject's physical characteristics. The following results were found : boy swimmers have less body fat, superior physique, mascular strength, flexibility, agility, and also superior cardio-respiratory function as compared with untrained boys. Also girl swimmers have almost the same physical characteristics except for physique and general static strength. Boy swimmers possess larger stature and bone width, and superior muscular strength and cardio-respiratory function as compared with girl swimmers. A similar sex difference is found in non-athletes. High school swimmers have more solid body mass, and superior dynamic and static strength, relating to an achievement of swimming speed, than junior high school swimmers.

Effects of Intensive Training on Electrocardiograms and Exercisc Performance in Competitive Swimmers: Including Differences between Swimmers and Non-Swimmers

In the study of electrocardigrams(ECG's) and exercise performance of competitive swimmers, we compared the resting electrocardiographic findings, maximal exercise time and heart rate determined by treadmill exercise test between swimmers and controls. in addition, the effects of an intensive training of 7~9 weeks duration on these parameters were also studied in the swimmers. The study groups consisted of 22 female competitive swimmers with mean age and career of 15.2 and 5.7 years, respectively and 22 matched controls. In the swimmers, the incidence of sinus bradycardial was higher and mean heart rate was lower than those in controls. In a few case of the swimmers, ECG's before the intensive training revealed the first degree heart block, ectopic atrial rhythm and high voltage, but there was no significant changes in the incidences of these findings after the training. In the swimmers before training, maximal exercise time was longer and maximal heart rate was lower than those in the controls, as expected, and the intensive training induced slight but significant changes of the same directions in these parameters compared with those before the training. These facts suggest that in the well-trained competitive swimmers, a short period of intensive training induces no significant changes in ECG's at rest but may prolong exercise time and decrease maximal heart rate.