Cold and Heat in Acute Coronary Syndrome： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Cold and heat belong to the eight-principal syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine， which can reflect the rise and fall of Yin and Yang in the body and the Yin and Yang nature of the disease. At present， traditional Chinese medicine has an inconsistent understanding of cold and heat in acute coronary syndrome. The emphasis on pathogenic factors of cold and heat is biased， and the elements of cold and heat syndrome are not fully reflected in the scale. Therefore， the literature has been reviewed from the perspectives of etiology， pathogenesis， symptom elements， and test signs with drugs. From the perspective of etiology， both cold evil and heat evil can increase the risk of acute coronary syndrome. It was previously believed that acute coronary syndrome occurs frequently in cold climates such as winter and spring. Based on this understanding， hot weather can also induce acute coronary syndrome， and different temperatures have different effects on patients of different ages and with different underlying diseases. In addition， artificial pathogenic factors such as excessive consumption of cold food and refrigeration air conditioners were added. From the perspective of pathogenesis， on the basis of the traditional ''asthenia in origin and asthenia in superficiality'' and ''phlegm stagnation''， it is found that Yin-cold and fire-heat can both cause paralysis of the heart chakra and pain induced by the blockage. The pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome characterized by heat stagnation and coldness featuring heartburn should be distinguished from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Moreover， the pathogenesis of Yin cold coagulation and pulse stagnation and wind obstruction are different. The acute coronary syndrome is in line with the wind characteristics of frequent changes and can be treated with wind medicine. From the perspective of syndrome elements， the syndrome elements such as cold condensation， heat accumulation， and toxicity are analyzed， and the use of basic syndrome elements and their combination forms facilitates clinical and scientific research. In addition， according to the test sign with the drug， it can be seen that the attributes of cold and heat of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for acute coronary syndrome can be explained according to the temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential （TRP） ion channel， thus proving the pathogenesis of cold and heat of acute coronary syndrome.

Construction of Knowledge Graph Based on Literature Data by Taking Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy with Traditional Chinese Medicine as An Example / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo systematically sort out the knowledge framework and conceptual logic relationship of "disease-syndrome-treatment-prescription-medicine" in the existing literature on traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy（DPN）， to construct of the knowledge map of TCM treatment of DPN， and to promote the explicitation of the implicit knowledge in the literature on the treatment of DPN with TCM. MethodTaking the literature of China National Knowledge Infrastructure about TCM treatment of DPN as the main data source， TCM-related concepts and entities were constructed by manual citation， and the corresponding relationships between the entities were established. Structured data were formed by processing with Python 3.7， and the knowledge graph was constructed based on Neo4j 3.5.34 graph database. ResultThe resulting knowledge graph with TCM diagnosis and treatment logic， defined 12 node labels such as prescriptions， Chinese medicines and syndrome types at the schema layer， as well as 4 types of relationships， such as inclusion， correspondence， selection and composition. It could support the query and discovery of nodes（syndrome elements， syndrome types and treatment methods）， as well as the relationship between each node. ConclusionBased on the literature data， this study constructed a knowledge map for TCM treatment of DPN， which brought together various methods of TCM treatment of DPN， including internal and external treatment. The whole chain knowledge structure of syndrome differentiation and classification for DPN treatment is formed from syndrome element analysis， syndrome type composition to treatment method selection， which can provide new ideas and methods for literature data to serve clinical and scientific research work， as well as reference for visualization of TCM literature knowledge， intellectualization of TCM knowledge services and the standardization of TCM diagnosis and treatment.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes in Depressive Episodes of Bipolar Disorder Based on Cluster Analysis and Bayesian Network：A Cross-sectional Study / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the elements， distribution and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes in depressive episodes of bipolar disorder （BD）. MethodsBasic information， along with the four examination information， the Hamilton Depression Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale scores， were collected from 293 outpatients with BD at Beijing Anding Hospital， Capital Medical University. The four examination information with an occurrence rate greater than 12% were retained. The R language “dist” function was used to calculate the distances between samples using the Euclidean distance method. The hierarchical clustering of the four examination information was performed using the “hclust” function and the squared Euclidean distance method. A team of five researchers was formed to determine the nature and location of the essential elements of TCM syndrome in BD based on the clustering results. The PC algorithm was used to construct a Bayesian network model of the essential elements. The working group combined the essential elements of TCM syndromes in the Bayesian network according to the reference model results， and then extracted common TCM syndromes. The score of each patient based on the essential elements was matched with the common TCM syndromes to determine the syndrome type of each patient. The working group then performs conformity and revision based on this， obtaining the final distribution of TCM syndromes for the patients. ResultsThere were 77 common TCM symptoms in BD with a frequency greater than 12%. The top 15 symptoms with higher frequencies were slippery pulse， mental fatigue and lack of strength， wiry pulse， excessive rumination， preference for solitude， vexation， agitation and irritability， dry mouth， palpitations， profuse dreaming， unwarranted worries， chest oppression， thin white coating， amnesia， frequent sighing， and poor appetite. TCM syndrome elements of BD can be grouped into 11 categories. The nature of disease-related essential elements included fire， qi deficiency， blood deficiency， qi counterflow， yin deficiency， dampness， heat， fire from constraint， and phlegm. The location of disease-related essential elements included heart， liver， spleen， stomach， kidney， bladder channel， and gallbladder. By constructing a Bayesian network model and considering the opinions from the experts， six common syndromes of BD were identified， among which the highest proportion was heart-stomach heat accumulation， accounting for 27.99% （82 cases）， followed by heart-spleen deficiency （55 cases， 18.77%）， non-interaction between the heart and the kidney （49 cases， 16.72%）， liver constraint and blood deficiency （42 cases， 14.33%）， heart qi deficiency （37 cases， 12.63%）， and damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder （28 cases， 9.56%）. ConclusionsThe nature of disease-related elements of BD are predominantly fire and heat， while the location of disease-related essential elements are primarily associated with the heart， liver， and spleen. The most common TCM syndromes are heart-stomach heat accumulation and heart-spleen deficiency.

Application of Animal Models of Corneal Neovascularization Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the establishment of an ideal corneal neovascularization （CNV） animal model by summarizing the modeling characteristics of CNV animal models. MethodWith "CVN" as the theme word， this paper searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang， Chinese medical journals full-text database， and PubMed database and screened out relevant literature on CNV animal experiments from 2013 to 2023. The database was established by Excel 2021， and the experimental animal strain， gender， modeling method， detection index， and application category were sorted out. The characteristics of the CNV animal model were analyzed. ResultAfter comparative analysis， it was found that the animal strains were Sprague-Dawley rats （87 times， 29.49%） and New Zealand white rabbits （52 times， 17.63%）. Male animals were recommended. Most modeling methods for efficacy verification and mechanism studies were the alkali burn method. Index detection methods included apparent index observation， histopathological detection， immunohistochemistry （IHC）， Western blot， and various polymerase chain reaction （PCR） tests. Detection indexes included apparent indication， corneal histopathology， CNV regulation， etc. ConclusionThe CNV model of SD rats induced by the alkali burn method is recommended for model replication， and the indexes are mainly selected from the growth of CNV， corneal histopathological test， and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）-related test. In addition， according to the demand， the corneal apparent indication and the basic indexes related to the regulation of CNV， such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2）， basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）， and secretogranin Ⅲ （Scg3） are also selected. Clinical treatment of CNV relies on anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-VEGF drugs， and there is a lack of application of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， so the model needs to be improved by adding elements of TCM syndromes.

Study on Syndrome Research of Ischemic Stroke Combined with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-hypopnea Syndrome Based on Implicit Structure Method / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the common syndrome elements of cerebral ischemic stroke （CIS） complicated with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS）， reveal the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes of the disease， clarify the syndrome differentiation and syndrome types， provide evidence for clinical syndrome differentiation， and provide reference for establishing the TCM syndrome type standards of CIS complicated with OSAHS. MethodThe clinical information form of CIS complicated with OSAHS formulated by the research group was used for syndrome survey， and the four-examination information of 300 patients with CIS complicated with OSAHS was collected. The four-examination information of patients was analyzed by latent structure method and comprehensive cluster analysis， and the common syndrome elements of CIS complicated with OSAHS were extracted by combining the TCM basic theory and clinical experience. On this basis， the characteristics of TCM syndromes and the syndrome types in line with reality were summarized. ResultThe top five syndrome elements in patients with CIS and OSAHS are sleep snoring， open mouth breathing， physical obesity， night awakening and dizziness. The top five tongue and pulse manifestations are enlarged tongue， slippery pulse， slippery coating， thick and white coating and purple tongue. The disease locations are the lung， spleen， stomach， kidney， liver and brain. The nature of disease includes deficiency， depression， blood stasis， phlegm， dampness and fire. The clinical syndrome types include the syndrome of stagnation of phlegm and dampness， syndrome of phlegm-dampness blocking the mind， syndrome of spleen deficiency with dampness， syndrome of Yin deficiency leading to fire hyperactivity， syndrome of Qi depression blocking collaterals， syndrome of liver depression and blood stasis， syndrome of Qi deficiency with dampness， and syndrome of Yang deficiency induced water retention. ConclusionIn addition to the common phlegm-， dampness- and blood stasis-related syndromes in patients with CIS and OSAHS， there are also depression- and deficiency-related syndromes. The main etiology and pathogenesis is the disturbance of Qi movement. In clinical practice， attention should be paid to the specific situation of individual patients to differentiate between deficiency and excess， and the treatment should be performed by the method of soothing and reinforcing， or unblocking and clearing， or both.

Construction and Validation of A Predictive Model Including TCM Pathogenic Syndrome for Short-term Efficacy of PD-1 Inhibitors in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To evaluate predictive factors affecting the short-term efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to construct a prediction model. Methods From October 2019 to November 2021, 221 patients with advanced NSCLC who met the inclusion criteria and were treated with PD-1 inhibitors were prospectively enrolled. Patients who were enrolled before May 1st, 2021 were included inthe modeling group (n=149), whereas those who enrolled thereafter were included in the validation group (n=72). The general clinical data of patients, information of the four TCM diagnoses were collected, and TCM syndrome elements were identified. R software version 4.0.4 was used in constructing a nomogram clinical prediction model of objective response rate. The predictive ability and discrimination of the model were evaluated and externally validated by using a validation group. Results After two to four cycles of PD-1 inhibitor therapy in 221 patients, the overall objective response rate was 44.80%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the modeling group showed that the TPS score (OR=0.261, P=0.001), number of treatment lines (OR=3.749, P=0.002), treatment mode (OR=2.796, P=0.019), qi deficiency disease syndrome elements (OR=2.296, P=0.043), and syndrome elements of yin deficiency disease (OR=3.228, P=0.005) were the independent predictors of the short-term efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors. Based on the above five independent predictors, a nomogram prediction model for the short-term efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors was constructed. The AUC values of the modeling and validation groups were 0.8317 and 0.7535, respectively. The calibration curves of the two groups showed good agreement between the predicted and true values. The mean absolute errors were 0.053 and 0.039, indicating that the model has good predictive performance. Conclusion The nomogram model constructed on the basis of the syndrome elements of Qi-deficiency disease and Yin-deficiency syndrome of TCM, as well as TPS score, number of treatment lines and treatment mode, is a stable and effective tool for predicting the short-term efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

A Nomogram model for the early warning of essential hypertension risks based on the principles of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome elements / 数字中医药（英文）

@#[Objective] To construct a Nomogram model for the prediction of essential hypertension (EH) risks with the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome elements principles in conjunction with cutting-edge biochemical detection technologies. [Methods] A case-control study was conducted, involving 301 patients with essential hypertension in the hypertensive group and 314 without in the control group. Comprehensive data, including the information on the four TCM diagnoses, general data, and blood biochemical indicators of participants in both groups, were collected separately for analysis. The differentiation principles of syndrome elements were used to discern the location and nature of hypertension. One-way analysis was carried out to screen for potential risk factors of the disease. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to identify factors that contribute significantly to the model, and eliminate possible collinearity problems. At last, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to both screen and quantify independent risk factors essential for the prediction model. The “rms” package in the R Studio was used to construct the Nomogram model, creating line segments of varying lengths based on the contribution of each risk factor to aid in the prediction of risks of hypertension. For internal model validation, the Bootstrap program package was utilized to perform 1000 repetitions of sampling and generate calibration curves. [Results] The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of EH included age, heart rate (HR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), uric acid (UA) levels, family medical history, sleep patterns (early awakening and light sleep), water intake, and psychological traits (depression and anger). Additionally, TCM syndrome elements such as phlegm, Yin deficiency, and Yang hyperactivity contributed to the risk of EH onset as well. TCM syndrome elements liver, spleen, and kidney were also considered the risk factors of EH. Next, the Nomogram model was constructed using the aforementioned 14 risk predictors, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.868 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 0.840 to 0.895. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were found to be 80.7% and 85.0%, respectively. Internal validation confirmed the model’s robust predictive performance, with aconsistency index (C-index) of 0.879, underscoring the model’s strong predictive ability. [Conclusion] By integrating TCM syndrome elements, the Nomogram model has realized the objective, qualitative, and quantitative selection of early warning factors for developing EH, resulting in the creation of a more comprehensive and precise prediction model for EH risks.

A Retrospective Study on the Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medical Syndromes in 3088 Cases of Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome and the evolution of pathogenesis in different stages of atherosclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarction （ATCI）. MethodsClinical data of 3088 ATCI patients from 8 hospitals in 6 provinces and cities were collected from the hospital information system during January 1， 2015 to December 31， 2019. After staging and counting clinical symptoms， common factors were extracted using the principal component analysis method in factor analysis. Cluster analysis was then carried out on the basis of the factor analysis. The results of the combination of the evidence element identification， cluster analysis and expert discussion were used to discuss the evidence of the different disease stages of atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. ResultsOf the 3088 ATCI patients included， 2290 cases were in the acute phase and 798 in the non-acute phase. Excluding the main symptoms of ischaemic stroke， such as numbness and weakness of limbs， unfavourable movement， unfavourable speech and dizziness， we identified 84 indicators with a frequency ≥5% of the four diagnostic information variables. Of these， 36 indicators were observed in the acute phase and 35 in the non-acute phase. Factor analysis extracted 14 common factors from each phase. We selected factors with a loading coefficient ＞0.3 for evidence determination. These 14 groups of common factors were used as variables for clustering. After clustering， the acute， non-acute phase were each divided into 5 categories. Based on a combination of clinical practice and expert opinion， the symptoms identified in the acute period were syndrome of deficiency of both qi and yin， syndrome of blockade of wind-phlegm-static blood （36.07%）， syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis （20.74%）， syndrome of upward disturbance of wind-fire （15.15%）， syndrome of stirring wind due to yin deficiency （9.43%）， and syndrome of spleen deficiency and liver hyperactivity （3.80%）. In the non-acute phase， the symptoms were qi and yin deficiency with syndrome of qi stagnation and blood stasis （45.49%）， syndrome of deficiency of both qi and yin （20.05%）， syndrome of qi stagnation and blood stasis （16.42%）， spleen-kidney deficiency syndrome （8.52%）， and syndrome of hyperactivity of liver yang （4.89%）. ConclusionThe acute phase of AICI is mainly characterized by blood stasis， fire， internal wind， hyperactivity of yang， qi deficiency and yin deficiency， while the non-acute phase is characterized by yin deficiency， qi deficiency， blood stasis and qi stagnation. The main pathomechanism of ATCI involves deficiency of qi and yin， as well as obstruction of the channels by phlegm and blood stasis， and the fundamental pathomechanism is deficiency of qi and yin.

Study on the evolution of TCM syndromes of 171 cases of Kawasaki disease under the intervention of gamma globulin therapy based on factor analysis / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To study the evolution of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes of 171 cases of Kawasaki disease (KD) under the intervention of gamma globulin therapy based on factor analysis.Methods:A cross-sectional study. 171 cases of KD children hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology of Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center from July 2019 to December 2020 were collected. All patients were treated with intravenous gamma globulin (2 g/kg) for 1 week. According to the results of the treatment with C-ball, 171 children with C-ball sensitive KD were selected to collect the four diagnostic data, and the representative syndromes of defensive level, qi level, yin level, and nutritive level were observed. Factor analysis was used to analyze the evolution of syndrome in 171 children with KD c-ball sensitivity.Results:The result of factor analysis showed that the KMO statistics of 171 children with c-ball sensitivity before treatment was 0.792, and Bartley test was significant ( P<0.01). 16 common factors were extracted, and 23 syndromes were screened, mainly including defensive level disorder, qi level disorder,nutritive level disorder,yin level disorder, heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome. One week after treatment, the statistic of KMO test was 0.787, and Bartley test was significant ( P<0.01). 9 common factors were extracted, and 10 syndromes were screened, mainly including qi deficiency syndrome, yin deficiency syndrome and blood stasis syndrome. Conclusion:Before treatment, the TCM syndromes in KD C-cell sensitive children are mainly nutritive level disorder, defensive level disorder, qi level disorder yin level disorder, and heat stagnation and blood stasis syndrome; after treatment, the main TCM syndromes are mainly qi deficiency syndrome, yin deficiency syndrome and blood stasis syndrome.

Evolutionary Law of Syndrome and Syndrome Elements during the Malignant Transformation of Chronic Hepatitis B / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo clarify the evolutionary laws of syndromes and syndrome elements at different stages during the malignant transformation of chronic hepatitis B （CHB）. MethodsA total of 671 patients with hepatitis B virus infection， who were admitted to the outpatient and inpatient departments of Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from July 1st， 2020 to June 30th， 2021， were included， involving 120 cases of CHB， 340 cases of hepatitis B liver cirrhosis （HBLC）， 64 cases of precancerous lesions with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis （PLHC）， and 147 cases of hepatitis B liver cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. A Survey form of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome during malignant transformation of chronic hepatitis B was designed， and the general information， auxiliary examination and the four examinations results were collected. Factor analysis and K-means clustering were used to determine and statistically analyze the syndrome and syndrome elements. ResultsFive traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome types were identified in CHB patients， while there were six TCM syndrome types in HBLC， PLHC and HCC stages. Among CHB patients， the main syndromes were liver constraint and spleen deficiency （53.33%） and liver-gallbladder damp-heat （21.67%）， and the dominant syndrome elements were qi stagnation （27.60%）， heat （17.71%） and qi deficiency （17.71%）. In the HBLC stage， the syndromes were mainly blood stasis obstructing the collaterals （23.83%） and liver constraint and spleen deficiency （22.35%）， with dominant syndrome elements being blood stasis （19.25%）， dampness （17.46%）， and qi deficiency （15.01%）. For the PLHC stage， the primary syndrome types were blood stasis obstructing the collaterals （29.68%） and liver-kidney yin deficiency （20.31%）， and the leading syndrome elements were blood stasis （22.12%）， yin deficiency （15.93%）， and qi deficiency （15.04%）. In the HCC stage， the syndrome was dominated by blood stasis obstructing the collaterals （33.34%） and liver-kidney yin deficiency （19.73%）， with the main syndrome elements being blood stasis （24.52%）， yin deficiency （16.09%）， and qi deficiency （15.33%）. During the progression of CHB to malignancy， there was a gradual decrease in excess syndromes including liver-gallbladder damp-heat and water-dampness internal obstruction from 21.67% to 19.04%. In contrast， deficiency syndromes including liver-kidney yin deficiency and spleen-kidney yang deficiency increased from 15.83% to 31.97%. Additionally， excess syndrome elements including qi stagnation， heat and dampness decreased from 59.89% to 34.48%， while deficiency syndrome elements including qi deficiency， yin deficiency and yang deficiency increased from 32.30% to 41.00%. ConclusionDuring the malignant transformation of CHB， there exists a progression of syndrome and syndrome elements， shifting from qi stagnation， heat and qi deficiency to blood stasis （predominantly excess）， dampness and qi deficiency， and then to blood stasis （predominantly deficiency）， yin deficiency and qi deficiency， characterized by “deficiency-excess complex， and shift from excess to deficiency”.

Prediction Model of Treatment Effect of Anlotinib on Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Combination of Disease and Syndrome Information / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To construct a nomogram prediction model for the treatment effect of anlotinib with the participation of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome elements on the patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) who previously received multiple lines of chemotherapy. Methods The clinical data of 127 patients with ES-SCLC who received at least two cycles of anlotinib treatment were retrospectively studied. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the relationship between each factor and the overall survival time. Cox regression analysis was applied to screen the independent influencing factors of the prognosis of patients with ES-SCLC. R language was employed to build a nomogram prediction model, C-index was used to evaluate the model, and calibration curve was adopted to verify the accuracy of the model. Results Age, PS score, brain metastases, qi deficiency syndrome, yin deficiency syndrome, and blood stasis syndrome were related risk factors for ES-SCLC treated with anlotinib. PS score, brain metastasis, and blood stasis syndrome were independent prognostic factors. On the basis of these three independent influencing factors, a nomogram model was established to predict the prognosis of patients with ES-SCLC treated with anlotinib. The predicted risk was close to the actual risk, showing a high degree of coincidence. Conclusion The nomogram model established with PS score, blood stasis syndrome elements, and brain metastasis as independent factors can predict the prognosis of patients with ES-SCLC receiving second- and third-line treatment of anlotinib.

Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes in 296 Patients with Urolithiasis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics of tradition Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes in patients with urolithiasis. MethodA syndrome questionnaire was developed to collect the general data and four diagnosis information on 296 patients with urolithiasis who were treated from September 2021 to September 2022. Tongue images, pulse images, symptoms, and signs were statistically analyzed, and the characteristics of syndrome were explored by association rule analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. Result① In the distribution of tongue images, the single tongue images with a frequency of more than 20% were white fur, red tongue, thick fur, greasy fur, and yellow fur. In the distribution pf pulse images, the single pulse with the frequency of more than 20% was fine pulse, string pulse, slippery pulse, and sinking pulse. There were 27 symptoms and signs with a frequency of more than 10%. The characteristic symptoms of acute onset such as lumbar and abdominal pain and nausea, frequent urination, hematuria, and poor urination were relatively common, and other symptoms were chill and fever, defecation, and digestion. ② Among the 14 strong association rules, 5 were yang-deficiency and cold-dampness syndromes, 4 were yin-deficiency and heat syndromes, 1 was kidney-deficiency syndrome, and 3 were renal colic with accompanying symptoms. ③ Sixteen common factors were extracted by factor analysis, and the main elements of the disease location were represented by spleen and kidney. The main elements of disease natures were Yin deficiency, Yang deficiency, dampness, and heat, and often mixed with deficiency-excess in complexity. Six syndromes were obtained by cluster analysis, and the represented syndromes were mainly kidney deficiency and dampness and stasis, Qi stagnation and heat accumulation, Yin deficiency and dampness heat, spleen-kidney Yang deficiency, spleen deficiency and dampness, and dampness-heat accumulation. ConclusionThe syndrome manifestations of urolithiasis are chill and fever, defecation, sweating, and digestive tract symptoms. The deficiency syndromes are mainly Yin deficiency, Yang deficiency, kidney deficiency, and spleen deficiency. The excess syndromes are mainly wet and heat. The deficiency and excess syndromes often exist simultaneously. The spleen deficiency is the important pathogenesis of urolithiasis besides the kidney deficiency.

Distribution of Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Syndromes and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention Strategies / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the syndrome characteristics and distribution regularity of patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), in order to guide clinical practice and improve the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine. Method:Inpatients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in line with the diagnostic criteria were selected, and the frequency statistics method was used to analyze the syndrome elements and their frequency degree and distribution characteristics. Result:According to the analysis of syndrome elements and their frequency degree of 263 patients with NSTEMI, the pathogenesis of NSTEMI was mostly deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. As for deficiency in origin, Qi deficiency (171 times, 32.39%) was the most common, which was followed by Yin deficiency (42 times, 7.95%), Yang deficiency (16 times, 3.03%), and blood deficiency (1 times, 0.19%). As for excess in superficiality, blood stasis (129 frequency, 24.4%) and phlegm turbidity (125 frequency, 23.7%) were the most common, which were followed by heat accumulation (42 frequency, 7.95%), water drinking (2 frequency, 0.38%). According to the syndrome diagnosis analysis of the combination of syndrome elements, 220 cases (83.65%) had single syndrome differentiation, 42 cases (15.97%) had two syndromes at the same time, and 1 case (0.38%) had three syndromes at the same time. Among all the syndrome types, Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome (94 cases, 42.7%) was the most common, which were followed by phlegm and blood stasis syndrome (46 cases, 20.9%), Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome (41 cases, 18.6%) and heart and kidney deficiency syndrome (32 cases, 14.6%). And Yang deficiency and water flooding syndrome (6 cases, 2.73%) and heart fire blazing syndrome (1 case, 0.45%) were relatively rare. According to the distribution regularity of syndrome, traditional Chinese medicine therapies were mainly for tonifying vital qi and protecting kidney Qi, with equal emphasis on removing phlegm, eliminating dampness and diuresis, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Conclusion:The pathogenesis of NSTEMI is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. Deficiency in origin is mostly Qi deficiency and Yin deficiency, while excess in superficiality is mostly blood stasis, phlegm and heat accumulation. traditional Chinese medicine therapies are mostly for invigorating Qi and nourishing Yin, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, clearing heat and resolving phlegm.

Literatures on Distribution Features of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes and Syndrome Elements of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Based on Experience of Famous Doctors / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Based on the experience of famous doctors, the pattern of syndromes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the distribution of syndrome elements are defined to provide a basis for guiding clinical practice and scientific research. Method:The name list of famous doctors was defined. Relevant literatures on famous doctors' diagnosis and treatment of BPH between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2018, were systematically retrieved in CNKI, CBM, CQVIP, Wanfang database. According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, relevant literatures were read, and eligible literatures were included. A literature analysis database was established for analysis and integration of relevant content of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndromes and syndrome elements. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistics and analysis of BPH TCM syndrome types and distribution characteristics of syndrome elements. Result:This study included a total of 141 eligible documents, involving 92 famous doctors. Based on the doctors' overall discussion of BPH and medical case examples, common types of BPH syndrome included kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome, bladder dampness syndrome, kidney Yin deficiency syndrome, kidney Yang deficiency Syndrome, liver Qi stagnation syndrome, main symptom factors of disease location included kidney, bladder, spleen, lung, liver, and main symptom factors of disease nature included blood stasis, Qi deficiency, heat, yang deficiency, and dampness. The characteristics of the symptoms in the medical case were collected and summarized, including frequent urinary symptoms, frequent urination, urinary drip, urgency, nocturia, difficulty in urinating, the tongue is mainly light red, red, dark red, and sputum, the tongue coating is mainly yellow, thin white, thin yellow and white greasy, and the pulse is mainly composed of deep, fine, string and slipping. Conclusion:Based on the experience of famous doctors, the core pathogenesis of BPH is deficient in origin and excessive in superficiality, the kidney deficiency is the root cause, the dampness heat is the symptom, and the compound syndrome is common.

Study on Syndrome Elements of Chronic Gastritis Based on Factor Analysis / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the syndrome elements of chronic gastritis; To provide references for syndrome differentiation and treatment of chronic gastritis. Methods Totally 300 patients of chronic gastritis were investigated through a pre-designed scale. Syndrome elements were summarized with factor analysis. Results There were 6 common factors (syndrome elements) picked up by factor analysis. Syndrome elements of disease locations were stomach, spleen, liver, and syndrome elements of disease characteristics were qi deficiency, qi stagnation, blood stasis, stagnated heat, damp obstruction, and dampness-heat, which were consistent with clinical observation. Conclusion It is feasible to apply factor analysis to syndrome elements of chronic gastritis, which can provide references for syndrome differentiation and treatment.

Study on Distribution Features of Syndrome Elements of Postpartum Pelvic Floor Dysfunction / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To explore the distribution and combination rules of TCM syndromes of postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction patients; To interpret its pathogenesis and characteristics of TCM syndromes; To provide evidence for the TCM syndrome standardization study of the disease. Methods Totally 262 cases of postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction patients were included as the research objects. The distribution and combination rules of syndrome elements were analyzed by using the method of syndrome elements differentiation. Results The common syndrome elements of disease locations of postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction were kidney, uterus, mind and liver; the common syndrome elements of disease nature were insecurity of qi, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, yang deficiency and qi collapse. Usual form was two-viscera and three-viscera combination; the majority of combination were kidney+mind and kidney+uterus. The most common combination form of disease location and nature was kidney+mind+insecurity of qi. Moreover, there were other syndromes related to kidney, including kidney qi deficiency, kidney yang deficiency, dual vacuity of kidney yang and qi, kidney yin deficiency were associated with kidney syndromes; liver depression and qi stagnation was associated with liver; liver and kidney yin deficiency was associated with liver and kidney. Conclusion Kidney is the primary disease location of postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction, which also involves uterus, mind and liver. The main disease nature is deficiency, and insecurity of qi is the important pathology characteristic of this disease.

Correlation of Traditional Chinese Medical Syndrome Elements with Plasma Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Platelet-derived Growth Factor in Early Liver Cirrhosis Induced by Type B Hepatitis / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To explore the correlation of traditional Chinese medical syndrome elements with plasma connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF) and platelet-derived growth factor ( PDGF) in early liver cirrhosis induced by type B hepatitis. Methods The distribution of traditional Chinese medical syndrome elements in early liver cirrhosis induced by type B hepatitis was analyzed, plasma contents of CTGF and PDGF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) , and the correlation of syndrome elements with CTGF and PDGF was discriminated. Results ( 1) The distribution of traditional Chinese medical syndrome elements in early liver cirrhosis induced by type B hepatitis showed as follows: the syndrome elements involved the viscera of liver and spleen, and the pathogenesis was characterized as dampness, heat, qi stagnation, and yin deficiency. ( 2) CTGF was closely related with spleen, gallbladder and dampness, with OR value being 1.598, 1.567, 2.797, respectively. PDGF was closely related with heat, with OR value being 1.134. Conclusion Early liver cirrhosis induced by type B hepatitis mainly affects the viscera of liver and spleen, the pathogenesis is characterized by dampness, heat, qi stagnation, and yin deficiency. The patients with higher CTGF are apt to show the pathological changes of spleen, gallbladder, dampness, and have the syndrome el-ements of spleen, gallbladder, dampness. The patients with higher PDGF are apt to show the pathological changes of heat, and have the syndrome element of heat.

Distribution of Traditional Chinese Medical Syndrome Elements in Early Renal Injury Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To explore the regularity of the distribution of traditional Chinese medical syndrome elements in early renal injury patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) . Methods A total of 200 patients with T2DM early renal injury were enrolled into the study. Syndrome element differentiation was carried out for the analysis of the distribution of syndrome location and syndrome nature. Results ( 1) Kidney had the highest scores of syndrome location , and then came the spleen, and meridians and collaterals . The syndrome location scores of kidney, spleen, meridians and collaterals differed from those of liver, heart, lung, and stomach ( P<0.01) . ( 2) In excess syndrome elements, the percentage of syndrome elements of phlegm, blood stasis, dampness was in decreasing sequence. In deficiency syndrome elements, the percentage of syndrome elements of yin deficiency, qi deficiency, and yang deficiency was in decreasing sequence. ( 3) For the distribution of syndrome elements, kidney yin deficiency had the highest scores, next came spleen qi deficiency, and finally came blood stasis of meridians and collaterals. Conclusion In T2DM early renal injury patients, kidney, spleen, meridians and collaterals are the main affected location; yin deficiency, qi deficiency, and yang deficiency are the predominant deficiency syndrome elements, and phlegm, blood stasis, dampness are the predominant excess syndrome elements. Kidney yin deficiency, spleen qi deficiency , and blood stasis of meridians and collaterals are the commonly-seen syndrome patterns in T2DM patients with early renal injury.

Correlation Research on Elements of Different Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome after Ischemic Stroke / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This article was aimed to study the correlation among traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome elements in the first year after ischemic stroke. Data of TCM four examinations were collected among subjects all over China by cross-sectional study, using the same observing rating scale. The results showed that internal-heat, internal-wind and phlegm-damp syndrome were risk factors with obvious positive correlation. On the contrary, blood-stasis, internal-heat and qi-deficiency syndrome were in obvious negative correlation. But syndrome of yin-deficiency had no significant correlation with other syndrome elements. It was concluded that there were remarkable positive correlations on excess syndromes, such as wind, fire and phlegm. The syndromes of excess in the branch are easily to be combined.

Microcosmic Elements Study of H pylori-related Gastritis / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective To discuss the microcosmic elements and syndromes distribution of H pylori-related gastritis. [Method] Choose 100 cases, under gastroscope report, make statistics of frequency of disease nature elements and location elements, combine the nature and location for common syndromes. [Result] The H pylori-related gastritis has main disease location elements in stomach, esp. the sinuses ventriculi;the disease nature elements mainly concern hot, wet, sputum stasis, deficiency and blood stasis; the common syndromes: hot stomach, sputum and stasis blocking stomach, wet-hot accumulated in stomach, deficient stomach, wet stranding stomach and stasis blocking gastric col aterals. [Conclusion] Over the inconsistent syndromes in clinical H pylori-related gastritis, the microcosmic elements differentiation can further standardize syndromes and guide the treatment.