Defectos en la expresión de cadena zeta en un grupo de pacientes con lupus, escleroderma y artritis de inicio tardío, Colombia 2014 / Defects in the Zeta Chain Expression in a Group of Patients with SLE, Scleroderma and Late-onset Arthritis, Colombia 2014 / Defeitos na expressão de cadeia zeta em um grupo de pacientes com Lúpus, Esclerodermia e artrite de início tardio, Colômbia 2014

Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), la escleroderma y la artritis de inicio tardío son enfermedades inflamatorias autoinmunes (EIA) caracterizadas por la producción de autoanticuerpos y presencia de células T anormales, las cuales generan respuesta inmune defectuosa. La expresión anormal de moléculas clave en señalización y la función defectuosa de los linfocitos T cumplen un papel significativo en la patogénesis de la enfermedad autoinmune. Las células T muestran numerosas anormalidades en la señalización del complejo receptor de célula T cadena zeta (TCRζ) estas aberraciones resultan en la alteración de la expresión de citoquinas y algunos eventos bioquímicos involucrados en la expresión de moléculas de superficie. Los defectos en el complejo TCRζpueden estar asociados al uso de corticoides, utilizados en pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune, debido a su potente actividad antiinflamatoria y propiedades inmunosupresoras. Los corticoides sintéticos como la dexametasona inhiben la actividad trascripcional de algunos factores como NFkB y AP-1 los cuales regulan la síntesis de algunas citoquinas y podrían estar involucrados en la síntesis de TCRζ. Objetivos: Evaluar la asociación de los defectos de la expresión de cadena zeta (ζ), en células T de pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune sin tratamiento con corticoides. Los defectos en la expresión defectuosa de zeta, proteína asociada al receptor TCR, altera la activación normal del linfocito T. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de casos y controles, con una relación 1:1 (13:13). Los casos fueron pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune activa (6 pacientes con LES, 5 pacientes con escleroderma y 2 pacientes con artritis de inicio tardío), y que no hubieran iniciado tratamiento con corticoides, los controles fueron pacientes sin diagnóstico de enfermedad autoinmune. El diagnóstico se hizo a través de los criterios establecidos por el Colegio Americano de Reumatología para pacientes con LES, escleroderma y artritis de inicio tardío. Se realizó venopunción extrayendo 10ml de sangre total, se extrajo RNA total y se hizo RT PCR, se amplificó utilizando un juego de primers que flanquean una región de 138 pares de bases que involucraban los exones 2, 3 y 4 de cadena ζ. Resultados: En los valores de amplificación de cadena Z se encontraron diferencias significativas en pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune (0,8214±0,1787, med=0,7368) comparada con el grupo control (0,9225±0,1272, med=0,9830) (p=0,045, Test no-paramétrico, exacto de Mann Whitney a una cola). Conclusión: La expresión de cadena Z se encontró disminuida en células T de pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune, sin uso de corticoides, la disminución o una falta de expresión de la cadena Z puede causar alteraciones en la respuesta inmune.

Introduction: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Scleroderma and late-onset arthritis are autoimmune inflammatory diseases (EIA) characterized by autoantibody production and presence of abnormal T cells which generate defective immune response. The abnormal expression of key signaling molecules in the defective function of T-lymphocytes plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. The T-cells exhibit numerous abnormalities TCRζ1 signaling complex, these aberrations result in altered expression of cytokines and some biochemical events involved in the expression of surface molecules. Defects in the complex may be associated TCR ζ to steroids used in autoimmune disease patients due to their powerful anti- inflammatory activity and immunosuppressive properties. The synthetic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone inhibit the transcriptional activity of some factors such as NFKB and AP-1, which regulate the synthesis of certain cytokines and could be involved in the TCRζ synthesis. Material and Methods: A case-control study, with a 1:1 ratio of cases and controls (13:13). Cases were patients with active autoimmune disease (6 patients with SLE, 5 patients with scleroderma and 2 patients with lateonset arthritis), who have not started treatment with corticosteroids. Controls were patients with no autoimmune disease. The diagnosis was made by the criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology for patients with SLE, scleroderma and late-onset arthritis. A 10 mL sample was obtained by venipuncture whole blood. Total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed using a set of primers flanking a region of 138 base pairs involving exons 2, 3 and 4 of the ζchain. Results: The values of Z chain amplification showed significant differences in patients with autoimmune disease (0.8214 ± 0.1787, med = 0.7368) compared with the control group (0.9225 ± 0.1272, med = 0.9830) (p = 0.045, Mann-Withney non-parametric one tailed exact test). Conclusion: We observed a reduced level of in the zeta chain expression in T cells in patients with autoimmune disease without use of corticosteroids.

Introdução: O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES), Esclerodermia e Artite de início tardio são doenças inflamatórias autoimunes caracterizadas por produção de autoanticorpos e presença de células T anormais as quais geram resposta imune defeituosa. A expressão anormal de moléculas chave em sinalização e a função defeituosa dos linfócitos T cumprem um papel significativo na patogênese da doença autoimune. As células T mostram numerosas anormalidades na sinalização do Complexo Receptor de célula T cadeia zeta (TCRζ)1, estas aberrações resultam na alteração da expressão de citocinas e alguns eventos bioquímicos envolvidos na expressão de moléculas de superfície. Os defeitos no complexo TCRζ podem estar associados ao uso de corticoides, utilizados em pacientes com doença autoimune devido a seu potente atividade auto-inflamatória e propriedades imunossupressoras. Os corticoides sintéticos como a dexametasona inibem a atividade transcricional de alguns fatores como NFkB e AP-1 os quais regulam a síntese de algumas citocinas e poderiam estar envolvidas na síntese de TCRζ2, 3. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação dos defeitos da expressão de cadeia zeta (ζ), em células T de pacientes com doença autoimune sem tratamento com corticoides. Os defeitos na expressão defeituosa de zeta, proteína associada ao receptor TCR altera a ativação normal do linfócito T. Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico de casos e controles, com uma relação 1:1 (13:13). Os casos foram pacientes com doença autoimune ativa (6 pacientes com LES, 5 pacientes com esclerodermia e 2 pacientes com artrite de início tardio), e que não tenham iniciado tratamento com corticoides e os controles foram pacientes sem diagnóstico de doença autoimune. O diagnóstico se fez através dos critérios estabelecidos pelo Colegio Americano de Reumatología para pacientes com LES, esclerodermia e artrite de início tardio. Se realizou venopunção extraindo 10mls de sangue total, se extraiu RNA total e se fez RT PCR, se amplificou utilizando um jogo de primers que flanqueiam uma região de 138 pares de bases que envolviam os exões 2, 3 e 4 de cadeia ζ. Resultados: Nos valores de amplificação de cadeia Z se encontraram diferenças significativas em pacientes com doença autoimune (0.8214±0.1787, med=0.7368) comparada com o grupo controle (0.9225±0.1272, med=0.9830) (p=0.045, Teste não paramétrico, exato de Mann Whitney) Conclusão: A expressão de cadeia Z encontrou-se diminuída em células T de pacientes com doença autoimune, sem uso de corticoides, a diminuição ou uma falta de expressão da cadeia Z pode causar alterações na resposta imune.

Células T y sus receptores αß y γδ en biopsias de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal / T cells and its receptords and αß and γδ in biopsies from patients with periodontal disease

El propósito de este estudio es determinar la presencia y localización de las células T y de sus receptores αβ y γδ en biopsias de tejido gingival de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal. Se evaluaron 60 biopsias de 12 pacientes, 4 con diagnostico de periodontitis agresiva, 4 con periodontitis crónica y 4 con gingivitis, las cuales fueron procesados para su análisis histológico, inmunohistoquímico e histomorfometrico. Al analizar los resultados por diagnostico los marcadores que mas predominaron fueron, en Gingivitis CD3, CD8 y TCR γδ en tejido conectivo. En Periodontitis crónica CD3, CD8 y TCR γδ en epitelio oral y CD4 el cual presentó una expresión homogénea en los tejidos analizados. En periodontitis agresiva CD3 y CD8 en epitelio crevicular, con una distribución similar entre CD4 y CD8 tanto en epitelio oral como en tejido conectivo y TCR γδ en conectivo. En cuanto a las cadenas variables del TCR Vβ los más expresados en las diferentes patologías estudiadas fueron el 6.7, 8.1 y 12 a nivel del tejido conectivo. Los estudios sobre la expresión de estas familias parecen indicar que es otra vía de activación a tener en cuenta dentro del modelo de la patogenia de la enfermedad y que debe ser estudiado en modelos longitudinales en pacientes con pérdida de inserción progresiva.

T the purpose of this study is identifying the presence and localization of T cells and their receptor αβ and γδ in biopsies of gingival tissue in patients with periodontal disease. 60 biopsies were evaluated in 12 patients, 4 patients with diagnosis of gingivitis, 4 patients with chronic periodontitis and 4 with aggressive periodontitis, which were processed for the histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis. The results by diagnosis showed that in gingivitis the more predominant markers were CD3, CD8 and TCR γδ in connective tissue. In chronic periodontitis the markers with bigger expression were CD3, CD8 and TCR γδ in oral epithelium and CD4 that showed a homogeneous behavior in the analized tissues. In aggressive periodontitis CD3 and CD8 in surcular epithelium, TCR γδ in connective tissue and CD4 and CD8 with a similar distribution in oral epithelium and connective tissue. In relation with variable chains of TCR Vβ, the most predominat in the different diagnosis were 6.7,8.1 and 12 in connective tissue. The investigations about the expression of these families indicate that it can be other important via of activation in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and it should be study in longitudinal models in patients with progressive loss of attachment level.

Linfocitos T reguladores: subpoblaciones, mecanismo de acción e importancia en el control de la autoinmunidad / T regulatory lymphocytes: subpopulations, mechanism of action and importance in the control of autoimmunity

La regulación inmunológica constituye tanto un mecanismo importante para el mantenimiento de la homeostasis del sistema inmune como para el establecimiento de la tolerancia hacia antígenos propios evitando el desarrollo de enfermedades autoinmunitarias. Así mismo, juega un papel relevante en el mantenimiento de la tolerancia periférica mediante el control de una pequeña población de células T circulantes denominadas células T reguladoras (Treg), las cuáles parecen haber migrado del timo durante estadios relativamente tardíos¹. El término "células T reguladoras" se refiere a células que activan o suprimen la función de otras células. Aparentemente, controlan el desarrollo de enfermedades autoinmunitarias (lupus, tiroiditis, diabetes tipo I y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal entre otras) el rechazo de injertos, y pueden jugar un papel crítico en el control del asma y la alergia.

Immune regulation is both an important mechanism for maintaining immune system homeostasis and for the establishment of tolerance towards self antigens in order to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases. It also plays an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance by controlling a small population of circulating T cells, called regulatory T cells (Treg), which seems to have migrated from the thymus during relatively late stages¹. The term "regulatory T cells" refers to cells that activate or suppress the function of other cells. Apparently, controlling the development of autoimmune diseases (For instance, lupus, thyroiditis, type I diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease among others), graft rejection and may play a critical role in asthma and allergy.

Dose-effect relationship and time-effect relationship of T cell receptor gene mutation induced by γ-rays in human lymphocytes of peripheral blood / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To study the dose-effect relationship and time-effect relationship of T cell receptor (TCR) gene mutation induced by γ-rays in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood.Methods Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 10 healthy adults and lymphocytes were separated.Four samples from males used to fit time-effect curve were exposed to γ-rays at the doses of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,and 5.0 Gy,respectively,and 6 samples from 3 males and 3 females used to fit dose-effect curves were exposed to γ-rays of the dose of 2 Gy.Flow cytometry was used to detect the mutation frequency of TCR gene (TCR MF).Radiation dose-effect curves and time-effect curves were fitted and optimal mathematical models were selected respectively.Results The optimal mathematical model for radiation dose-effect was quadratic equation model:TCR MF = 92.14 + 22.61D2 (R2adj = 0.65).The optimal mathematical model for radiation time-effect was quadratic polynomial equation model:TCR MF = 3.74 + 743.66T + 308.64T2 (R2adj = 0.79).Conclusions TCR MF is increased as the γ-rayirradiation dose increases within the range of 0-5 Gy,and TCR MF is increased with the lapse of time within the range of 4 days after γ-ray radiation.

A Case of a Young Woman with Hepatosplenic gamadelta T-cell Lymphoma / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Most T-cell lymphomas arise from mature alpabeta T-cells and commonly involve the nodes. Lymphomas bearing the gamadelta T-cell receptor (TCR) are very rare, and involve the lymph nodes minimally, if at all. Hepatosplenic gamadelta T-cell lymphoma is a recently identified, rare entity in which lymphoma cells bearing the gamadelta TCR infiltrate the sinusoids of the liver, splenic red pulp, and bone marrow. Its leukemic transformation is even more rare. Recently, we experienced a case of hepatosplenic gamadelta T-cell lymphoma in a 19-year-old woman who presented with epigastric pain, fever, massive splenomegaly, andpancytopenia. The splenectomy specimen and excisional biopsy of the liver revealed the infiltration of atypical T lymphocytes with the immunophenotypic markers of CD3 (+), CD45RO (pan-T antigen) (+), TIA-1(+), CD4(-),CD8 (-), CD56 (-), and S100 (-) in the sinusoids of the liver and splenic red pulp. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that these cells had the expression of the TCR gama gene rearrangements. Though the pancytopenia had improved after the splenectomy, the response of chemotherapy was transient. Her disease progressed rapidly and she expired in the leukemic phase. We report a case of hepatosplenic gamadelta T-cell lymphoma that developed in a young woman, along with a brief review of the literature.

Analyses for the ?/? T Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement and CDR3 Repertoire in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To establish a method of multi-PCR to amplify the complete DNA sequence (CDS) of TCR ? and ? chain of the antigen-specific T lymphocytes in local pathologic specimen of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and to analyze ?/? T cell receptor gene rearrangement and CDR3 repertoire.Methods:The lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients were separated. Following total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, Multi-PCR, recombinant clones construction, and sequencing, the CDS of TCR ? and ? chains from these lymphocytes were analyzed by using software of DNAstar and internet TCR resources.Results:24 of ? chain CDS and 13 of ? chain CDS from 3 samples of BAL were obtained. As for TCR ? chain, AV1S2 (54%), AV12S3 (41%), and AV12S2(5%) appeared frequently. BV2(38%), BV29S1(46%), BV14(3%), and BV4S2(3%) in TCR ? chain appeared more often. There were CDR3 diversities between samples and even in the same sample by amino acid sequence analysis, but there were a few identical or similar amino acid sequences. There was the same amino acid sequence of SVGTGTLHQETQY in CDR3 region of ? chain of BAL sample No.1 and No.2; The sequence of AVRDWAGNMLT appeared in two ? chains of BAL sample No.2 and No.3; Moreover, the sequence of AV…DNN…RLM appeared in ? chains of BAL sample No.2 and No.3.Conclusion:A method of Multi-PCR is used to amplify TCR ? and ? chain CDS of tuberculosis patients. There are characteristic T cell clones to proliferate,with TCR ? and ? chain repertiore skewing in local infective focus. The sequences of CDR3 in different TCR clones are mostly different but there are a few identical or similar sequences in the same patient or even between different patients. The identical amino acid sequences of CDR3 are possibly specific for recognizing MTB polypeptide.

Different TCR Vbeta Usage in Consecutive Synovial Inflammation Affecting Both Knee Joints of a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient / 대한류마티스학회지

OBJECTIVE: To understand T cell role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis(RA), authors investigated Vbeta usage of T cell receptor(TCR) in different onset RA lesion of the same patient using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The current pathogenic model of RA plays a critical role in CD4+ T cells, which are thought to be able to recognize a disease-relevant antigen in the joint. In this model, activation of a certain, specific, antigen induced T cells plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation. To search a common clone in different onset of inflammatory joints will furnish the most exact information about T cells which play a role at initiation and perpetuation of synovitis. Here, We first characterized the change in TCR Vbeta shape with elapsing time between the two joints that have the consecutive inflammation . METHODS: Synovial fluids and peripheral blood were obtained from a patient with active RA who had two successively developing inflammatory joints with 1 week interval(the right knee joint(RT) was involved first and the left knee joint(LT) later). RT-PCR technology was employed to examine synovial fluid and peripheral T cells. Oligonucleotide primers specific for individual TCR Vbeta gene families were used to amplify the TCR gene products in a semiquantitative assay of their relative utilization in fresh T cells subpopulations(CD4+, CD8+ T cells). RESULTS: The CD4+ T cells with TCR Vbeta 1(LT: 4.78%, RT: 2.17%), Vbeta 2(LT: 5.84%, RT: 0. 63%), Vbeta 5.1 (LT: 3.40%, RT: 1. 07%), Vbeta 5. 2 (LT: l. 91%, RT: 0. 31%), Vbeta 8(LT: 4. 20%,RT: 0. 19%), Vbeta 9(LT: 2. 61%, RT: 0. 12beta), Vbeta 10(LT: 4. 08%, RT: l. 27%), Vbeta 12(LT: 4. 53%, RT: 0. 99%), Vbeta 22 (LT: 3. 85%, RT: 0. 38%), Vbeta 23(LT: 3. 99%, RT: 0. 63%) were used more predominantly in the left knee joint than in the right knee joint while Vbeta 15 and 18 were used far more in the right knee joint. The CD8+ T cells were used less frequently in the left side than in the right side except the Vbeta 3, 4 and 7 families. CONCLUSIONS: Among the CD4+ T cells, TCR Vbeta 1, 2, 5. 1, 5. 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 22, 23 families might play a key role in early symptomatic synovitis in RA. The role of TCR Vbeta 15 and 18 families increase in progressing synovitis with time. On the other hand, the late recruitment of CD8+ T cells in the inflamed site might be related to nonspecific inflammatory reaction.

Analysis of TCR Vfi Gene Repertoire in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis / 대한류마티스학회지

OBJECTIVES: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology was eamine synovial fluid and peripheral T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA) to determine the preferential usage of the T cell receptor(TCR) variable region(V) gene. METHODS: Oligonucleotide primers specific for individual TCR Vfi gene families were used to amplify the TCR gene products in a semiquantitative assay of their relative utilization in unselected T cell populations. RESULTS: The result of Vfi utilization was generally heterogenous, similar with previous reports. However, the mean expression of Vfi16 and Vfi18 in RA was more preferentially utilized compared to normal donors. The usage of Vfi in peripheral blood from 3 patients with RA demonstrated restrictions in Vfi16, Vfi 20 and Vfi18 genes, respectively. Analyses of synovial fluid resulted in restriction in Vfi12, Vfi20 and Vfi20, respectively. Although there was no significant pattern of skewed Vfi gene mean usage when comparing the synovial fluids with the peripheral blood T cells from RA patients, there were significant biased Vfi genes, Vfi12, V~I and Vfi20, each 3 patients. As the HLA type is a determining factor in shaping TCR repertoire of peripheral T cells, we compared the Vfi utilization in HLA-DR4 expressing groups that have susceptibility and gene dosage effect in disease progression. It was a little different that comparing the pattern of Vfi usage in peripheral blood and synovial fluid from RA patients between HLA-DR4 positive and negative group. CONCLUSION: The results were consistent with the conclusion that the increased Vfi family T cells infiltrate synovium and are dependent on each patient and may be involved in inducing and maintaining the synovitis that characterizes RA. The different outcome of each patient may be due to the difference in disease duration, genetic background and geographic region. A more important factor may be the stage of disease, because epitope 'induced immune reaction may change over time. Therefore, selecting patients early in the course of disease may be important and may facilitate the need for more in-depth TCR analysis in the future.