Linfocito T y su papel en la enfermedad periodontal: Revisión de la literatura / T lymphocytes and their role in periodontal disease. Literature Review

En general es aceptado que la  condición  inmune innata y/o adaptativa puede afectar  la respuesta inmune local, incluyendo al periodonto y dentro de la progresión de la enfermedad  es crítico poder determinar la naturaleza de la respuesta inflamatoria generada por el reto microbiano antigénico subgingival. Existen controversias en la literatura a nivel mundial con respecto al papel de los linfocitos T en la enfermedad periodontal, el entendimiento de su naturaleza y la regulación  de estas células puede estar asociado a condiciones protectoras  o destructivas no estando claro aún los eventos inflamatorios o antiinflamatorios en donde la respuesta inmune celular mediada por células T  puede estar ausente o  deficiente  durante el curso de la infección periodontal. De hecho las opiniones son divididas, algunas señalan que la principal función de estas células  es la de proteger al huésped contra los microorganismos periodontopáticos, mientras que otros han demostrado su participación activa en el inicio y progresión de la enfermedad periodontal,  por esta razón la presente revisión pretende discutir  su participación dentro de la patogenia de la periodontitis  para tratar de esclarecer los mecanismos protectores y  aquellos que pueden estar relacionados con la destrucción del tejido de soporte del diente; lo cual es importante ya que nos permitiría comprender nuevos enfoques terapéuticos para esta enfermedad

In general is accepted that the innate or adaptive immunity affect the local immune response including the periodontium and in the progression of the disease is critical determinate the nature of the inflammatory response produced by the subgingival bacterial challenge. There are controversies in the literature about the role of T lymphocytes in the periodontal disease, the nature and regulation of these cells can be associated to protective o destructive conditions, but today is not clear the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory events where the cellular immune response by T cells can be absent o deficient during the course of periodontal infection. In fact the opinions about this subject are divided: some of these indicate that the main function of this cells is to protect the host against the periodontal bacteria while another had demonstrated that them participate in the beginning and progression of periodontal disease, for this reason this reviews pretend to discuss their participation in the pathogenesis of this pathology and to know the protective and destructive mechanisms relate with the destruction of periodontal tissue, this is important because they let us to understand new ways for the treatment of this disease

Roles of FGF-4 on the Differentiation of Trophoblast Stem (TS) Cells / 대한해부학회지

Fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) has various functions, affecting many signaling pathways, and leading to cellular proliferation and differentiation and to the regulation of cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. However, there are few reports of the relationship between TS cells and FGF-4 even if FGF-4 is located in inner cell mass of embryo and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is located in TS cells. Therefore the physiologic effects of FGF-4 on TS cells were investigated for identifying the effects of FGF-4 on TS ell differentiation. FGF-4 was involved in early stage development of the trophoblast via upregulation of eomesodermin mRNA expression. In addition, FGF-4 suppressed the differentiation of TS cells through activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (Erk) and suppression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, which in TS cells is an important indicator of early trophoblast cell differentiation, migration and invasion. FGF-4 was involved in angiogenesis in the trophoblast through the activation of p38 and the induction of Dlx-3 mRNA expression in TS cells. In addition, TS cells cultured with FGF-4 for 4 days in a thrombinfibrinogen gel culture system, a specific culture system for endothelial cells, showed a healthy appearance, while TS cells cultured without FGF-4 were severely damaged. Taken together, these data suggest that FGF-4 is closely involved in differentiation of TS cells for development of placenta.