Antibacterial activity of chitosan biofilm for the conservation of fertile and table eggs / Atividade antibacteriana de biofilme de quitosana para conservação de ovos férteis e de mesa

The aim of this study was to develop a chitosan biofilm against Salmonella enteritidis, for the conservation of fertile and table eggs. Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1: 400 specific pathogen-free table eggs were divided in a completely randomized design into four treatments, five replicates and each replicate with 20 table eggs. Experimental groups were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were then exposed to Salmonella enteritidis and stored for 1, 24, 96 and 168h at 4ºC. The eggs were then washed with 10mL of physiological saline solution. Experiment 2: 80 specific pathogen-free fertile eggs were tested, the assays were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. Each treatment had 20 fertile eggs. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were individually weighed and incubated. Egg weight, humidity loss, and hatchability (weight and length of newly hatched chicks) characteristics were assessed. In Experiment 1, comparison between treatments showed differences (P< 0.05) in the total recovered of Salmonella enteritidis on eggshell, with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment at 96 y 168h respectively. In Experiment 2, chitosan did not show any effect on the egg weight and chick weight, where the average was 57.44 and 38.23g respectively. The humidity loss and chick length showed differences (P< 0.05), with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment. The antibacterial activity of chitosan biofilm provide a practical tool against Salmonella enteritidis in fertile and table eggs because the chitosan did not affect egg weight and chick weight, relevant parameters in the poultry industry.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um biofilme de quitosana contra Salmonella enteritidis, para conservação de ovos férteis e de mesa. Dois experimentos foram realizados. Experimento 1: 400 ovos de mesa livres de patógenos especificados foram divididos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e cada réplica contendo 20 ovos de mesa. Grupos experimentais foram designados para controle e 1, 5 e 10% de tratamento com quitosana. Os ovos foram imersos em solução de quitosana. Em seguida foram expostos a Salmonella enteritidis, e armazenados por 1, 24, 96 e 168h a 4ºC. Após, os ovos foram lavados com 10mL de solução salina fisiológica. Experimento 2: 80 ovos férteis livres de patógenos especificados foram testados. Os ensaios foram atribuídos a controle e 1, 5 e 10% de tratamento com quitosana. Cada tratamento teve 20 ovos férteis. Os ovos foram imersos em solução de quitosana. Em seguida foram individualmente pesados e incubados. Peso dos ovos, perda de umidade e características de eclodibilidade (peso e comprimento dos pintinhos recém-nascidos) foram avaliados. No Experimento 1, a comparação entre tratamentos mostrou diferenças (P< 0,05) na quantidade total recuperada de Salmonella enteritidis na casca, com os menores valores em 5 e 10% de tratamento com quitosana a 96 e 168h respetivamente. No experimento 2, a quitosana não mostrou nenhum efeito no peso do ovo e no peso do pintinho, onde a média foi de 57,44 e 38,23g respetivamente. A perda de umidade e comprimento do pintinho apresentaram diferenças (P< 0,05), com os menores valores em 5 e 10% de tratamento com quitosana. A atividade antibacteriana do biofilme de quitosana, fornece uma ferramenta prática contra Salmonella enteritidis em ovos férteis e de mesa, pois a quitosana não afetou o peso do ovo e peso do pintinho, parâmetros relevantes na indústria avícola.(AU)

Detection of Oxytetracycline Residues in Table Eggs in Khartoum State, Sudan

Aims: This study was conducted to detect the presence of oxytetracycline residues in table eggs in Khartoum State and to compare its level with the international acceptable maximum residue limits (MRLs). Study Design: One hundred and eighty table egg samples were randomly collected from 18 sale points in the three localities of Khartoum State, Sudan, (60 eggs from Omdurman, 60 eggs from Khartoum and 60 eggs from Khartoum North). Place and Duration of Study: Samples collected from Khartoum State during August and September, 2015. Methodology: Microbiological inhibition assay was used to screen the presence of antibiotic residues using Bacillus subtilis seeded in nutrient agar. Ninety positive egg samples from the microbiological inhibition assay were analyzed to detect the presence and quantity of oxytetracycline residues using HPLC. Results: Microbiological inhibition assay showed that 50% of the tested samples were positive for antibiotic residues in Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum North with 34(18.9%), 28(15.6%), and 28(15.6%) of the antibiotics respectively. HPLC results showed that 63(70%) were positive for oxytetracycline residues 19(10.5%) from Omdurman, 21(11.6%) from Khartoum and 23(12.7%) from Khartoum North. Conclusion: It was concluded that high percentage of table eggs contained oxytetracycline residues above the MRLs (0.2 ppm) that indicated the widespread misuse of oxytetracycline in poultry farms that may cause health hazards to consumers in Khartoum State. Therefore the study recommends compliance of drug withdrawal periods in poultry farms could reduce the incidence of antibiotic residues in consumed eggs.

Proporções entre ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em ovos comerciais convencionais e enriquecidos com ômega-3 / Proportions between polyunsaturated fatty acids in conventional commercial and enriched eggs with omega-3

Um experimento foi realizado para comparar as proporções entre ácidos graxos (AG) em gemas de ovos comerciais convencionais e enriquecidos com ômega-3 (ω-3). No grupo 1, foram alimentadas 432 aves durante toda vida produtiva com ração à base de milho e farelo de soja (produção de ovos convencionais) e, no grupo 2, a partir da 22a semana de idade, as aves foram alimentadas com ração contendo 1,5 por cento de substrato de algas marinhas e 1,8 por cento de óleo de peixe (produção de ovos enriquecidos com ω-3). Coletaram-se aleatoriamente 180 ovos de cada grupo de poedeira e estes distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, considerando um ovo como uma repetição. As relações entre ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados, poliinsaturados das séries ω-6/ ω-3, linoléico/alfa-linolênico, araquidônico/docosahexanóico dos ovos enriquecidos com ω-3 foram inferiores a dos ovos convencionais. As proporções entre AG estudadas dos ovos enriquecidos com ω-3 foram inferiores a dos ovos convencionais, ficando, portanto, dentro do limiar ideal estimado para o consumo de gordura por humanos.

An experiment was carried out to compare the proportions of fatty acids in conventional and enriched ω-3 commercial yolk eggs. In group 1, 432 birds were fed throughout productive life with basal diet of corn and soybean meal (production of conventional eggs) and in group 2, the others hens, from the 22nd week-old, was added to the basic diet, 1.5 percent of substrate of marine algae and 1.8 percent of fish oil (production of designer ω-3 eggs). There were randomly collected 180 eggs from each group of hens and those distributed in complete randomized blocks design, considering one egg as a replicate. The proportions between unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated ω-6/ ω-3 series, linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic/docosahexaenoic eggs enriched with ω-3 were lower than conventional eggs. The interrelationships between fatty acid studied of the ω-3 enriched eggs were lower than conventional eggs, and, accordingly, within the ideal threshold value for fat consumption by humans.