Application of extended reality technology for real-time navigation in clinical operation / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the application of extended reality (XR) technology in clinical surgeries for improving the success rate of surgeries.@*METHODS@#To assist the surgeons to better understand the location, size and geometric shape of the lesions and reduce potential radiation exposure in minimally invasive surgical navigation based on two-dimensional images, we constructed three-dimensional models based on CT data and used XR technology to achieve intraoperative navigation. An improved quaternion method was used to improve the accuracy of electromagnetic positioning, with which the system error of positioning accuracy was reduced to below 2 mm. A 5G network was used to optimize the server GPU programming algorithm, and real-time video stream coding strategy and network design were adopted to reduce data transmission jam and delay in the remote surgery network, which achieved an average delay of less than 60 ms. A Gaussian distribution deformation model was used to simulate collision detection and stress deformation of the tissues to achieve a tactile perception effect.@*RESULTS AND CONCLUSION@#The intraoperative navigation system based on XR technology allowed more accurate determination of the location of the lesions, effectively reduced the surgical risk, and avoided the risk of intraoperative radiation exposure. The low latency and high fidelity of 5G network achieved real-time interaction during the surgery to provide a technical basis for multi-terminal remote cooperative surgery. The combination of force feedback technology and XR technology enables the surgeons to conduct deep immersion preoperative planning and virtual surgery to improve the success rate of surgery and shorten the learning curve.

Challenges faced by undergraduate dental students during root canal treatment: a survey study / Desafios enfrentados por estudantes de graduação em odontologia durante o tratamento de canal radicular: um estudo de pesquisa

Introduction: root canal treatment is a challenging procedure often first encountered by undergraduate dental students, leading to various difficulties and mistakes. Objective: this study aimed to identify the specific difficulties encountered by undergraduate dental students during root canal treatment and the frequency of mistakes they committed in relation to these difficulties. Material and method: this study employed a cross-sectional survey design. A cohort of 60 third-year students completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 27 questions addressing various aspects of endodontic treatment and 11 key areas of root canal procedures. The response options for each question were based on a 4-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Python programming language and heatmaps were created using the seaborn library to better understand the distribution of the data. Result: students encounter challenges in developing tactile sensation, accessory cone placement, and accurately reaching the apex during canal location. Dental schools should focus on improving students' tactile skills and methods to reach the apex to enhance the effectiveness of root canal treatment education. In contrast, students reported fewer mistakes in rubber dam application and safety measures during treatment. Dental educators should emphasize proper instrument use and safety precautions during root canal treatment. Interestingly, students did not perceive these areas as problematic despite committing mistakes. Conclusion: this study provides valuable insights into the challenges and mistakes encountered by undergraduate dental students during root canal treatment. Dental educators should address these issues to improve students' skills and techniques and provide optimal patient care.

Introdução: o tratamento endodôntico é um procedimento desafiador, frequentemente encontrado pela primeira vez por estudantes de odontologia, levando a diversas dificuldades e erros. Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as dificuldades específicas encontradas por estudantes de graduação em Odontologia durante o tratamento endodôntico e a frequência de erros cometidos por eles em relação a essas dificuldades. Material e método: este estudo empregou um desenho de pesquisa transversal. Um grupo de 60 estudantes do terceiro ano respondeu a um questionário autoaplicável composto por 27 perguntas abordando vários aspectos do tratamento endodôntico e 11 áreas-chave dos procedimentos de canal radicular. As opções de resposta para cada questão foram baseadas em uma escala Likert de 4 pontos. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando a linguagem de programação Python e mapas de calor foram criados utilizando a biblioteca seaborn para melhor compreender a distribuição dos dados. Resultado: os alunos encontram desafios no desenvolvimento da sensação tátil, na colocação do cone acessório e no alcance preciso do ápice durante a localização do canal. As escolas de odontologia devem se concentrar em melhorar as habilidades táteis e os métodos dos alunos para alcançar o ápice e aumentar a eficácia do ensino sobre tratamento de canal radicular. Em contrapartida, os estudantes relataram menos erros na aplicação do dique de borracha e nas medidas de segurança durante o tratamento. Os educadores odontológicos devem enfatizar o uso adequado dos instrumentos e as precauções de segurança durante o tratamento do canal radicular. Curiosamente, os alunos não consideraram estas áreas problemáticas, apesar de cometerem erros. Conclusão: este estudo fornece informações valiosas sobre os desafios e erros encontrados por estudantes de odontologia durante o tratamento endodôntico. Os educadores odontológicos devem abordar essas questões para melhorar as habilidades e técnicas dos alunos e fornecer o melhor atendimento ao paciente.

A comparative study of tactile perception in blind and sighted subjects

Background: Blind people are underprivileged from visual experience and visual imaginary that result them to become more dependent on haptic system for the job of tactile perception. Thus, the self-guided tactile investigation in blind individuals enables them to recognize the shapes more rapidly than the sighted counterparts. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to see the increased tactile perception among the blind than the blind folded sighted subjects. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 150 blind and 181 blindfolded sighted subjects. In this, each subject was instructed to arrange the aluminum oxide abrasive sand papers of different grit size having grade 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 200, 240, 360, 400, and 600 from rough to smooth as fast and accurate as possible in seconds to express the functions of haptic sense. Results: The present study showed that the blind subjects had outperformed in terms of speed and accuracy of tactile perception. Conclusions: Lack of vision among blind individuals enables their brain to enhance the sense of vision and the previous tactile exposure and memories along with their regular practice enhance the touch perception in terms of speed and accuracy.

Teaching method of the basic ability of acupuncture in training the manipulation skills in / 中国针灸

Through checking the ancient books and the articles at the modern times and combining the disciplinary characteristics of techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion, the training of manipulation skills was discussed. It is proposed that during the teaching of the techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion, the most basic ability of needling technique should be trained in the first place. This ability includes the ability of spiritual cultivation, the ability of tactile perception and the specific training for the needling techniques. The ability of spiritual cultivation refers to the consciousness concentration to the patient when providing acupuncture, which may promotes and conducts to the affected area. The ability of tactile perception refers to the different feelings of different tissues under the hands before and after acupuncture, the perception to the different needling sensations corresponding to the chief complains of patients as well as the different body responses after acupuncture. In order to ensure the better learning results, the specific manipulations of needling techniques should be provided accordingly on the base of these basic training skills of acupuncture.

Influência do tempo de aplicação da crioterapia na sensibilidade cutânea / Influence of cryotherapy application time on skin sensitivity

Justificativa e objetivos: A crioterapia é uma modalidade de tratamento com inúmeros efeitos terapêuticos, de baixo custo, de fácil aplicação e acesso. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar se existe alteração na sensibilidade de acordo com o tempo de aplicação da crioterapia além do comportamento da sensibilidade cutânea pós-aplicação. Métodos: Vinte e um sujeitos (14 mulheres e 7 homens, idade média 23,8±4 anos) foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, com 7 sujeitos cada, tendo recebido aplicação da crioterapia por 10, 20 ou 30 minutos, denominados respectivamente grupos C10, C20 e C30. Todos foram previamente submetidos à avaliação da sensibilidade cutânea com monofilamento de Semmes-Weinstein, e avaliados imediatamente ao término da aplicação da crioterapia, 5, 10 e 15 minutos após a aplicação. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste de Friedman complementado pelo pós-teste de comparação múltipla (post hoc de Dunn). Resultados: Na avaliação imediatamente após a aplicação da crioterapia todos os sujeitos apresentaram hipoestesia. Observou-se diferença significativa no retorno da sensibilidade do grupo C20 em relação aos demais, após 10 minutos da intervenção (p=0,0498). Para os grupos C10 e C30, o retorno da sensibilidade ocorreu após 15 minutos do término da aplicação. Conclusão: Cinco minutos depois do término da aplicação da crioterapia observou-se ausência de sensibilidade tátil, independentemente do tempo de intervenção. O retorno da sensibilidade normal foi observado depois de 10 minutos quando se aplicou o frio por 20 minutos, e depois de 15 minutos quando aplicado por 10 ou 30 minutos.

Background and objectives: Cryotherapy is a treatment modality with several therapeutic effects, of low cost and easy to apply and access. This study aimed to observing whether there are changes in sensitivity according to cryotherapy application time, in addition to skin sensitivity behavior after treatment. Methods: Participated in the study 21 individuals (14 females and 7 males, mean age 23.8±4 years) who were randomly distributed in three groups with 7 individuals each. Groups received cryotherapy application for 10, 20 or 30 minutes and were called groups C10, C20 and C30, respectively. All participants were previously submitted to skin sensitivity evaluation by Semmes-Weinstein monofilament and were evaluated immediately after cryotherapy application, 5, 10 and 15 minutes after application. Data were analyzed with Friedman's test complemented by multiple comparisons post-test (Dunn's post hoc). Results: All individuals had hypoesthesia in the evaluation immediately after cryotherapy application. There has been significant difference in sensitivity recovery of group C20 as compared to C10 and C30 10 minutes after the intervention (p=0.0498). For groups C10 and C30, sensitivity has returned 15 minutes after the end of application. Conclusion: There has been lack of tactile sensitivity five minutes after the end of application, regardless of intervention time. Normal sensitivity recovery was observed after 10 minutes when cold was applied for 20 minutes, and after 15 minutes when cold was applied for 10 or 30 minutes.

Por uma estética tátil: sobre a adaptação de obras de artes plásticas para deficientes visuais / Towards a tactile aesthetics: on the adaptation of works of plastic art for the visually disabled

Analisamos três estratégias comuns para se fornecer acesso às artes plásticas para deficientes visuais: adaptação via alto-relevo, uso representacional de texturas e seleção de esculturas. Lançando mão de estudos de psicologia cognitiva sobre tato (como GIBSON, 1962; LEDERMAN, 1997; HATWELL; MARTINEZ-SAROCCHI, 2000) discutimos tanto a adequação destas estratégias ao tato quanto seu alcance estético. Mostramos que a maioria das "versões táteis" nada possui de tátil: ignorando as propriedades cognitivas e a dimensão expressiva do tato, acabam por reproduzir padrões visuais. Concluímos que o acesso às artes plásticas deve ser pensado em termos da invenção de uma estética verdadeiramente tátil.(AU)

Three common strategies for providing the visually disabled with access to plastic arts are analyzed: adapting works of art via raised-line techniques, using representational textures and selecting sculptures. We draw upon studies in the cognitive psychology of touch (such as GIBSON, 1962; LEDERMAN, 1997; HATWELL; MARTINEZ-SAROCCHI, 2000), in order to discuss both the adequacy of these strategies vis-à-vis the modality of touch and their aesthetic reach. We show that most "tactile versions" are by no means tactile: by ignoring both the cognitive properties and the expressive dimension of touch, they end up reproducing visual standards. We suggest that access to the plastic arts should be understood in terms of the invention of a truly tactile aesthetics.(AU)