Metodología de Binford para la categorización tafonómica de marcas de dientes animales en superficies óseas: una revisión con búsqueda sistemática / Binford methodology for taphonomic classification of animal tooth marks on bone surfaces: a systematic search review

La Tafonomía, concepto reconocido en paleontología y antropología, permite estimar tiempo y circunstancias de muerte mediante el estudio de condiciones post-mortem y factores relativos a la supervivencia de restos óseos. Entre las diferentes variables tafonómicas, Binford (1981) propuso una categorización de marcas de mordedura, hoy reconocido estándar para estos estudios. Sin embargo, su diseño original en inglés podría llevar a malinterpretaciones o informes erróneos por no poseer una traducción validada. Se realizó una revisión con búsqueda sistemática de artículos en español, sin límite temporal, que citaran a Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") en Google Scholar. Fueron incluidos aquellos que mencionaran esta metodología para categorizar marcas de mordedura como agente tafonómico. Se excluyeron tesis, libros, pósters y resúmenes de congresos. Se identificaron 349 documentos y se seleccionaron 83 según criterios. El 65,12 % refirió sólo a huellas de mordedura animal sin especificar categorías; el 26,51 % mostró traducciones libres o categorizaciones parciales, y el 8,43 % realizó categorizaciones sin traducción. La mayor cantidad de citas fueron realizadas por autores de Argentina y España (54,22 % y 24,10 % respectivamente, como única filiación). Las categorías con más traducciones libres fueron "pitting" y "puncture" (11 y 8 términos diferentes respectivamente). Si bien la categorización de Binford es citada profusamente en países de habla hispana para definir las marcas de mordedura animal en hueso, la ausencia de transculturización conlleva falta de consenso para la comunidad científica. Más allá de una traducción literal, la adaptación y estandarización de estos términos es necesaria para validar esta metodología.

Taphonomy, a concept recognized in paleontology and anthropology, allows the estimation of time and circumstances of death by studying post-mortem conditions and factors related to the survival of bone remains. Among the different taphonomic variables, Binford (1981) proposed a categorization of bite marks, now recognized as standard for these studies. However, its original design in English could lead to misinterpretations or erroneous reports for not having a validated translation. A scoping review was conducted for articles in Spanish, without a time limit, that cited Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") in Google Scholar. Those who mentioned this methodology to categorize bite marks as taphonomic agent were included. Theses, books, posters and conference proceedings were excluded. We identified 349 documents, and 83 were selected according to criteria. 65.12 % referred only to animal bite marks without specifying categories; 26.51 % showed free translations or partial categorizations, and 8.43 % made categorizations without translation. The largest number of citations were made by authors from Argentina and Spain (54.22 % and 24.10 % respectively, as the only affiliation). The categories with the most free translations were "pitting" and "puncture" (11 and 8 different terms respectively). While Binford's categorization is widely cited in Spanish-speaking countries to define animal bite marks in bone, the absence of transculturation implies a lack of consensus for the scientific community. Beyond a literal translation, the adaptation and standardization of these terms is necessary to validate this methodology.

Evaluación práctica de las alteraciones postmortem debidas a la actividad de los artrópodos / Alterations practice postmortem evaluation of activity due to arthropods

Tras la muerte de un organismo vivo, la actividad de los insectos es el principal mecanismo por el que la materia orgánica en descomposición se reintegra en la cadena alimenticia. No obstante, hay que tener en cuenta que dicha actividad puede implicar modificaciones de gran interés tafonómico y forense. Si no se conoce bien su magnitud, pueden inducir al error en el posterior análisis del patólogo forense. En este artículo, damos una clasificación organizada de los diferentes fenómenos tafonómicos inducidos por insectos (adición, eliminación y modificación del cadáver) y enunciamos los caracteres diferenciales que permiten separarlos de procesos patológicos similares, centrando nuestra atención en los órdenes Coleoptera, Diptera y Lepidoptera como principales causantes de estas modificaciones...

After death of a living organism, the activity of insects is the main mechanism by which decomposing organic matter returns to the nutritional chain. However, it is necessary to consider that this activity can imply modifications of great taphonomic and forensic interest. If its magnitude is not known well, it can induce to error in the later analysis of the forensic pathologist. In this article, we give an organized classification of the different taphonomic phenomena induced by insects (addition, elimination and modification of the corpse) and enunciate the differential features that allow to separate them from similar pathological processes, focusing our attention on the orders Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera as the main responsibles of these modifications...

Cem anos da Entomologia Forense no Brasil (1908-2008): [revisão] / One hundred years of forensic entomology in Brazil (1908-2008): [review]

Apresentamos uma história do desenvolvimento da Entomologia Forense no Brasil e uma avaliação do estado da arte e perspectivas. Esses estudos no Brasil iniciaram-se em 1908 com os trabalhos pioneiros de Roquette-Pinto e Oscar Freire, que notaram a grande diversidade da fauna de insetos necrófagos e a impossibilidade de aplicação direta de métodos desenvolvidos na Europa. Nas últimas duas décadas a Entomologia Forense tem avançado rapidamente no Brasil, mas ainda existem lacunas importantes no conhecimento, especialmente com relação à taxonomia, biologia e ecologia dos principais grupos de moscas e besouros necrófagos e também falta de integração entre os entomologistas e a polícia judiciária. Atualmente existem no Brasil mais de 20 pesquisadores desenvolvendo pesquisas relacionadas com Entomologia Forense e algumas dezenas de peritos criminais com treinamento nessa área, em quase todos os estados brasileiros. Neste trabalho são também apresentadas algumas diretrizes para políticas de desenvolvimento deste campo de pesquisas no Brasil.

The history of the development of forensic entomology in Brazil, its current status and perspectives are reviewed. Those studies in Brazil began in 1908 with the pioneer works conducted by Roquette-Pinto and Oscar Freire, who noted the high diversity of the native fauna of necrophagous insects and the impossibility of direct application of the methods developed in Europe. In the last two decades, forensic entomology advanced rapidly in Brazil, but there still are some important limitations, especially in relation to the taxonomy, biology and ecology of necrophagous insects and the lack of interaction between researchers and police investigators. Today there are in Brazil over 20 researchers involved with forensic entomology and tens of police investigators with some training in this field. Guidelines for the development of this field of investigation in Brazil are also presented.

A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur

A unique site at the northern area of Patagonia (Neuquén, Argentina) reveals a terrestrial ecosystem preserved in a detail never reported before in a Late Cretaceous deposit. An extraordinary diversity and abundance of fossils was found concentrated in a 0.5 m horizon in the same quarry, including a new titanosaur sauropod, Futalognkosaurus dukei n.gen., n.sp, which is the most complete giant dinosaur known so far. Several plant leaves, showing a predominance of angiosperms over gymnosperms that likely constituted the diet of F. dukei were found too. Other dinosaurs (sauropods, theropods, ornithopods), crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and fishes were also discovered, allowing a partial reconstruction of this Gondwanan continental ecosystem.

Um depósito fóssil na região norte da Patagônia (Neuquén, Argentina) revela um ecossistema nunca antes registrado a este nível de detalhes em depósitos do Cretáceo Superior. Uma diversidade e abundância extraordinária de fósseis encontra-se concentrada em uma camada de 0,5 m no mesmo sítio, incluindo um novo saurópodo titanossaurídeo, Futalognkosaurus dukei n. gen, n. sp., que é o mais completo dinossauro gigante encontrado até a presente data. Foram descobertas váriasfolhas de plantas indicando a predominância de angiospermas sobre gimnospermas que possivelmente formavam a base da dieta de F. dukei. Outros dinossauros (saurópodes, terópodes, ornitópodes), crocodilomorfos, pterossauros e peixes foram também encontrados possibilitando a reconstrução parcialdeste ecossistema continental do Gondwana.