Use of the ACP® and BTS extenders for cooling at 15°C white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) semen / Uso dos diluidores ACP® e BTS para refrigeração a 15°C de sêmen de queixada (Tayassu pecari)

Knowledge about reproduction of white-lipped peccary is of great importance to assist with the conservation of this species and enable its rational use in captivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ACP-103®, ACP-116® and BTS semen extenders on sperm viability during cooling of Tayassu pecari semen. Five ejaculates from four adult males were chilled. The animals were submitted to the protocols of sedation and anesthesia for semen collection by the electroejaculation method. After collection, the semen was macro- and microscopically assessed and diluted to reach 35x106 spermatozoa/mL in each of the three different extenders tested. The fresh-extended semen was packed in a BotuFLEX® thermal box to keep samples at 15°C for 24 hours. After cooling, the following semen parameters were analyzed: sperm motility, functional and structural integrity of sperm membranes, mitochondrial activity, chromatin condensation, and the thermoresistance test was performed. The parameters sperm motility, structural and functional integrity of sperm membranes, mitochondrial activity, and chromatin condensation were preserved after use of the extenders tested, and were similar to those of in natura semen (p>0.05). Curvilinear velocity (VCL) (p<0.05) was the only parameter with reduced values after cooling regardless of the extender used. The percentage of sperm with normal morphology was greater in samples cooled using the BTS extender (p<0.05). The ACP-103®, ACP-116® and BTS extenders can be used for the cooling and preservation of white-lipped peccary semen at 15°C for 24 hours.(AU)

Para auxiliar na conservação da espécie e permitir o uso racional do queixada em cativeiro é de grande importância o conhecimento sobre a reprodução da espécie. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos diluidores de sêmen ACP-103®, ACP-116® e BTS na viabilidade espermática durante a refrigeração do sêmen do Tayassu pecari. Foram refrigerados cinco ejaculados provenientes de quatro machos adultos. Os animais foram contidos com auxílio de puçá e submetidos ao protocolo de sedação e anestesia para realização da coleta de sêmen pelo método da eletroejaculação. Depois da coleta, o sêmen foi avaliado macro e microscopicamente e diluído para atingir 35x106 espermatozoides/mL em cada um dos três diferentes diluidores testados. O sêmen diluído foi acondicionado em caixa térmica BotuFLEX® para manter as amostras a 15°C por um período de 24 horas. Depois da refrigeração, os espermatozoides foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros de movimento espermático, integridade funcional e estrutural das membranas espermáticas, atividade mitocondrial, condensação da cromatina e teste de termorresistência. Os diluidores testados preservaram as características cinéticas, a integridade estrutural e funcional das membranas espermáticas, a atividade mitocondrial e a condensação da cromatina semelhante ao sêmen in natura (P>0,05). O único parâmetro que reduziu com o processo de refrigeração independente do diluidor utilizado foi a Velocidade Curvilinear (VCL) (P<0,05). Foi observado aumento do percentual de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais nas amostras refrigeradas em BTS (P<0,05). Os diluidores ACP-103®, ACP-116® e BTS podem refrigerar e conservar o sêmen de queixada a 15°C por 24 horas.(AU)

Feeding habits of the jaguar Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica / Hábitos de alimentación del jaguar Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica

Abstract Although dietary studies are considered an important conservation tool, few studies have assessed jaguar (Panthera onca) diet in Costa Rica. Therefore, this study describes the diet composition of the jaguar in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica, carried out by analyzing and comparing carcass (n = 1 374), scat (n = 75) and camera trap (n = 3) data, collected between 2012 and 2016. Our results indicated that jaguar diet in this area consisted of at least 20 prey species. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was the most frequent item based on carcass data, while the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) was the major prey species according to the scat analysis. Our results highlight the importance of combining different methods to describe the jaguar feeding habits. Further research should focus on calculating jaguar and terrestrial prey species abundance in the study area, information that would help to complement our findings. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 70-77. Epub 2018 March 01.

Resumen Aunque los estudios de dieta son una herramienta importante en la conservación de las especies, pocas investigaciones han evaluado la dieta del jaguar (Panthera onca) en Costa Rica. Por lo tanto, este estudio describe la dieta del jaguar en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica, mediante el análisis y comparación de los registros de cadáveres (n = 1 374), excretas (n = 75) y cámaras trampa (n = 3) colectados entre el 2012 y el 2016. Nuestros resultados indican que la dieta del jaguar consiste de al menos 20 especies; la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) fue la especie más importante según los datos de cadáveres, mientras que el chancho de monte (Tayassu pecari) fue la principal especie presa según el análisis de excretas. Nuestros resultados destacan la importancia de combinar diferentes métodos con el fin de obtener una descripción precisa de los hábitos alimenticios del jaguar. Se recomienda que futuros estudios estimen la abundancia del jaguar y sus especies presa terrestres, lo cual permitirá complementar nuestros resultados.

Papel de los mamíferos en los procesos de dispersión y depredación de semillas de Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) en la Amazonía colombiana / Role of mammals on seed dispersal and predation processes of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Amazon

ResumenLos mamíferos y las palmas son importantes elementos de la fauna y flora en el neotrópico. Por lo tanto, las interacciones entre ellos son una de las relaciones ecológicas más significativas en estos ecosistemas. Con el fin de identificar la importancia de los mamíferos que consumen los frutos de la palma Mauritia flexuosa y determinar su participación en la dispersión y depredación de sus semillas, se instalaron trampas cámara en frente de cúmulos de semillas caídas y de racimos con frutos. Con los videos obtenidos se preparó un catálogo de especies. Además, se clasificaron y cuantificaron los comportamientos de forrajeo exhibidos. También se utilizaron dos tratamientos de exclusión con tres repeticiones. En el tratamiento abierto se permitió el libre acceso de mamíferos pequeños, medianos y grandes, mientras que en el tratamiento semi-abierto se cercó la parcela con malla metálica dejando cuatro aberturas en la base para permitir el acceso y evaluar la remoción de semillas por mamíferos pequeños y medianos. Se registraron 19 especies de mamíferos, de las cuales nueve se alimentaron de los frutos de la palma y cinco de éstas fueron dispersoras de semillas. Se reporta por primera vez el consumo de los frutos de M. flexuosa por pare de Atelocynus microtis. La especie con mayor importancia relativa fue Dasyprocta fuliginosa, que mostro el mayor porcentaje de dispersión de semillas (63.5%) en comparación con las otras especies. Tayassu pecari fue identificado como consumidor in situ, porque consume hasta el 45.3 % de las semillas, sin dispersarlas. El número de semillas consumidas in situ en el tratamiento abierto mostró diferencias significativas con respecto al tratamiento semi-abierto, lo que sugiere una mayor participación de los mamíferos grandes en este proceso. En conclusión, los frutos de M. flexuosa son una fuente alimenticia importante para la comunidad de mamíferos. Además, el consumo de las semillas bajo la copa de la palma madre, el cual favorece la mortalidad de las mismas por efectos densodependientes, es proporcionalmente mayor que la dispersión. Generalmente la presión ejercida por las especies frugívoras sobre las semillas puede moldear las estrategias reproductivas de las especies de plantas. Sin embargo se deben realizar investigaciones sobre dispersión efectiva, distancias de dispersión y efectos demográficos, para determinar la función específica de los mamíferos medianos y grandes en la ecología de esta palma.

AbstractMammals and palms are important elements of fauna and flora in the Neotropics, and their interactions, such as fruit consumption and seed dispersal, are one of the most important ecological relationships in these ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to identify the relative importance of mammals in the dispersal and predation of Mauritia flexuosa palm fruits. We installed camera-traps in front of palm fallen seeds and clusters with fruits. A catalog of species was prepared with the recorded videos and the foraging behaviors exhibited were classified and identified. In addition, two exclusion treatments with three repetitions each were used. In the semi-open treatment, a plot was fenced with metal mesh leaving four openings in order to allow access only to small and medium sized mammals, while in the open treatment, the small, medium and large sized mammals had free access. In both cases, seed removal was evaluated. We recorded a total of 19 species of mammals, nine of which fed on palm fruits and the other five were seed dispersers. We reported for the first time the consumption of Mauritia flexuosa fruits by Atelocynus microtis. The species with the highest relative importance was Dasyprocta fuliginosa, which showed the highest percentage of seed dispersal (63.5%) compared to the other species. Tayassu peccary was identified as an in situ consumer, eating 45.3% of seeds without dispersing them. The number of seeds consumed in situ in the open treatment showed significant differences regarding the semi-open treatment, suggesting greater involvement of large mammals in this process. In conclusion, the fruits of M. flexuosa are an important food source for the local mammal community. Additionally, the consumption of seeds under the canopy of the mother palm is proportionally greater than their dispersion. Generally, the pressure of frugivorous species over seeds may determine the reproductive strategies of plants. However, research on effective dispersion, dispersal distances and demographic impact should be conducted to determine the specific role of medium and large sized mammals in the ecology of this palm. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 5-15. Epub 2016 March 01.

Molecular survey of porcine teschovirus, porcine sapelovirus, and enterovirus G in captive wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) of Paraná state, Brazil / Estudo molecular de teschovírus suíno, sapelovírus suíno e enterovírus G em javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) de cativeiro no Paraná

Porcine teschovirus (PTV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), and enterovirus G (EV-G) are infectious agents specific to pig host species that are endemically spread worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the natural infection by these porcine enteric picornaviruses in wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) of Paraná state, Brazil, and to evaluate peccaries (Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari) as alternative host species for these viruses. Fecal samples (n=36) from asymptomatic wild boars (n=22) with ages ranging from 2 to 7 months old (young, n=14) and 2 to 4 years old (adult, n=8) and from peccaries (6 to 8 months old, n=14) were collected from a farm and a zoo, respectively, both located in Paraná state. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested-PCR (n-PCR) assays targeting the 5'non-translated region of the virus genome were used for screening the viruses. Porcine enteric picornaviruses were detected in 12 out of the 22 wild boar fecal samples. According to each of the viruses, EV-G was most frequently (11/22, 50%) detected, followed by PTV (10/22, 45.5%) and PSV (4/22, 18.2%). Regarding the age groups, young wild boars were more frequently (9/14, 64.3%) infected with PTV, PSV, and EV-G than adult animals (3/8, 37.4%). One n-PCR amplified product for each of the viruses was submitted to sequencing analysis and the nucleotide sequences were compared with the related viruses, which showed similarities varying from 97.7% to 100% for PTV, 92.4% to 96.2% for PSV, and 87.1% to 100% for EV-G. Peccaries tested negative for the viruses and in this study they did not represent infection reservoirs. This study is the first to report the molecular detection of PTV, PSV, and EV-G from captive wild boars in a South American country and the first to screen peccaries as alternative host species for porcine enteric picornavirus.

Teschovírus suíno (PTV), sapelovírus suíno (PSV) e enterovírus G(EV-G) são agentes infecciosos específicos da espécie suína que estão endemicamente disseminados em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a infecção natural por estes picornavírus entéricos suínos em javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) do estado do Paraná, Brasil e avaliar pecaris (Pecari tajacu e Tayassu pecari) como hospedeiros alternativos para estes vírus. Amostras fecais (n=36) de javalis assintomáticos (n=22) com idades de 2 a 7 meses (jovens, n=14) e 2 a 4 anos (adultos, n=8) e de pecaris (6 a 8 meses de idade, n=14) foram coletadas em um cativeiro e zoológico, respectivamente, ambos localizados no estado do Paraná. A transcrição reversa seguida por reações da polimerase em cadeia (RT-PCR) e nested-PCR com alvo na região 5'-não traduzida do genoma viral foram utilizadas para a identificação dos vírus. Picornavírus entéricos suínos foram detectados em 12 das 22 amostras fecais de javalis. De acordo com cada um dos vírus, EV-G foi mais frequentemente (11/22, 50%) detectado, seguido pelo PTV (10/22; 45,5%) e PSV (4/22; 18,2%). Considerando os grupos de idade, javalis jovens foram mais frequentemente (9/14; 64,3%) infectados com PTV, PSV e EV-G do que os javalis adultos (3/8; 37,4%). Um produto amplificado na nested-PCR para cada um dos vírus foi submetido à análise de sequenciamento e as sequências de nucleotídeos foram comparadas com vírus relacionados, o que mostrou que as similaridades variaram entre 97,7% a 100% para o PTV, 92,4% a 96,2% para o PSV e 87,1% a 100% para o EV-G. Os pecaris foram negativos para as viroses investigadas e neste estudo não se apresentaram como hospedeiros alternativos para as infecções. Este estudo é o primeiro a relatar a detecção molecular de PTV, PSV e EV-G em javalis de cativeiro de um país da América Latina e o primeiro a avaliar pecaris como espécie hospedeira alternativa para picornavírus entéricos suínos.

Use of a Mycoplasma suis-PCR protocol for screening a population of captive peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and Tayassu pecari) / Uso de um protocolo de PCR para a detecção de Mycoplasma suis para avaliação de uma população de catetos e queixadas de cativeiro (Tayassu tajacu and Tayassu pecari)

Mycoplasma suis is a hemotropic bacteria of red blood cells and the causative agent of swine eperythrozoonosis. Diagnosis of infection may be reached by direct examination of blood smears; however, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 16S RNA gene of M. suis improves the sensitivity and specificity of detection. The aim of this study was to screen peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari) for M. suis infection using a specific conventional PCR. A total of 28 blood samples from captive collared and white-lipped peccaries were collected, DNA extracted and a specific M. suis PCR assay performed. All samples were negatives by both blood smear examination and PCR testing. To verify the presence of amplifiable DNA, PCR for beta-actin gene was performed in all samples. This study was part of an active surveillance program, which is crucial for monitoring animal health status, particularly in wildlife species.

Mycoplasma suis é uma bactéria hemotrópica dos eritrócitos e é o agente causador da eperitrozoonose suína. O diagnóstico da infecção pode ser realizado pelo exame direto de esfregaços sanguíneos; entretanto, o uso da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) baseada no gene 16S RNA de M. suis aumenta a sensibilidade e especificidade da detecção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar catetos e queixadas (Tayassu tajacu e T. pecari) para a infecção por M. suis, utilizando PCR convencional específico. Um total de 28 amostras de sangue de catetos e queixadas de cativeiro foram coletadas, o DNA foi extraído e a PCR específica para a detecção de M. suis realizada. Todas as amostras foram negativas pelo esfregaço sanguíneo e PCR. Para verificar a presença de DNA amplificável, PCR para o gene da beta actina foi realizada em todas as amostras. Este estudo foi parte de um programa de vigilância ativa, o qual é crucial para o monitoramento do estado de saúde animal, particularmente em espécies selvagens.

Evaluation of genetic variability in the collared peccary Pecari tajacu and the white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari by microsatellite markers

In this study, the microsatellite technique was used to evaluate the genetic variability in populations of collared and white-lipped peccaries kept in captivity. Six primers developed for domestic pigs were used and amplified in both species. They revealed the presence of five polymorphic loci and one monomorphic locus. The polymorphic loci included 4 of the 16 alleles in collared peccaries, and 3 of the 10 alleles in the white-lipped peccaries. Polymorphic information content (PIC) in both species and all the loci was highly informative. The probability of paternity exclusion (PEC), if one of the parents is known, was almost as high in white-lipped peccaries (95.53 percent) as in the collared (99,48 percent). The Fst values for collared (0.042) and white-lipped (0.1387) peccaries showed that both populations are not structured. The Fis values for all loci, except ACTG2 in white-lipped peccaries (-0.0275) and in both species (0.1985 to 0.9284 in collared peccaries and 0.3621 to 0.4754 in the white-lipped), revealed a high level of homozygosis, probably caused by inbreeding. Data on heterologous amplification and genetic variability in collared and white-lipped peccaries are presented for the first time.

Nerve endings of filliform, fungiform and vallate papillae of dorsal tongue mucosa of White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari): Neurohistological observations / Terminação nervosa das papilas filiformes, fungiformes e valadas da mucosa dorsal da língua de queixada: observação neurohistológica

The neurohistologic observations were performed using the specimens prepared by Winkelmann and Schmitt silver impregnation method. The tissues were fixed in 10 percent formalin solution and sections of 40µm thickness were obtained by Leica Cryostat at -30ºC. The sections of dorsal mucosa of White-lipped peccary tongue showed numerous filliform and fungiform papillae, and two vallate papillae on the caudal part. The epithelial layer revealed queratinized epithelial cells and the connective tissue papillae of different sizes and shapes. Thick nerve fiber bundles are noted into the subepithelial connective tissue of the papillae. The connective tissue of fungiform and vallate papillae contained numerous sensitive nerves fibers bundles forming a complex nerve plexus.

As observações neuro-histológicas foram realizadas utilizando amostras preparadas segundo o método de impregnação por prata de Winkelmann e Schmitt. Os tecidos foram fixados em solução de formol a 10 por cento e seções de 40µm de espessura foram obtidas em criostato Leica -30ºC. As seções da mucosa dorsal da língua de queixada revelaram numerosas papilas filiformes, fungiformes e duas papilas valadas sobre a parte caudal. A camada epitelial revelou células epiteliais queratinizadas e papilas de tecido conjuntivo de diferentes tamanhos e formas foram observadas. Espessos feixes de fibras nervosas são notados no tecido conjuntivo subepitelial das papilas. O tecido conjuntivo das papilas fungiformes e valadas contêm numerosos feixes de nervos de fibras sensíveis formando um plexo nervoso complexo.

Valor nutricional de los alimentos de Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica / Nutritional values in the diet of white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica

We determined the potential nutritional levels in 25 species of plants, and in earthworms, that constitute part of the diet of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, from January 1998 to March 1999. The highest content of fat and energy was found in seeds of the Myristicacea family. The highest content of calcium was found in vegetative parts of Dieffenbachia spp. Nutritious contents differed among plant parts (seeds, fruits, stems and leaves). Fat and energy content were larger in seeds and fruits, whereas the largest content of protein was found in fruits and leaves. Mineral content also differed among plant parts. Calcium, potassium and magnesium were higher in leaves whereas copper and zinc were higher in seeds. Differences of diet between white-lipped peccaries in Corcovado and in other tropical regions of Latin America could be partially explained by our results. We found several species with higher fat and energy content than palms, which can explain the low consumption of palm seeds in Corcovado. It is possible that the regular consumption of stems and leaves of some species is related to their high mineral content. Seasonality of reproduction in Corcovado seems to be related not only to fruit availability but also to the nutritional quality of food.

Se determinó el valor nutritivo y mineral de 25 especies vegetales y una especie animal (lombriz de tierra) que forman parte de la dieta del chancho cariblanco (Tayassu pecari) en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica, desde enero de 1998 hasta marzo de 1999. Los mayores contenidos de grasa y energía bruta se encontraron en semillas de la familia Myristicaceae. El mayor contenido de calcio se encontró en partes vegetativas de Dieffenbachia spp. Los contenidos nutritivos fueron diferentes entre las diferentes partes vegetativas analizadas (semillas, frutos, tallos y hojas). El contenido de grasa y energía bruta fue mayor en semillas y frutos, mientras que el mayor contenido de proteina cruda se encontró en frutos y hojas. El contenido de minerales tambien fue diferente entre las partes vegetativas analizadas. Los contenidos de calcio, potasio y magnesio fueron mayores en hojas mientras que los de cobre y zinc fueron mayores en semillas. Diferencias en la dieta de los chanchos cariblancos de Corcovado con los de otras regiones tropicales de Latinoamérica pueden ser parcialmente explicadas con los resultados nutritivos de este estudio. Se encontraron varias especies con mayor contenido de grasa y energía bruta que las palmas, lo que puede explicar el bajo consumo de semillas de palmas en Corcovado. Es posible que el consumo regular de partes vegetativas (hojas y tallos) de algunas especies se deba al alto contenido mineral de estas. La estacionalidad de la reproducción parece estar relacionada no solo a la disponibilidad de alimentos sino tambien a la calidad nutritiva de los mismos.