Aprendizagem escolar: desafios do professor na atividade docente / School Learning: teacher's challenges in their teaching activities / Aprendizaje Escolar: desafíos del profesor en la actividad docente

Nas duas últimas décadas, período este delimitado a partir da promulgação da atual Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (Lei 9.394/96) e marcado por uma elevação na quantidade de matrículas na escola, especialmente no ensino fundamental, o processo de aprendizagem escolar tem se constituído numa questão urgente do nosso tempo, seja nos cursos de formação inicial e/ou continuada de professores, seja no seio da família e da própria escola, ou ainda nos consultórios médicos. Diante dessa problemática, a atividade docente tem sido analisada a partir de diferentes perspectivas, tanto políticas quanto pedagógicas, com vistas a atender a questão do processo de aprendizagem escolar. Tendo a psicologia sócio-histórica como base teórico-metodológica, este artigo objetiva apreender a dimensão subjetiva dos desafios vividos pelo professor na atividade docente frente às possibilidades de aprendizagem que se configuram no espaço escolar. Metodologicamente, o trabalho de investigação se desenvolveu por meio da realização de entrevista semiestruturada e o processo de análise e interpretação dos dados teve como base de apoio a proposta dos núcleos de significação. Os resultados do processo de análise e interpretação apontam para a constituição de dois núcleos de significação, a saber: 1) A vida na escola: um caminho de flores e espinhos; e 2) Da formação à prática: sonhos, possibilidades e desafios.

The last two decades was a period delimited by the promulgation of the current Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (Lei 9.394/96) - National Education Guidelines and Base Law (Law 9,394/96), and characterized by an increase in the number of registrations in schools, especially in regards to elementary and middle schools. The school learning process has been constituted as an urgent issue for our time, whether in the undergraduate course and/or other academic training for teachers, or in the family and school environments or even in the doctors' offices. Based on this matter, the teaching activity has been analyzed through different perspectives, both political and pedagogical, in view of addressing the issue of school learning process. Taking into account the socio-historical psychology as theoretical and methodological basis, this article aims to seize the subjective dimension of the challenges experienced by the teacher in their teaching activities as pertaining to the students' learning. Methodologically, the research was developed through semi-structured interview and the process of analysis and interpretation of the data was based on the nuclei of meanings proposal. The results of the process of analysis and interpretation points out to a constitution of two nuclei of meanings, they are: 1) The school life: a path of flowers and thorns; and 2) From training to practice: challenges and possibilities.

En las últimas dos décadas, período delimitado desde la promulgación actual de la Ley de Directrices e Base de la Educación Nacional (Ley 9.394/96), y marcado por un aumento en el número de inscripciones en la escuela, especialmente en la enseñanza mediana, el proceso de aprendizaje se ha constituido en una cuestión urgente de nuestro tempo, en cursos de formación inicial y continua de profesores, dentro de la familia o en consultorios médicos. Frente a esta problemática, la actividad docente ha sido analizada desde diferentes perspectivas, tanto políticas como educativas. Teniendo la psicología socio-histórica como base teórico-metodológica, este artículo surge con el objetivo de apoderarse de la dimensión subjetiva de las dificultades experimentadas por el profesor en la enseñanza de la actividad, frente al estudiante de la escuela de aprendizaje. Metodológicamente, el trabajo de investigación desarrollado por medio de entrevista semiestructurada y el proceso de análisis e interpretación de los datos se basó en la propuesta de la ayuda del núcleo de significación. Los resultados del proceso de análisis e interpretación presentan la constitución de dos núcleos de significado, son ellos: 1) La vida en la escuela: "cada vez se encuentra una flor" y 2) Desafíos de formación: "Creemos que la escuela puede cambiar el mundo".

A Modified Clinicopathological Conference as a Potential Learning Teaching Activity for Civilian and Army Medical Students and House Officers

The clinicopathological conference (CPC), a novel learning teaching activity, consciously integrates by clinical reasoning, to arrive at the final diagnosis of a selected case. This process traditionally involves case selection, presentation of the history and the clinical findings, interpretation of investigations, discussion of differential diagnoses with final diagnosis, followed by an energetic discussion of relevant aspects of the case and its management.This article discusses a modified CPC, a potentialeducational activity for undergraduate medical students and house officers in general, with its conceptual ideas based on our pilot activity,contributing to the literature of the CPCbecause it highlightsnovel aspects of discussion used and indeed plausible, in our medical school that trains both civilian and army doctors. This academic exercise, involving preclinical and clinical specialists in a multidisciplinary environment uniquely incorporates other bodies that work together for patient care in a military hospital. The discussion embraces someviewsfrom personnel in charge of social work and administrators which could be furthered,enriching the holistic learning teaching experience of all attendees.As the learning and teaching of medicine adapts to contemporary demands, sustained efforts and commitment from organizers and participants of such a discussion contributes constructively towards the advancement of medical education. The modified CPC as presented here is an innovative platform possibly emulated for flexibility of approach, content and delivery and for its potentials in the learning and teaching of young doctors and trainees

Habilidades para el trabajo independiente en la modalidad de cursos por encuentros en la Educación Superior / Skills for independent study in the meeting- courses modality in Higher Education

RESUMEN Fundamento: El tránsito del Plan de Estudio D al E, en la Educación Superior produjo cambios en la organización del proceso docente educativo y sus distintas formas de enseñanza, aunque prevaleció la clase encuentro la cual necesita de un alto grado de trabajo independiente por parte de los estudiantes. Objetivo: Implementar acciones pedagógicas que desarrollen habilidades para el trabajo independiente en las asignaturas que componen la Disciplina Principal Integradora con énfasis en la modalidad de la clase encuentro en la Educación Superior. Metodología: Se realizó un preexperimento de octubre de 2016 a julio de 2018 en el Centro Universitario Municipal de Placetas. El universo estuvo conformado por los 21 estudiantes matriculados en el primer año del curso escolar 2016-2017, que a su vez constituyeron la muestra de la investigación. Participaron en la experiencia 13 docentes que representan el total de los que estaban vinculados a estos estudiantes. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico-matemático. Resultados: En el diagnóstico inicial se observó en los estudiantes el predominio del nivel bajo en la evaluación de los indicadores analizados y en los docentes el desconocimiento de cuáles pueden ser los contenidos apropiados para que los estudiantes trabajen de forma independiente. Las acciones pedagógicas implementadas fueron efectivas, constatado en el diagnóstico final. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del trabajo independiente se logra en la actividad, sobre la base de la enseñanza desarrolladora y con enfoque de sistema. Se considera oportuno profundizar en el estudio de la temática debido a su prioridad en la modalidad de cursos por encuentros en la Educación Superior.

ABSTRACT Background: The transition from Study Plan D to E, in Higher Education produced changes in the organization of the educational teaching process and its different forms of education, although the meeting class prevailed which requires a high degree of independent study by the students. Objective: To implement pedagogical actions that develop skills for independent study in the subjects that make up the Main Integrative Discipline with emphasis on the class- meeting modality in Higher Education. Methodology: A pre experiment was carried out from October 2016 to July 2018 at the Municipal University Center of Placetas. The universe consisted of 21 students enrolled in the first school year 2016-2017, which in turn constituted the research sample. 13 teachers participated in the experience representing the total of those who were linked to these students. Theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical methods were used. Results: In the initial diagnosis, the predominance of the low level in the evaluation of the analyzed indicators was observed in the students and in the teachers the ignorance of what the appropriate contents may be for the students to work independently. The pedagogical actions implemented were effective, found in the final diagnosis. Conclusions: The development of independent study is achieved in the activity, based on the development teaching and also with a system approach. It is considered appropriate to deepen the study of the subject due to its priority in the meeting-courses modality in Higher Education.

Psicologia sócio-histórica como fundamento para a compreensão das significações da atividade docente / Socio-historical psychology as the basis for understanding teaching practice

Este artigo apresenta e discute a importância de produzir conhecimento a respeito dos aspectos subjetivos que constituem a atividade docente, buscando compreendê-la para além de sua aparência, em suas contradições e mediações. Propõe--se aqui a discussão dos pressupostos teóricos da Psicologia Sócio histórica, a qual, por sua vez, fundamenta-se no Materialismo Histórico e Dialético. Estes dois últimos orientam as pesquisas realizadas pelo grupo "Atividade docente e subjetividade", o qual tem contribuído para a produção de conhecimento crítico na área da educação. Para tanto, inicia-se discutindo categorias como: Mediação, Historicidade, Atividade, Sentidos, Significados e Subjetividade. Em seguida, passa-se aos conceitos "real da atividade" e "atividade real" e os procedimentos de Auto confrontação Simples e Cruzada propostos por Yves Clot. Enfatiza-se a importância do referencial teórico em todas as etapas da pesquisa, visto ser um critério de cientificidade do conhecimento produzido, e a necessária articulação entre todos esses momentos.

This article seeks to address the importance of producing knowledge about the subjective aspects of teaching practice in order to understand it beyond its theoretical definitions, i.e., to acknowledge its contradictions and mediations. This study presents a discussion of the theoretical assumptions of Socio-historical Psychology, which is rooted in the dialectical and historical materialism, which, in turn, are the basis for the studies conducted by the research group "Teaching practice and subjectivity". These studies have made major contributions to the critical knowledge in education. The present article initially discusses categories such as Mediation, Historicity, Activity, Senses, Meanings, and Subjectivity. Subsequently, the concepts of "real practice" and "real life practice" are introduced, followed by the simple and crossed self-confrontation techniques proposed by Yves Clot. It is essential to highlight the importance of the theoretical framework to support the entire process of the research since it is a scientificity criterion of the produced knowledge and the required coordination between all research steps.

Caracterización de algunos aspectos de la reunión de preparación metodológica en la asignatura Morfofisiopatología Humana I / Characterization of some aspects of the methodological preparation meeting in the subject Human Morphophysiology I

Introducción: la necesidad actual de una adecuada preparación metodológica de los profesores para lograr dirigir el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje, con un enfoque integral y sistémico, sobre la base de los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de la didáctica, se debe corresponder con las tendencias actuales y las necesidades de la educación médica, elementos que se comienzan a desarrollar desde la reuniones metodológicas. Objetivo: caracterizar algunos aspectos de la reunión metodológica en la asignatura de Morfofisiopatología Humana I (MFPHI). Métodos: investigación descriptiva en el marco de la educación médica, en el área de Salud Integral Comunitaria Dr. Leonidas Ramos, Guanare, Estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 15 profesores, se entrevistó a 3 informantes clave y se observaron 7 reuniones de preparación metodológica. Se hizo revisión documental y bibliográfica. Resultados: el 100 por ciento de los profesores respondió que siempre en las reuniones de preparación metodológica de la asignatura de MFPHI, se analizaba el cumplimiento y planificación de las actividades docentes de la semana anterior y próxima semana, también el cumplimiento del plan calendario, los resultados de las evaluaciones de los estudiantes, la disciplina y la autopreparación profesoral. Conclusión: se identificaron aspectos positivos y algunas insuficiencias en las reuniones de preparación metodológica de la asignatura de Morfofisiopatología Humana I.

Introduction: The current need for adequate methodological training of teachers to achieve direct the teaching-learning process, with a comprehensive and systemic approach, based on the theoretical and methodological foundations of teaching, must correspond with current trends and needs of medical education, elements begin to develop from the methodological meetings. Objective: to characterize some aspects of the methodological meeting for Human Morphophysiology I subject. Methods: descriptive research study on medical education in the community health area called Dr Leonidas Ramos in Guanare, Portuguesa state, Venezuela. Fifteen professors answered a questionnaire, 3 key informants were interviewed and 7 methodological meetings were supervised. A documentary and literature review was also made. Results: all the professors stated that in the methodological meetings of Human Morphophysiology I subject, the participants always analyzed the fulfillment and planning of the teaching activities carried out the week before and those that would be performed the following week, in addition to the compliance with the calendar program, the results of the evaluations of students, the general discipline and the professor's self-preparation. Conclusion: some positive aspects and deficiencies were identified in the methodological meetings of Human Morphophysiopathology I subject.

Nas trilhas da atividade: análise da relação saúde-trabalho de uma professora de educação física escolar / In the tracks of the activity: analysis of the health-work relation of a scholastic physical education teacher

Trata-se de um estudo sobre a análise da atividade de uma professora de Educação Física em sua primeira experiência como docente em uma escola pública polivalente da rede estadual do Espírito Santo. Busca compreender como são engendradas as estratégias no cotidiano escolar que permitiram à professora produzir saúde e escapar ao adoecimento. A metodologia adotada se construiu com as ferramentas conceituais-metodológicas formuladas pela ergologia, combinando técnicas de produção de dados, como diários, entrevistas e autoconfrontação das mesmas. A análise da atividade docente constata a incessante luta da professora em meio aos usos de si por si e aos usos de si pelos outros.

The paper is about an analysis of the activity of a physical education teacher in her first experience as a teacher in a polyvalent public school of the state net of teaching in Espírito Santo state. It aims at understanding how engendered the strategies in the school daily life that enabled Physical Education teachers to work with health and escape from sickening are. The methodology used is constituted through the conceptual-methodological tools formulated by ergology, combining techniques of data production, like journals, interviews and their self confrontation. The teaching activity analysis finds the incessant struggle of the teachers amid the uses of themselves and the uses of themselves by others.

Several improvements in our hospital's teaching activities of clinical practice / 中华医院管理杂志

To explore a new mode of teaching activities and management of clinical practice, our hospital adopted various methods, including computer training and exams, selecting practice guiding experts among the three level specialties, establishing labs for the operation of basic skills, using credit books for trainees and adopting integrated education on disease entities. In the past, teachers could teach and set exams in whatever way they liked and students did not have enough opportunities to come across various disease entities or to operate with their hands. Now such shortcomings have been overcome. Students can receive comprehensive, systematic and standard training in clinical operations. At the same time, their quality with regard to professional knowledge and ethics has also been enhanced.