A Educação Física pós-crítica e suas teleologias: entre a valorização da diferença e o sujeito solidário / Post-critical Physical Education and its teleologies: between the valorization of difference and the subject of solidarity / La Educación Física postcrítica y sus teleologías: entre la valorización de la diferencia y el sujeto solidario

RESUMO O artigo recorreu à hermenêutica filosófica como método analítico para produzir um mapa das teleologias educativas da chamada Educação Física pós-crítica. Os resultados demonstram uma movimentação das proposições teleológicas inicialmente afeitas à noção de emancipação e participação social para vinculação com o reconhecimento e valorização da diferença, culminando nas relações de solidariedade e o estabelecimento de alianças em prol do bem comum. A constatação fez buscar o apoio nas filosofias da diferença para problematizar a noção de subjetividade solidária anunciada pela teoria curricular cultural da Educação Física, conferindo-lhe o necessário, porém provisório, estofo epistemológico.

ABSTRACT The article resorted to philosophical hermeneutics as an analytical method to produce a map of the educational teleologies of the so-called post-critical Physical Education. The results demonstrate a shift from teleological propositions initially linked to the notion of emancipation and social participation towards a link with the recognition and appreciation of difference, culminating in relations of solidarity and the establishment of alliances in favor of the common good. This finding led to the search for support in the philosophies of difference to problematize the notion of solidary subjectivity announced by the cultural curricular theory of Physical Education, giving it the necessary, but provisional, epistemological padding.

RESUMEN El artículo recurrió a la hermenéutica filosófica como método analítico para elaborar un mapa de las teleologías educativas de la llamada Educación Física poscrítica. Los resultados demuestran un giro desde proposiciones teleológicas inicialmente vinculadas a la noción de emancipación y participación social hacia un vínculo con el reconocimiento y valoración de la diferencia, culminando en relaciones de solidaridad y el establecimiento de alianzas a favor del bien común. Este hallazgo llevó a la búsqueda de apoyo en las filosofías de la diferencia para problematizar la noción de subjetividad solidaria anunciada por la teoría cultural curricular de la Educación Física, dándole el necesario, pero provisional, relleno epistemológico.

On the debate about teleology in biology: the notion of "teleological obstacle" / O debate sobre teleologia na biologia: a noção de "obstáculo teleológico"

Among the epistemological obstacles described by Gaston Bachelard, we contend that unitary and pragmatic knowledge is correlated to the teleological categories of Ernst Mayr and is the basis for prevailing debate on the notion of "function" in biology. Given the proximity of the aspects highlighted by these authors, we propose to associate the role of teleological thinking in biology and the notion of unitary and pragmatic knowledge as an obstacle to scientific knowledge. Thus, teleological thinking persists acting as an epistemological obstacle in biology, according to Bachelardian terminology. Our investigation led us to formulate the "teleological obstacle," which we consider important for the future of biology and possibly other sciences.

Dentre os obstáculos epistemológicos descritos por Gaston Bachelard, propomos que o conhecimento unitário e pragmático se relaciona com as categorias de teleologia propostas por Ernst Mayr e fundamenta as discussões atuais sobre a noção de "função" em biologia. Dada a proximidade dos aspectos salientados por ambos, propomos relacionar o papel do pensamento teleológico na biologia e a noção do conhecimento unitário e pragmático como obstáculo ao conhecimento científico. O pensamento teleológico, portanto, ainda atua como obstáculo epistemológico na biologia, segundo a terminologia bachelardiana. Nossas investigações nos levaram à formulação do "obstáculo teleológico", que entendemos ser importante para o desenvolvimento da biologia e possivelmente para outras ciências.

Function in biooogy: etiological and organizational perspectives / Función en Biología: perspectivas etiológicas y organizacionales

In this paper, we argue for a taxonomy of approaches to function based on different epistemological perspectives assumed with regard to the treatment of this central concept in the life sciences. We distinguish between etiological and organizational perspectives on function, analyzing distinct theories: Wright's selectionist etiological approach and Godfrey-Smith's modern history theory of functions, in the case of the etiological perspective; and Cummins' functional analysis and Collier's interactivist approach to function, among organizational accounts. We explain differences and similarities between these theories and the broader perspectives on function, arguing for a particular way of understanding the consensus without unity in debates about function. While explaining the accounts of function, we also deal with the relationship between this concept and other important biological concepts, such as adaptation, selection, complexity, and autonomy. We also advance an argument for the limits and prospects of the explanatory role of function in evolution. By arguing that changes in functionality are always grounded on changes in systems' organization, we show that function can never explain the origins of traits. Nevertheless, it can explain the spread of traits in populations, but only when we are dealing with functionally novel traits. Finally, we stress that organizational accounts of function are needed to understand how new functions appear by means of changes in systems' organization.

En este artículo, argumentamos a favor de una taxonomía de abordajes del concepto función basada en diferentes perspectivas epistemológicas de acuerdo al tratamiento de este concepto central en las ciencias de la vida. Distinguimos entre perspectivas etiológicas y organizacionales sobre la noción de función, analizando teorías distintas: la teoría etiológica seleccionista de Wright y la teoría de la historia moderna de Godfrey-Smith, en el caso de la perspectiva etiológica; y el análisis funcional de Cummins y el abordaje interactivista de Collier, entre los abordajes organizacionales. Explicamos las diferencias y similitudes entre estas teorías y entre las perspectivas más amplias sobre función, argumentando a favor de una manera particular de comprender el consenso sin unidad en los debates sobre función. Al explicar los abordajes sobre función, examinamos también las relaciones entre este concepto y otros conceptos biológicos importantes, como adaptación, selección, complejidad y autonomía. Además presentamos un argumento sobre los límites y las posibilidades del papel explicativo de función en evolución. Al argumentar que los cambios en funcionalidad están siempre basados en cambios en la organización de los sistemas, mostramos que la función jamás puede explicar los orígines de rasgos. Sin embargo, ella puede explicar el aumento de frecuencia (spread) de rasgos en poblaciones, solo cuando estamos considerando rasgos funcionalmente nuevos. Finalmente, destacamos que abordajes organizacionales de la función son necesarios para comprender como nuevas funciones aparecen por medio de cambios en la organización de sistemas.

Darwin y la impssibilidad de causas finales en la bollogía / Darwin and the Impossibility of Final Causes in Biology

La teoría de la selección natural propuesta por Charles Darwin en su obra El origen de las especies no solo colocó las bases para una explicación coherente de los hechos fundamentales de la biología (el origen común de los seres vivos, la diversidad de individuos y especies y la transmisión de características hereditarias), sino que además introdujo maneras nuevas de hacer filosofía. La teoría de la selección natural hace superflua cualquier posibilidad de apelar a explicaciones de tipo finalista en la ciencia. Desde Aristóteles se conocen cuatro tipos de causa: la material, la formal, la eficiente y la final. Aunque la causa eficiente es el paradigma de explicación por exce-lencia de las ciencias naturales, la causa final sigue desempeñando un papel explicativo, por cuanto parece estar arraigada en nuestra estructura humana de pensamiento y la tendencia a presentar explicaciones finalistas sigue siendo recalcitrante. Quizá por estar los seres humanos tan familiarizados con la complejidad inherente a los procesos de diseño en las artes y en la técnica y quizá por la circunstancia de que los seres humanos organizamos casi todas nuestras acciones en torno a propósitos, es decir, a la definición de unos fines para los cuales buscamos unos medios, suponemos por vía de analogía que la naturaleza en su complejidad exige la presencia y acción de un diseñador inteligente. Kant en la Crítica de la facultad de juzgar hace una defensa del carácter "irrenunciable al género humano" de este modelo explicativo. Para contro-vertir esta opinión milenaria, me apoyaré, en investigaciones recientes de Richard Dawkins y de otros biólogos contemporáneos para mostrar con la evolución de ojos en la naturaleza que el surgimiento de órganos de alta complejidad puede ser explicado sin problema con la teoría de la selección natural propuesta por Darwin en 1859.

Darwin’s theory of natural selection in The Origin of Species not only laid the fundamental elements for a persuasive explanation of biological facts (as the common origin of all living beings, the rich diversity of individuals and species and partially the transmission of hereditary characters), but rather it introduces new forms for doing philosophy. The theory of natural selection leaves no room for final explanations and causes in the natural sciences. Since Aristotle there are four types of causes: material, formal, efficient and final. The efficient cause is since the 17th century the established model of explanation in natural science. However the final cause type of explanation seems to be well rooted in the structure of our human understanding. As creative artists, as craft designers, as lawgivers in societies, human beings are fully conscious that complexity in organization requires previous intelligence. As free rational beings we tend to organize most of our actions as purposive in terms of selecting ends and means. As I will show we suppose wrongly by way of analogy that the explanation of complexity in nature likewise requires the presence and the action of an intelligent being. Kant in his Kritik der Urteilskraft defended that this model of explanation seems to be "unrejectable for human beings". With an analysis of contemporary research work done by Richard Dawkins and others on the evolution of eyes in nature, I will show that in 1859 Darwin´s theory of natural selection demolished this millenary way of thinking, in which final cause has a place for explanation in natural science.

Um replicador em movimento: aproximações entre a poética narrativa de Borges e o programa de pesquisa dos memes / A replicator in movement: similarities between Borges' poetic narrative and the memes research agenda

A extensa obra fantástica de Jorge Luis Borges tem sido lida como uma crítica contra a ciência tradicional e a lógica, como tendo repudiado a importância do indivíduo, a pressuposição da própria realidade e conseqüentemente, as formas de conhecimento que nos são acessíveis. Neste trabalho, procuramos mostrar um novo ângulo de compreensão da narrativa poética borgeana, evidenciando a capacidade dessa narrativa de apreender fenômenos culturais sob um ponto de vista científico. Apresentamos uma analogia entre a poética narrativa de Borges e a memética, sendo esta uma tentativa de interpretar a natureza humana em termos tanto de genes quanto de memes, ou seja, idéias compreendidas como padrões culturais. Embora qualquer obra literária seja veículo de idéias, acreditamos que Borges, escrevendo de forma extremamente crítica, parece estar especialmente consciente da independência das idéias, e seus personagens poderiam ser vistos como prisioneiros de labirintos de memes.

Jorge Luis Borges' extensive fantasy writings have been read as a critique of traditional science and logic and as a repudiation of the individual's importance, of the presumption of reality itself, and, consequently, of the forms of knowledge accessible to us. The article presents a new way of understanding Borges' poetic narrative, evincing this narrative's ability to grasp cultural phenomenon from a scientific perspective. An analogy is drawn between Borges' poetic narrative and memetics, the latter being an attempt to interpret human nature in terms not only of genes but also of memes - that is, ideas understood as cultural patterns. Although any literary work is a vehicle for ideas, Borges, who writes in an extraordinarily critical fashion, seems particularly aware of the independence of ideas and therefore, the article asserts, his characters can be seen as prisoners inside labyrinths of memes.

A History and Philosophy of Bio-Medical Ethics Seen from a Dentist's Point of View / 의사학

When we think about ethics or morals, we tend to look at them from the viewpoint of here and now. Actual implications of then and there, however, could be different. That is why we should study history of bio-ethics along with philosophy involved in it. Bio-medical ethics is situated in spatial and cultural dimension as well as temporal and historical. Dentistry has been in a peculiar situation in that although it has evolved from the same root as medicine it has become separate discipline. Ethical implications of dentistry, however, share the historical and philosophical background with its mother discipline, i.e., medicine, surgery, barber-surgery and even smithery. This paper tries to grasp the main ideas of bio-medical ethics from the ancient Greek and China and picks up three of them as guiding principles, i.e., deontology and teleology from the west and self-cultivation from the east, It also tracks down the contents of modern biomedical ethics; from etiquette to ethics, from morals to contract (ethics of autonomy), and ethics of professional responsibility. Finally it reviews and analyzes two different traditions of dental professional regulation from the legal and ethical point of view (U.S. and Europe), and proposes a new direction for the construction of dental ethics in Korea.

The Ethical Reflection on the Euthanasia of the Badly Handicapped Newborn / 中国医学伦理学

In the ethical reflection on the euthanasia of the badly handicapped newborn, the teleological thoughtway is superior to deontology. The euthanasia of the badly handicapped newborn is moral on half of the newborn themselves in theory from the angle of teleology, at the same time, the deontology often objects to the euthanasia. But all our value analysis demonstrates that, as a specific moral instance, the "euthanasia of the badly handicapped newborn" is out of the valid extension of the deontology logical discursion. Therefore, we should regard the essentiality of the "euthanasia of the badly handicapped newborn" as a necessary hurt from the point of view of teleology