Teletrabalho e saúde no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 / Telework and health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Introdução: com a pandemia de COVID-19 e a política de distanciamento social, quase 9 milhões de trabalhadores tiveram suas atividades profissionais transferidas para o ambiente doméstico. Esse contexto funcionou como um laboratório no qual as empresas puderam experimentar a modalidade do teletrabalho. Objetivo: analisar o crescimento do teletrabalho e o perfil dos teletrabalhadores, destacando impactos e consequências para saúde dos profissionais. Métodos: análise de bibliografia pertinente, exploração de dados secundários de pesquisas sobre condições objetivas e subjetivas do teletrabalho, publicações sobre o teletrabalho no contexto da pandemia e pós-pandemia, análise de anúncios de trabalho remoto. Resultados: em razão da forma como ocorreu durante a pandemia, o trabalho remoto, além das consequências para saúde e condições de vida e trabalho, acarretou novos desafios para a classe trabalhadora. Entre eles, destacam-se: como assegurar condições ambientais e ergonômicas adequadas ao trabalho e como garantir o limite de jornada, a delimitação do tempo de trabalho, tendo em vista a tendência de sua manutenção para o período pós-pandemia. Conclusão: a análise revelou impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores, com novos desafios para a classe trabalhadora. Tais impactos, entre outras razões, se devem a jornadas ampliadas, condições ergonômicas no domicílio e pressões para cumprimento de metas.

Abstract Introduction: with the COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing policy, almost 9 million workers had their professional activities transferred to the home environment, called "remote work," "home office," or "telework." This context worked as a laboratory in which companies could experiment with teleworking. Objective: to analyze the unprecedented telework growth and the teleworkers' profile, highlighting the impacts and consequences for the workers' health. Methods: analysis of relevant bibliography, exploration of secondary data from empirical research on objective and subjective teleworking conditions, publications in the media about telework in the pandemic and post-pandemic context, and analysis of remote work ads. Results: due to the way remote work occurred during the pandemic, in addition to its consequences for health, and living and working conditions, new challenges were raised for the working class. Among them: how to ensure adequate environmental and ergonomic working conditions and how to guarantee the limit of working hours, and the delimitation of working time, in view of the tendency for telework to be maintained in the post-pandemic period. Conclusion: the analysis revealed impacts on workers' health that bring new challenges to the working class. Such impacts, among other reasons, are due to extended working hours, ergonomic conditions at home, and pressure to meet goals.

Trabajo, teletrabajo y salud mental en el contexto COVID-19 / Work, telework, and mental health during COVID-19

Resumen Este trabajo abordar una reflexión sobre el impacto de la pandemia COVID19 sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores, y en particular, sobre las condiciones del teletrabajo. Para ello se recupera y analiza diferentes documentos de organismos internacionales y diferentes publicaciones científicas especializadas. De la información recuperada se señala que la pandemia no sólo ha tenido importantes efectos sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores de primera línea, sino también, sobre los trabajadores que debieron migrar repentinamente hacia los entornos virtuales, sin demasiada organización previa. No obstante, un aspecto positivo se refleja en la organización de diferentes dispositivos de atención de la salud mental remota, implementados para la atención de poblaciones vulnerables, trabajadores de primera línea y población general. Se concluye enfatizando la importancia del desarrollo de políticas públicas para la atención específica de la salud mental de los trabajadores.

Abstract This review addresses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers' mental health, in particular, teleworking conditions. Our analysis is based on documents from several international organizations and specialized scientific publications. The retrieved information reveals that the pandemic has had a significant effect on the mental health of frontline workers and employees who had to migrate to a virtual environment without prior warning. However, a positive aspect is reflected in the development of several remote mental health care devices implemented to protect vulnerable population, frontline workers, and the general population. Finally, this paper underscores the importance of developing public policies for protecting workers' mental health.

A ponta do iceberg: o teletrabalho durante a pandemia / The tip of the iceberg: telework during the pandemic

Resumo A pandemia do novo coronavírus levou o trabalho para a residência de milhares de trabalhadores no mundo, de maneira compulsória. Portanto, este ensaio objetiva evidenciar os fatores psicossociais de riscos à saúde e o panorama do teletrabalho no primeiro ano da pandemia de covid-19 e, neste contexto, analisar a política do teletrabalho no Brasil. Apresentamos os diferentes conceitos do teletrabalho e discutimos sobre como não é uma modalidade ausente de riscos. Fatores psicossociais, como o isolamento social e profissional, a intensificação do trabalho e sobreposição de atividades profissionais e familiares são alguns dos destacados na literatura. A partir de dados secundários obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios e análises do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada durante a pandemia, revelou-se um panorama de desigualdade no perfil daqueles que tem acesso ao teletrabalho, além da acentuação das diferenças regionais. Por fim, identificamos um descompasso entre a regulamentação do teletrabalho e as necessidades dos trabalhadores, impactadas pela pandemia de covid-19. Assim, é necessária a elaboração, reformulação e implementação de políticas, visando garantir os direitos e saúde dos teletrabalhadores.

Abstract The new coronavirus pandemic compulsorily brought work into the homes of thousands of workers worldwide. Therefore, this essay aims to highlight the psychosocial factors of health risks and telework's panorama in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and, in this context, to analyze the telework policy in Brazil. We presented the different concepts of telework and discuss how and why it is not a risk-free modality. The literature highlights psychosocial factors, such as social and professional isolation, work intensification and overlapping of professional and family activities. Secondary data obtained from the National Household Sample Survey and analyses by the Institute of Applied Economic Research during the pandemic revealed a panorama of inequality in the profile of those who have access to telework, in addition to the accentuation of regional differences. Finally, we identified a mismatch between the regulation of telework and the workers' needs, impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is necessary to elaborate, reformulate and implement policies, aiming to guarantee the rights and health of teleworkers.

Asociación entre depresión y teletrabajo durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Chile / The association between depression and telework during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile

Introducción: a principios del 2020, el mundo experimentó una pandemia COVID-19 que repercutió en múltiples ámbitos de la vida, entre ellos la salud mental y el área laboral. En este periodo, se han observado grandes cambios sociales, específicamente en términos del teletrabajo. Paralelamente, se han objetivado mayores niveles de depresión y ansiedad en la población. Actualmente hay escasos estudios que exploran cómo ambas variables se relacionan en conjunto y, por ello, en el presente artículo se explorará el trabajo vía telemática y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva. Métodos: datos obtenidos de un estudio longitudinal que tomó una muestra aleatoria de 1383 personas entre 21 y 68 años. Se recopilaron datos demográficos, laborales y se evaluó la presencia de síntomas depresivos mediante el Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9). Resultados: un 45% de las personas que mantenían un empleo con teletrabajo presentaba algún grado de sintomatología depresiva en comparación con un 30,9% de las personas ocupadas sin teletrabajo. Discusión: interpretamos que inicialmente el teletrabajo se presentaba como una forma idónea de trabajo. No obstante, se comenzaron a evidenciar factores de riesgo conocidos para desarrollar sintomatología depresiva, tales como; el sedentarismo, tiempo frente a las pantallas, insomnio y aislamiento social. Frente a dicha realidad, los resultados del presente estudio son concordantes con lo descrito en la literatura, pero aún falta profundizar su impacto a largo plazo y las medidas protectoras que se podrían implementar.

Introduction: In the early 2020s, the world experienced the COVID-91 pandemic which echoed in multiple areas of life, including mental health and employment. During this time, a great number of social changes have appeared, specifically in terms of telecommuting. Concurrently, there has been more levels of depression and anxiety in the population. Nowadays, the literature about this topic is scarce, particularly about how these two variables interact and, because of this, this article will explore the relationship between telework and the presence of depressive symptomatology. Methods: Data from a longitudinal study involving a random sample of 1383 people between 21 and 68 years of age. Demographic and occupational data were collected and the presence of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9). Results: 45% of those employed with telework presented some degree of depressive symptoms compared to 30,9% of those employed without telework. Discussion: We can conclude that at the beginning teleworking was presented as an optimal way of working. However, as it was maintained over time, certain risk factors began to become evident, perpetuating and maintaining certain risk factors for developing depressive symptoms such as sedentary lifestyle, time in front of screens, insomnia, and isolation. Given this reality, the results of the present study are consistent with what has been described in the literature, but the long-term impact and the protective measures that should be implemented still need to be studied in more detail

Teletrabajo y auto-percepción de dolor musculoesquelético en tiempos de COVID-19. Caso empresa venezolana / Telecommuting and self-perception of musculoskeletal pain in times of COVID-19: Case of a Venezuelan company

En tiempos de COVID-19, el teletrabajo se hizo frecuente, ya que producto de la pandemia, gran parte de trabajadores debió quedarse en casa y trabajar a distancia. El Objetivo consiste en determinar la prevalencia del dolor músculoesquelético auto informado por los trabajadores(as) del tren gerencial de una empresa de alimentos venezolana. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, trasversal y descriptivo. El muestreo fue intencional quedando conformado por 243 trabajadores. Como técnica de recolección de datos se utilizó la observación directa y como instrumento el cuestionario, desarrollado bajo la aplicación Google Forms®. Asimismo, se utilizó el método ROSA para cuantificar los riesgos asociados con el trabajo en computadora. Resultados: El 61,79% de los participantes eran masculinos; con edad promedio de 45,86±9,0 años. Las regiones del cuerpo más afectadas por molestias musculo esqueléticas fueron el cuello, la espalda baja y la muñeca derecha, con tasas de prevalencia de 85,8%, 66,5% y 53,3% respectivamente. El sexo femenino, se asoció significativamente con la aparición de dolor en hombro derecho y espalda alta. El riesgo de trastornos musculo esqueléticos, según el método ROSA se asoció de manera significativa con dolencias en cuello, hombro derecho, espalda alta, espalda baja y muñeca derecha. En Conclusión, existe asociación entre la edad y el sexo, las condiciones inseguras de las estaciones de trabajo, el incremento de las horas de trabajo y disminución de pausa, la falta de formación en ergonomía con la alta prevalencia de dolencias musculo esqueléticas(AU)

In times of COVID-19, teleworking became frequent, since as a result of the pandemic, a large number of workers had to stay at home and work remotely. The Objective is to determine the prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal pain by workers in the management board of a Venezuelan food company. A quantitative, crosssectional and descriptive study was carried out. The sampling was intentional, being made up of 243 workers. Direct observation was used as a data collection technique and the questionnaire, developed under the Google Forms® application, was used as an instrument. Likewise, the ROSA method was used to quantify the risks associated with computer work. Results: 61.79% of the participants were male; with an average age of 45.86 ± 9.0 years. The regions of the body most affected by musculoskeletal complaints were the neck, lower back, and right wrist, with prevalence rates of 85.8%, 66.5%, and 53.3%, respectively. The females sex were significantly associated with the appearance of pain in the right shoulder and upper back. The risk of musculoskeletal disorders, according to the ROSA method, was significantly associated with pain in the neck, right shoulder, upper back, lower back, and right wrist. In conclusion, there is an association between age and sex, the unsafe conditions of the work stations, the increase in working hours and the decrease in breaks, the lack of training in ergonomics with the high prevalence of musculoskeletal ailments(AU)

Fatiga laboral en personas que realizaron trabajo en casa en tiempos de confinamiento por COVID-19 / Work fatigue in people who worked at home during times of confinement by COVID-19

Introducción:El aislamiento social por Covid-19 llevó a muchos colaboradores a realizar trabajo en casa y asimismo a experimentar diversas sensaciones que conjugadas con factores laborales, demandas físicas, emocionales y/o mentales, presentaron fatiga laboral,y por ende consecuencias en su salud. Objetivo:El estudio se centró en identificar síntomas relacionados a la fatiga laboral en personas con modalidad de trabajo en casa por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos:Estudio cuantitativo con un enfoque descriptivo-transversal. Se aplicó de manera virtual una escalade fatiga laboral,bajo consentimiento informado a 511 participantes que realizaban trabajo en casa. Resultados:De acuerdo con los resultados se evidenció que el 47,7% experimentaron un nivel de fatiga medio, en dimensiones relacionadas con carga física, carga mental, efectos psicofisiológicos y percepción de cambios en las dinámicas de trabajo; experiencias negativas asociadas a la insatisfacción laboral y afectación de la salud. Por otro lado, se identificaron experiencias positivas: compartir en familia, autonomía laboral y aprendizajes.Conclusiones:Se evidenció la presencia de fatiga laboral en más de la mitad de la muestra, manifestada en síntomas asociados a las diferentes dimensiones,percibidos de manera regular por los participantes,que de no ser tratados puede llegar a afectarles la calidad de vida.

Introduction:The social isolation triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic forced employees to work from home and experience diverse feelings, which together with labor factors as well as physical, emotional, and/or mental demands, led to work fatigue and in turn, to health consequences. Objective:This study was aimed at identifying symptoms related to labor fatigue in people working from home due to COVID-19. Materials and methods: A quantitative study with a descriptive-cross sectional approach. Data was collected from 511participants who worked at home using a labor fatigue virtual scale and the informed consent. Results:47.7% of participants experienced a medium fatigue level, in dimensions such as physical load, mental load, psycho-physiological effects, and perceptionof changes in job dynamics. Likewise, they reported negative experiences associated with job dissatisfaction and health issues. On the other hand, positive events were identified, such as sharing time with family, job autonomy, and learning experiences. Conclusions: Work related fatigue was evidenced in half of the participants, which was expressed through symptoms associated with different dimensions. They were perceived frequently and may affect the quality of life of participants if these symptoms are not treated properly.

O trabalho no fio da navalha: nova morfologia no Serviço Social em tempos de devastação e pandemia / Work on the razor's edge: new morphology in Social Work in times of devastation and pandemic

Resumo: O artigo problematiza a confluência das crises desencadeadas pela epidemia do novo coronavírus e seus impactos no mundo do trabalho, no Serviço Social e no trabalho cotidiano de assistentes sociais, cujo desvendamento deve ser remetido à crise estrutural do capital das últimas décadas e às suas estratégias de enfrentamento.

Abstract: The article problematizes the confluence of crises triggered by the epidemic of the new coronavirus and its impacts on the world of work, social work and the everyday work of social workers, whose unveiling should be sent to the structural crisis of the capital of recent decades and their coping strategies.

Effect of COVID-19-restrictive measures on ambient particulate matter pollution in Yangon, Myanmar

BACKGROUND@#Particulate matter (PM) is recognized as the most harmful air pollutant to the human health. The Yangon city indeed suffers much from PM-related air pollution. Recent research has interestingly been focused on the novel subject of changes in the air quality associated with the restrictive measures in place during the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The first case of COVID-19 in Myanmar was diagnosed on March 23, 2020. In this article, we report on our attempt to evaluate any effects of the COVID-19-restrictive measures on the ambient PM pollution in Yangon.@*METHODS@#We measured the PM concentrations every second for 1 week on four occasions at three study sites with different characteristics; the first occasion was before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and the remaining three occasions were while the COVID-19-restrictive measures were in place, including Stay-At-Home and Work-From-Home orders. The Pocket PM@*RESULTS@#The results showed that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in both the PM@*CONCLUSIONS@#We concluded that the restrictive measures which were in effect to combat the COVID-19 pandemic had a positive impact on the ambient PM concentrations. The changes in the PM concentrations are considered to be largely attributable to reduction in anthropogenic emissions as a result of the restrictive measures, although seasonal influences could also have contributed in part. Thus, frequent, once- or twice-weekly Stay-At-Home or Telework campaigns, may be feasible measures to reduce PM-related air pollution. When devising such an action plan, it would be essential to raise the awareness of public about the health risks associated with air pollution and create a social environment in which Telework can be carried out, in order to ensure active compliance by the citizens.

O futuro do trabalho após a COVID-19: o papel incerto do teletrabalho no domicílio / The future of work after the COVID-19, the uncertain role of teleworking at home / El futuro del trabajo tras la COVID-19: el papel incierto del teletrabajo en el domicilio

Resumo Introdução: o teletrabalho no domicílio, uma das medidas adotadas para controlar a pandemia de COVID-19 e, ao mesmo tempo, manter o emprego, tem aumentado em vários países. Objetivo: refletir sobre o significado, a magnitude e as tendências do teletrabalho no domicílio, antes e durante a pandemia, enfatizando seus potenciais efeitos na saúde do trabalhador. Discussão: a precedente Convenção 177/1996 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) sobre trabalho a domicílio e o acordo sobre teletrabalho entre agentes sociais na União Europeia, em 2002, apontam a dificuldade de regulamentar essa nova forma de organização do trabalho e da prevenção de possíveis lesões e doenças associadas, especialmente transtornos mentais e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos. São necessários estudos sobre os efeitos na saude dessa modalidade de trabalho para fornecer evidências científicas que embasarão normas em nível nacional e global. A inclusão de questões específicas e bem definidas, como as que a OIT propõe, em futuros levantamentos sobre as condições de trabalho, emprego e saúde poderá auxiliar tal objetivo e proporcionar uma oportunidade para observar os efeitos do teletrabalho no domicílio na saúde do trabalhador, bem como avaliar o impacto de uma necessária e urgente regulamentação.

Abstract Introduction: teleworking at home, one of the mitigation measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic, while attempting to maintain employment, has increased in many countries. Objective: to reflect on the meaning, magnitude and trends of teleworking at home, before and during the pandemic, focusing on its potential effects on the health of workers. Discussion: the precedent of Convention 177/1996 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on home work, and the agreement on teleworking between social agents in the European Union of 2002, underscore the difficulties of regulating this new form of work organization, and the prevention of possible injuries and associated diseases, especially mental and musculoskeletal disorders. The investigation of its effects on health is a priority to base its regulation at the national and global level on scientific evidence. The incorporation of specific, well-defined questions, such as those proposed by the ILO, in questionnaires of future surveys on working conditions, employment and health may help in this objective and provide an opportunity to monitor the effects on health of teleworking at home, as well as evaluating the impact of its necessary and urgent regulation.

Resumen Introducción: el teletrabajo en el domicilio, una de las medidas adoptadas para controlar la pandemia de COVID-19, y al mismo tiempo mantener el empleo, se ha incrementado en diversos países. Objetivos: reflexionar sobre el significado, la magnitud y las tendencias del teletrabajo en el domicilio, antes y durante la pandemia, focalizando en sus potenciales efectos sobre la salud de los trabajadores. Discusión: el antecedente del Convenio 177/1996 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) sobre trabajo a domicilio, y el acuerdo sobre teletrabajo entre agentes sociales en la Unión Europea de 2002, muestran la dificultad de regular esta nueva forma de organización del trabajo, y de la prevención de las posibles lesiones y enfermedades asociadas, especialmente los trastornos mentales y musculoesqueléticos. La investigación de sus efectos sobre la salud es una prioridad para fundamentar en evidencias científicas su regulación a nivel nacional y global. La incorporación de preguntas específicas, bien definidas, como las que propone la OIT, en cuestionarios de futuras encuestas sobre condiciones de trabajo, empleo y salud podrán ayudar en este objetivo y propiciar una oportunidad para monitorizar los efectos del teletrabajo en el domicilio sobre la salud, así como evaluar el impacto de su necesaria y urgente regulación.

Percepções de teletrabalhadores e trabalhadores presenciais sobre desenho do trabalho / Perceptions of teleworkers and face-to-face workers about work design / Percepciones de teletrabajadores y trabajadores presenciales respecto del diseño del trabajo

Apesar da crescente adoção do teletrabalho no Brasil, há poucas publicações nacionais acerca dessa modalidade. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos comparar as opiniões de 270 teletrabalhadores e 266 trabalhadores presenciais em relação ao desenho do trabalho, de acordo com a teoria de Morgeson e Humphrey (2006), e analisar a influência exercida por variáveis sociodemográficas e funcionais sobre características da tarefa e do conhecimento. Os dados foram submetidos a análises fatoriais, testes t e regressões múltiplas. Os principais resultados deste estudo mostraram que as percepções de teletrabalhadores e trabalhadores presenciais diferem em sete das dez características estudadas. Teletrabalhadores perceberam menor autonomia de decisão, variedade, significado, identificação da tarefa, complexidade, solução de problemas e especialização do que os trabalhadores presenciais. São necessários estudos que investiguem antecedentes da escolha da modalidade de trabalho pelo trabalhador e consequências do teletrabalho na motivação, no comprometimento, na saúde, na produtividade e nas interfaces entre o trabalho e a família.

Despite the increasing adoption of telework in Brazil, there are few national publications about this modality. This research aims to compare the views of 270 teleworkers and 266 face-to-face workers in relation to the design of the work, according to the Morgeson and Humphrey (2006) theory, and to analyze the influence exerted by sociodemographic and functional variables on task and knowledge characteristics. Data were submitted to factor analysis, t-tests, and multiple regressions. The main results of this study showed that the perceptions of teleworkers and face-to-face workers differ in seven of the ten characteristics studied. Teleworkers perceived less decision-making autonomy, task variety, task significance, task identity, job complexity, problem solving, and specialization than the face-to-face workers. Studies are required that investigate the antecedents of the choice of the modality and the consequences of telework on motivation, commitment, health, productivity, and interfaces between work and family.

A pesar de la creciente adopción del teletrabajo en Brasil, hay pocas publicaciones nacionales acerca de esa modalidad. Esta investigación tiene como objetivos comparar las opiniones de 270 teletrabajadores y 266 trabajadores presenciales con relación al diseño del trabajo, de acuerdo con la teoría de Morgeson y Humphrey (2006), y analizar la influencia ejercida por variables sociodemográficas y funcionales sobre características de la tarea y del conocimiento. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis factoriales, pruebas t y regresiones múltiples. Los principales resultados mostraron que las percepciones de teletrabajadores y trabajadores presenciales difieren en siete de las diez características estudiadas. Los teletrabajadores percibieron menor autonomía de decisión, variedad, significado, identificación de la tarea, complejidad, solución de problemas y especialización que los trabajadores presenciales. Se necesitan estudios que investiguen antecedentes de la elección de la modalidad y consecuentes del teletrabajo sobre motivación, compromiso, salud, productividad e interfaces trabajo-familia.

Factores asociados a la disposición por el teletrabajo entre docentes universitarios / Factors associated with the disposition for telework amon university teachers

Son múltiples los beneficios reportados alrededor del mundo con referencia a la adopción del teletrabajo, y es ampliamente recomendada su implementación para actividades relacionadas con la gestión del conocimiento y la información. Pero es muy escasa la investigación adelantada al respecto en el sector educativo. La presente investigación se propuso determinar qué factores inciden con la disposición hacia la adopción del teletrabajo entre profesores universitarios. Se aplicó una encuesta entre 118 profesores de universidades públicas y privadas del sector del Eje Cafetero-Colombia en donde se recolectó información relacionada con aspectos individuales, actividades tele-trabajables, percepción y actitud hacia el uso de TIC, aptitud para el manejo de TIC, y aspectos relacionados con su entorno laboral. Se aplicaron pruebas de independencia, análisis de correspondencias múltiples y regresión logística. Se detecta una alta disposición hacia la adopción del teletrabajo entre profesores universitarios. Entre los factores asociados hacia el interés por teletrabajar surgen principalmente los relacionados con los aspectos aptitudinales y actitudinales hacia el uso de las TIC en las actividades laborales, mientras que por el contrario, los aspectos individuales, el entorno laboral y el tipo de actividades realizadas presentan muy poca incidencia en la disposición a teletrabajar.

Multiple benefits are reported around the world with reference to the adoption of telework, and is widely recommended its implementation in activities related to knowledge management and information. But there is little research in the education sector. This research aims to determine what factors affect the disposition towards adoption of telework among university teachers. A survey was done among 118 teachers from public and private universities of a region of Colombia where related information with individual aspects, teleworking activities, perceptions and attitudes towards the use of ICT, aptitude for the management of ICT, and aspects related to their work environment was collected. Tests of independence, multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression were applied. A high disposition towards the adoption of telework among academics is detected. Among the factors associated to the interest in telecommuting arise primarily those related to the aptitudinal and attitudinal aspects to the use of ICT in work activities, while on the contrary, the individual aspects, the working environment and the type of activities have very little impact on the willingness to telework.

Teletrabajo y producción de subjetividad: una encrucijada de resistencias / Teletrabalho e produção de subjetividade: uma encruzilhada de resistências / Telework and subjectivity: an intersection of resistences

El teletrabajo se suele presentar como una modalidad laboral que permite solucionar los problemas que plantea conciliar la vida familiar, laboral y personal. En ese sentido, tal modalidad laboral se ha analizado basándose en analizar sus ventajas, sus inconvenientes o su influencia en aspectos como el rendimiento, la satisfacción y el compromiso. Dentro de este corpus de literatura se ha desarrollado un grupo de trabajos que se han centrado en analizar la relación entre el teletrabajo y la identidad. Estos trabajos han examinado el tipo representaciones, categorías y/o discursos que los/as teletrabajadores despliegan. Sin embargo, hay escasos trabajos que analicen la subjetividad que se define a partir del teletrabajo y menos incluso, que analicen la construcción de prácticas de micro-resistencia. Mi trabajo analiza, en una muestra de mujeres teletrabajadoras, la producción discursiva de prácticas de resistencia y cómo a partir de éstas emergen nuevas subjetividades.

O teletrabalho é frequentemente apresentado como uma modalidade laboral que permite solucionar os problemas enfrentados para conciliar a vida familiar, o trabalho e vida pessoal. Neste sentido, esta modalidade de trabalho é analisada com base em suas vantagens, seus inconvenientes, sua influência em aspectos como rendimento, satisfação, compromisso. Dentro deste campo teórico desenvolveu-se um conjunto de trabalhos que centram a análise na relação entre teletrabalho e identidade. Estes trabalhos analisam o tipo de representação, categorias e/ou discursos que os/as teletrabalhadores elaboram quando desenvolvem esta nova modalidade de trabalho. No entanto, existem escassos trabalhos que analisam a subjetividade produzida a partir do teletrabalho e, menos ainda, que analisam a construção de práticas de microrresistência. Meu trabalho analisa, emuma amostra de mulheres teletrabalhadoras, a produção discursiva de práticas discursivas de resistência e como, a partir destas práticas, emergem novas subjetividades.

Telework is usually shown as a useful way to foster a healthy work-life balance. Many researches have analyzed its advantages, disadvantages, its influence in the performance or in the commitment, the tasks that can do a teleworker, the technical and economic issues related to it, and so on. Some of these researches have tried to go beyond studying the relationship between telework and identity. They have study the representations, categories and discourses that teleworkers develop. Nevertheless, there are few researches analyzing the subjectivity that emerges in the practice of teleworking, and even fewer analyzing the micros-resistance practices. In a sample of women teleworkers, our article analyzes the discursive production of resistance practices and subjectivity.

Normas jurídicas y subjetividades capitalistas. Los dispositivos del derecho laboral y la psicología / Positive Law and Capitalist Subjectivity. The apparatus of Labor Law and Psychology

Este artículo explora la relación entre derecho y psicología en el caso particular de la ley de teletrabajo en Colombia y los discursos sobre el sujeto trabajador de las TIC. Ley y discursos son tomados como líneas de un dispositivo legal y psicológico, mediante el cual se configura la subjetividad del tele-trabajador entre el derecho y psicología, tomando ambas disciplinas como formaciones que constituyen y administran relaciones de poder ejercidas por los sujetos sobre sí mismos. En lo metodológico propongo un análisis genealógico de los discursos que integran el dispositivo por el cual se constituye la subjetividad en la forma de organización laboral conocida como teletrabajo.

To explore the relation among law and psychology in the particular case about telework's rule and speeches about e 'worker is the main of this article. Law and speeches are taken as lines of a legal and psychological apparatus through are performed the e-worker subjectivity between both disciplines. I take both disciplines as knowledge formations that to constituted and manage power relationships exerted by subjects themselves. Methodologically I propose an genealogical analysis of speeches that to integrate the apparatus by which are performed the subjectivity in the frame of labor organization called telework.

Autonomia e trabalho informacional: o teletrabalho / Autonomy and information work: telework / Autonomie et travail informationnel: le télétravail

The aim of this study was to discuss the meaning of autonomy in information work, and specifically in telework. The ideas relate to empirical research with teleworkers (both hired wage-earners and self-employed), working part-time or fulltime at home, in Portugal and Brazil, with a total of 51 interviews. The article discusses the concepts of autonomy and autonomy at work, and then proceeds to expound on the notion and implications of telework. The article goes on to specifically analyze autonomy in telework (discussing two typical groups of teleworkers: those with successful self-employed work and those with precarious jobs) and in information work in general.

Dans cette étude, le but est de discuter le sens de l'autonomie dans le travail informationnel, spécifiquement dans le télétravail. Ces réflexions sont liées à des recherches empiriques auprès de télétravailleurs, salariés et/ou indépendants, qui travaillent à temps partiel ou complet chez eux, au Portugal ou au Brésil, formant un corpus de 51 entretiens. On y discute le concept d'autonomie et d'autonomie au travail, pour exposer ensuite la notion et les implications du télétravail. On examine alors plus particulièrement l'autonomie dans le télétravail - deux pôles types de télétravailleurs y sont présentés: ceux dont l'engagement est personnalisant et vertueux et ceux dont l'engagement est précaire - ainsi que dans le travail informationnel de façon générale.