Adaptación transcultural y validación de la escala de autoeficacia/tentaciones en Argentina / Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Self-efficacy/Temptations Scale in Argentina

Resumen La autoeficacia es la confianza en las propias habilidades para evitar fumar en situaciones que puedan desencadenar el deseo. Se la considera un importante predictor de recaídas. En Argentina no existe un instrumento válido que permita evaluarla. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue adaptar y validar una versión en español (Argentina) de la Escala de Autoeficacia/Tentaciones. Se llevó a cabo la adaptación transcul tural de la escala: traducción, revisión por un comité de expertos, traducción inversa, nueva revisión y prueba del cuestionario. Luego se evaluaron la confiabilidad (reproducibilidad, estabilidad y consistencia interna) y la validez. Se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación Varimax con datos de una muestra de 200 pacientes fumadores. Se obtuvo una versión cultural y lingüísticamente adaptada del instrumento, con una confiabilidad interobservador evaluada con el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (ICC) = 0.90 y estabilidad de ICC = 0.77. En el análisis de la consistencia interna se obtuvo un α de Crombach global de 0.93 y de 0.85 para las versiones de 20 y 9 ítems, respectivamente. En el dominio de afectos positivos α = 0.82 y α = 0.89; afectos negativos α = 0.89 y α = 0.90 y para deseo intenso de fumar (craving) α = 0.84 y α = 0.75, también respectivamente para las dos versiones. En el análisis factorial exploratorio se identificaron tres factores que explicaron el 95% de la varianza del cuestionario en su versión extensa y 69% en su versión corta. Se obtuvo una versión argentina de la Escala de Autoeficacia/Tentaciones confiable y válida para ser aplicada a fumadores.

Abstract Self-efficacy is the confidence in one's own abilities to avoid smoking in situations that can trigger desire. It is considered an important predictor of relapses. In Argentina there is no valid instrument to evaluate it. The objective of this article was to adapt and validate a Spanish version (in local Argentinean language) of the Self-Efficacy/Temptation Scale. The transcultural adaptation of the scale was carried out: translation, review by a committee of experts, reverse translation, new review and test of the questionnaire. Reliability (reproduc ibility, stability and internal consistency) and validity were then evaluated. We performed a factor analysis of main components with Varimax rotation with data from a sample of 200 smokers. A culturally and linguistically adapted version of the instrument was obtained, with inter-observer reliability of Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.90 and stability of ICC = 0.77. The internal consistency analysis yielded a global Crombach α = 0.93 and 0.85 for versions of 20 and 9 items, respectively. In the domain of Positive Affections α = 0.82 and α = 0.89; Negative Affections α = 0.89 and α = 0.90 and for Craving α = 0.84 and α = 0.75, also respectively for the two versions. In the exploratory factor analysis, three factors were identified that explained 95% of the variance of the questionnaire in its extensive version and 69% in its short version. A reliable and valid Argentinean version of the Self-Efficacy/Temptation Scale was obtained, to be applied to smokers.

Analysis of Interest Temptation in Medical Human Trials / 中国医学伦理学

Interest temptation is a relatively hidden improper activity in medical human trials.Improper influence brought by interest temptation mainly displays allure in mind on subjects,which may lead them to make unreal promise.To avoid interest temptation and the undue influence,it needs to essentially distinguish interest temptation and interest sharing,apply different rules to different types of the subjects and strengthen the supervision function of institutional ethics committee.

"Giving in to temptation": self-controlas a valuable but limited resource? / "Ceder à tentação": auto-controle como um recurso valioso mas limitado? / "Ceder a la tentación": el autocontrol como un recurso valioso pero limitado?

Life constantly challenges us with temptations that we have to resist to follow the rules of society and achieve our goals. The strength model of self-control (SC) posits that SC capacity relies on limited mental energy that can be depleted. In the present review article, we analyze and explore past and current research on the SC construct. Departing from different approaches to the conceptualization and operationalization of the SC construct, we review and synthetize the major findings on the strength model of SC and on the ego depletion effect. We also review past and new findings on both the benefits, mainly for life outcomes, and the costs of SC failures. Next, we present and discuss some recent alternative and complementary approaches to current SC perspectives. Finally, we conclude by presenting some theoretical and empirical considerations and implications in an attempt to encourage future research and applied intervention in the broad field of SC.

A vida desafia-nos constantemente com tentações que temos de resistir de modo a seguir as regras da sociedade e alcançar os nossos objetivos. O modelo força de auto-controle postula que a capacidade de auto-controle depende de uma energia mental limitada, que pode ser esgotada. No presente artigo de revisão analisamos e exploramos a investigação passada e atual acerca do constructo de auto-controle. Partindo de diferentes perspectivas da conceptualização e operacionalização em torno do constructo de auto-controle, revemos e sintetizamos os principais estudos do modelo da força do auto-controle, bem como do efeito da depleção do ego. Também revemos estudos passados e atuais acerca dos benefícios, sobretudo nas principais dimensões da vida, mas também para os custos das falhas no auto-controle. A seguir, apresentamos e discutimos algumas perspectivas alternativas e complementares para as abordagens ao auto-controle. Finalmente, algumas considerações e implicações teóricas e empíricas foram apresentadas, na tentativa de encorajar a investigação futura e a intervenção aplicada na área geral do auto-controle.

La vida constantemente nos desafía con tentaciones que tenemos que resistir con el fin de respetar las reglas de la sociedad y alcanzar nuestros objetivos. El modelo de fuerza del autocontrol postula que la capacidad de autocontrol depende de una energía mental limitada, la cual puede llegar a agotarse. En la presente revisión, analizamos y exploramos tanto la investigación pasada como la actual sobre el constructo de autocontrol. A partir de diferentes perspectivas de conceptualización y operacionalización alrededor del constructo de autocontrol, revisamos y sintetizamos los principales estudios sobre el modelo de la fuerza del autocontrol, así como el efecto del agotamiento del ego. También se revisan estudios anteriores y actuales sobre los beneficios, sobre todo en las principales dimensiones de la vida, pero también de cara a los costes del fracaso en el autocontrol. A continuación, presentamos y discutimos algunos enfoques alternativos y complementarios para el abordaje del autocontrol. Finalmente, algunas consideraciones e implicaciones teóricas y empíricas se presentaron buscando fomentar la investigación y la intervención aplicada en el área general del autocontrol.

Avaliação da autoeficácia e tentação em dependentes de cocaína/crack após tratamento com o modelo transteórico de mudança (MTT) / Assessment self-efficacy and temptation in dependent cocaine/crack after treatment with transtheoretical model of change (TTM)

O modelo transteórico de mudança (MTT) auxilia na mudança de comportamento, como o uso de drogas, e do qual fazem parte a autoeficácia para abstinência, tentação para uso de drogas e os processos de mudança. Este artigo teve como objetivo comparar a autoeficácia e tentação após intervenção com o MTT em dependentes de cocaína/crack, e a relação dos conceitos com os processos de mudança. Utilizou-se uma análise de dados secundários, onde participaram 39 dependentes de cocaína e/ou crack, homens e mulheres com os instrumentos: protocolo de entrevista, WAIS-III, MEEM, DASE, TUD e EPM. Houve aumento da autoeficácia e diminuição de tentação após intervenção com o MTT, e encontrou-se que quanto mais autoeficácia e menos tentação mais eram utilizados os processos comportamentais autodeliberação, contracondicionamento e relações de ajuda. Portanto, a intervenção com MTT provocou efeitos esperados que proporcionam mudança no uso de cocaína/crack aliada à maior autoeficácia e menor tentação.(AU)

The transtheoretical model of change (TTM) assists in changing behavior, such as drug use, and which are part of the self-efficacy for abstinence, temptation to use drugs and change processes. This study aimed to compare the self-efficacy and temptation after intervention with TTM in cocaine / crack, and the relationship of the concepts with the processes of change. We used a secondary data analysis, attended by 39 dependents of cocaine and / or crack, men and women with the tools: interview protocol, WAIS-III, MMSE, DASE, TUD and EPM. There was an increase in self-efficacy and decrease the temptation after intervention with the TTM, and found that the more self-efficacy and less temptation plus autodeliberação behavioral processes were used, counter-conditioning and aid relationships. Therefore, intervention with TTM brought expected effects that provide change in the use of cocaine / crack combined with higher self-efficacy and less temptation.(AU)

Influence of Stress, Self-efficacy for Smoking Cessation, Smoking Temptation and Nicotine Dependency in Male College Students who Smoke

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of stress, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, smoking temptation, and nicotine dependency, and to identify factors influencing nicotine dependency among male college students who smoke. METHODS: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for 283 male college students who smoke in D city, Korea. Data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression using the SPSS 20.0 program. RESULTS: The mean score of stress was 27.00+/-6.28, self-efficacy for smoking cessation was 25.61+/-6.71, smoking temptation was 53.87+/-11.02, and nicotine dependency was 3.63+/-1.96. There was a significant positive correlation between stress and nicotine dependency (r=.58, p<.001) and between smoking temptation and nicotine dependency (r=.59, p<.001). There was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy for smoking cessation and nicotine dependency (r=-.59, p<.001). The significant factors influencing nicotine dependency were stress (beta=.357, p<.001), self-efficacy for smoking cessation (beta=.359, p<.001), and smoking temptation (beta=.297, p<.001). This model explained 60.3% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=105.59, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that an intervention program is needed to reduce the perception of stress and smoking temptation, and to increase the ability of self-efficacy for smoking cessation among male college students who smoke with the intention to quit smoking.

La percepción de los adolescentes sobre el consumo de alcohol y su relación con la exposición a la oportunidad y la tentación al consumo de alcohol / Perception of adolescents about alcohol consumption and its relation to the exposure to opportunity and temptation for alcohol consumption

Introduction Alcohol is an endemic problem in our country. It affects mainly adolescents, and is associated with the availability and individual characteristics and context that favor the likelihood of experiencing, continue to use and move toward the problematic use and dependence. Substance use is also associated with being exposed to them and making decisions about their conduct towards the opportunity, so prevention may be more effective when you understand the mechanisms between the availability and behavior and exposure to opportunity and the temptation to consume. This work addresses these constructs in a group of adolescents using a qualitative approach and explores the perception of the constructs, their association with the use and the strategies used by adolescents to avoid consumption. Methodology The sample was composed by 60 adolescents, 30 experimentalists and 30 alcohol abusers, divided into six groups. Results The results show a clear identification and definition of constructs exposed to the opportunity and temptation to consume. Family parties and invitations are considered situations associated with exposure to the opportunity, and temptation consumption is associated with unpleasant emotions. In the coping strategies to avoid drinking, experimenters think about the consequences of consumption, in saying no, and in respecting the rules and decisions, while the abusers think of the fun and never refuse an invitation from a friend. Discussion Results are proposed for inclusion in models of prevention and care for specific populations.

El consumo de alcohol es un problema endémico en nuestro país. Afecta principalmente a los adolescentes y se asocia con la disponibilidad y con características individuales y del contexto que favorecen la probabilidad de experimentar, continuar usando y avanzar hacia el consumo problemático y la dependencia. El uso de sustancias también se relaciona con estar expuesto a ellas y tomar decisiones sobre su conducta frente a la oportunidad. Así, la prevención puede ser más efectiva cuando se comprenden los mecanismos intermedios entre la disponibilidad y la conducta como la exposición a la oportunidad y la tentación al consumo. Este trabajo aborda estos constructos en un grupo de adolescentes mediante una aproximación cualitativa y explora la percepción de los constructos, su asociación con el consumo y las estrategias que utilizan los adolescentes para evitar el consumo. Método La muestra se integró con 60 adolescentes, 30 experimentadores y 30 abusadores de alcohol, divididos en seis grupos. Los resultados muestran una clara identificación y definición de los constructos exposición a la oportunidad y tentación al consumo. Fiestas familiares e invitaciones son consideradas situaciones asociadas con la exposición a la oportunidad; y la tentación al consumo se asocia con emociones desagradables. En las estrategias de enfrentamiento para evitar el consumo, los experimentadores piensan en las consecuencias del consumo, en decir no y en respetar las reglas y decisiones; en tanto que los abusadores piensan en la diversión y nunca rechazarían la invitación de un amigo. Discusión A partir de los resultados se hacen propuestas para su incorporación en modelos de prevención y atención para poblaciones específicas.

Types of Smoking Temptation / 간호학회지

BACKGROUND: In Seoul, Korea, 70% of all adult males are reported to be smokers, and guidelines to smoking cessation generally include ways to help smokers avoid situations of smoking temptation. However the phenomenon of smoking temptation has been scarcely studied. Therefore, it is critical to acquire a better understanding of smoking temptation for more effective nursing practice. AIM: This study intends to analyze the subjectivity of smoking temptation. DESIGN: Q-methodology, which applies a scientific method to subjectivity, was utilized. FINDINGS: Five distinct smoking temptation modalities, on Q-types, emerged from the Q-sort: 1) Urge to facilitate interpersonal relation; 2) Psychological desire for tranquility; 3) Habituation in social life; 4) Habituation in daily life; and, 5) Nicotine craving combined with daily routine. CONCLUSION: It is hoped that analysis of the five types of smoking temptation identified in this study will contribute to the body of knowledge and a better understanding of why smokers are addicted to smoking.

Analysis of Smoking Temptation, Nicotine Dependency, Perceived Health Status corresponding to Stage of Change in Smoking Cessation in Middle Aged Men / 기본간호학회지

This study was done to investigate the relation of smoking temptation, stage of change in smoking cessation, nicotine dependency and perceived health status in middle aged men. Convenience samples of 176 subjects who were either smoked or used to smoke, aged between 30 to 64, living in Seoul and Kyungi province area in Korea were selected for the study. The data was collected from December 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. The research instrument were Stage of Change of Smoking Cessation Measure (DiClemente et al., 1991), Smoking Temptation Measure (Velicer, DiClemente, Rossi, Prochaska, 1990), Perceived Health Status Measure (McDowell & Newell, 1996), and Nicotine Dependency Scale (FTQ: Fagerstrom, 1978). The data were analyzed using the SAS Program. The result of the study are as follows: 1. The analysis of variance and multiple comparison showed that according to the stage of change, there were significant mean differences in the three sub-factors of smoking temptation; 'positive affect situation (F=12.64, p=.0001)', 'negative affect situation (F=16.01, p=.0001)', 'habitual craving situation (F=14.43, p=.0001)' and nicotine dependency (F=4.12, p=.0033) The mean score for smoking temptation for the subjects who were in the precontemplation stage outweighed the mean score for smoking temptation for subjects who were in the maintenance stage. 2. Through discriminant analysis, it was found that negative affect situation was the most influential variable of the smoking temptation sub-factors which can be used to discriminate stage of change. 3. The analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there was a significant positive relation between nicotine dependency and negative affect situation of smoking cessation((r=0.2182, p=0.0045) and a significant negative relation between nicotine dependency and perceived health status(r=-0.2115, p=0.0059).