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Introducción El razonamiento clínico es una habilidad que engloba el pensamiento para la toma de decisiones, sin embargo, los factores que favorecen su desarrollo no han sido ampliamente explorados. Se ha descrito que los estilos de pensamiento varían en función del aumento del conocimiento, por lo que es relevante conocer la relación entre ambos para entender mejor el proceso de aprendizaje en enfermería. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre estilo de pensamiento y nivel de razonamiento clínico en estudiantes de licenciatura en enfermería. Metodología Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, correlacional, prospectivo. Participaron 126 alumnos del último año de la licenciatura en enfermería, el muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos: "Identificación de estilos de pensamiento" con análisis de los estilos de pensamiento: Monárquico, Jerárquico, Anárquico y Oligárquico, y el de "Habilidades de razonamiento clínico" con la identificación de tres niveles: Bajo, Medio y Alto. Resultados En el 75% predomina el estilo de pensamiento Jerárquico, 65% tuvo un nivel medio de razonamiento clínico. La relación entre ambas variables tuvo un valor de p= 0.026 lo cual indica que existe una diferencia significativa. Discusión y conclusiones De acuerdo con lo encontrado, predomina el estilo de pensamiento jerárquico conforme transcurre la educación universitaria, lo que favorece que el razonamiento clínico se base en lo aprendido dentro de la institución educativa. No existen estudios previos que engloben ambas variables, por lo que se sugiere continuar con el estudio de este binomio, incluyendo estudiantes de diversos semestres de la licenciatura.
Introduction Clinical reasoning is a skill that encompasses decision-making thinking; however, the factors that favor its development have not been widely explored. It has been described that thinking styles vary according to the increase in knowledge, so it is relevant to know the relationship between both in order to better understand the learning process in nursing. The objective was to analyze the relationship between thinking style and level of clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing students. Methodology A quantitative, correlational, prospective study was conducted. A total of 126 final year nursing students participated in the study, the sampling was non-probabilistic. Two instruments were applied: "Identification of thinking styles" with analysis of thinking styles: Monarchical, Hierarchical, Anarchical and Oligarchical, and "Clinical reasoning skills" with the identification of three levels: Low, Medium and High. Results In 75% the Hierarchical thinking style predominates, 65% had a medium level of clinical reasoning. The relationship between both variables had a value of p= 0.026 which indicates that there is a significant difference. Discussion and conclusions According to the findings, the hierarchical style of thinking predominates as university education progresses, which favors clinical reasoning based on what has been learned within the educational institution. There are no previous studies that include both variables, so it is suggested to continue with the study of this binomial, including students from different semesters of the bachelor's degree.
Introdução O raciocínio clínico é uma competência que engloba o pensamento para a tomada de decisão, no entanto, os factores que favorecem o seu desenvolvimento não têm sido amplamente explorados. Tem sido descrito que os estilos de pensamento variam de acordo com o aumento do conhecimento, pelo que é relevante conhecer a relação entre ambos para melhor compreender o processo de aprendizagem em enfermagem. O objetivo foi analisar a relação entre o estilo de pensamento e o nível de raciocínio clínico em estudantes de licenciatura em enfermagem. Metodologia Foi realizado um estudo prospetivo, quantitativo, correlacional e prospetivo. Participaram no estudo 126 estudantes finalistas de enfermagem, com amostragem não probabilística. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos: "Identificação dos estilos de pensamento" com análise dos estilos de pensamento: Monárquico, Hierárquico, Anárquico e Oligárquico, e "Competências de raciocínio clínico" com a identificação de três níveis: Baixo, Médio e Alto. Resultados Em 75% predomina o estilo de pensamento Hierárquico, 65% tem um nível médio de raciocínio clínico. A relação entre ambas as variáveis teve um valor de p= 0,026 o que indica que existe uma diferença significativa. Discussão e conclusões De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o estilo de pensamento hierárquico predomina à medida que se avança na formação universitária, o que favorece o raciocínio clínico baseado no que foi aprendido dentro da instituição de ensino. Não existem estudos anteriores que incluam ambas as variáveis, pelo que se sugere a continuação do estudo deste binómio, incluindo estudantes de diferentes semestres da licenciatura.
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Humanos , Raciocínio ClínicoRESUMO
Objective To study the differences and the features of thinking styles among undergrad-uates in Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. Methods The thinking styles of a total of 120 under-graduates of grade 3 and 4 were investigated with Sternberg Thinking Style Scale (Chinese version) by ran-dom cluster sampling. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software (version 20.0) by means of t-test, analysis of variance and rank sum test. Results The score of oligarchic style in traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and management students was (4.09±0.67), (3.64±0.50) and (3.72± 0.56) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The score of legislative style was (5.14±0.63) in boys and (4.90±0.62) in girls, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The score of judicial style was (4.46 ±0.56) and (4.23 ±0.62) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The score of monarchic style was (4.22±0.52) and (3.79±0.57) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The score of global style was (4.36 ±0.48) and (4.00 ± 0.63) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The score of internal style was (4.48 ±0.74) and (4.18 ±0.76) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The score of liberal style was (4.79 ±0.71) and (4.49 ±0.68) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The score of judicial style in undergraduates with and without parents engaged in health industry was (3.97±0.64) and (4.35±0.59) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The score of anarchic style was (4.39 ±0.32) and (4.06 ±0.50) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Correlated with undergraduate majors, gender and parents' background, Medical students differ in legislative style, judicial style, monarchic style, oligarchic style, anarchic style, global style, internal style and liberal style, which correlates with gender, major and parents' background.
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Resumo O artigo objetiva compreender aspectos da formação de um estilo de pensamento que convergem para a ideia da cirurgia como uma forma de parto simples e de poucos riscos, a partir da análise de relatos de obstetras do Rio de Janeiro sobre a utilização da cesariana. Guiados pelo método de relatos orais, discutimos a construção de uma prática obstétrica que vê a cesariana como indicação adequada para qualquer situação de parto; a agregação de diferentes valores à cesariana, a partir de seu desenvolvimento técnico, e a representação dos obstetras sobre a normatização de seu trabalho. Concluímos que o processo de normalização da cesárea como forma de nascer se relaciona ao desenvolvimento de um estilo de pensamento da comunidade de práticas dos obstetras, que opera um deslizamento do conceito de cesariana de um procedimento cirúrgico para uma forma de parto normal.
Abstract This work analyzes the descriptions of obstetricians from the city of Rio de Janeiro regarding the use of the caesarian section. We aimed to understand the aspects related to the formation of a thinking style that coalesces in the idea of the surgery as a simple and low-risk form of delivery. By using the method of oral narratives, we discuss the construction of an obstetric practice that sees the caesarian section as a suitable option for any kind of labor situation; the association of different values with the caesarian section based on its technical development; and the representations of obstetricians regarding the regulation of their work. We conclude that the normalization of the caesarian section as a form of giving birth is related to the development of a thinking style by the community practice of obstetricians. This community shifts the very concept of the caesarian section from a surgical procedure to a form of regular birth.
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Humanos , Médicos , Cesárea , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Parto , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Medicina Geral , Obstetrícia , BrasilRESUMO
El presente artículo explicita los resultados correspondientes al análisis correlacional de los perfiles de dominancia cerebral o estilos de pensamiento de los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud y Ciencias Sociales de la UCMC, los cuales forman parte del proyecto conjunto Representaciones, organización conceptual y estilos de pensamiento, en el marco del Convenio de Cooperación Académica IISUE-UNAM (México) y La UCMC, Bogotá-Colombia, liderado por el Dr. Miguel Ángel Campos Hernández. Lo anterior tomando como base el modelo de Cerebro Total de Herrmann y los estudios recientes de Omar Gardié. Los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud presentan mayor preferencia de los cuadrantes cortical izquierdo y límbico izquierdo A-B; es decir, tienen predilección por el hemisferio izquierdo. Los estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales presentan mayor predisposición en los cuadrantes límbico izquierdo y límbico derecho B-C; es decir, tienen mayor tendencia por el sistema límbico. Con los resultados de esta investigación se verificó la hipótesis en torno de la escasa utilización de las posibilidades creativas y del desarrollo del cerebro total de los grupos sometidos a estudio. De igual modo, se identificó la manera como los perfiles de dominancia de los estudiantes se relacionan con las disciplinas que han seleccionado en su formación.
This article reports the results corresponding to the correlational analysis profiles of cerebral dominance or thinking styles of the students in Health Sciences and Social Sciences of the UCMC, which are part of the joint project Representations, conceptual organization and thinking styles, in the framework of the Convention of Academic Cooperation IISUE-UNAM (Mexico) and the UCMC, Bogotá, Colombia, led by Dr. Miguel Ángel Campos Hernández. The above based on the model of Total Brain of Herrmann and recent studies of La Gardie. The Health Sciences students have a greater preference for the left cortical and limbic quadrants A and B; i.e., they have a preference for the left hemisphere. Social Science students have a higher preference for the left limbic and right limbic quadrants B and C; that is, they have greater preference for the limbic system. The results of this investigation proved the hypothesis about the low use of the creative possibilities and the development of the total brain of the groups subject to study. Similarly, it was found that the profiles of dominance of the students are related to the disciplines that have been selected in their training.
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Humanos , Inteligência , Pensamento , Cérebro , Análise do Comportamento AplicadaRESUMO
Teniendo en cuenta el escaso material de estudios realizados en Argentina sobre los estilos de pensamiento desde la propuesta de Sternberg, así como los resultados de algunas investigaciones que ponen de manifiesto que el Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento mide una estructura diferente a la propuesta por el autor, el objetivo de este trabajo fue adaptar y validar el Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento de Sternberg (1999) en estudiantes universitarios de la Provincia de Entre Ríos (Argentina). Después de realizar la traducción del inventario y un estudio piloto, se seleccionaron 350 alumnos por medio de un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. En primer lugar se analizó el poder discriminativo de los ítemes con la prueba t de Student. Para estudiar la validez, se realizó un Análisis Factorial con el método de Ejes Principales, rotación oblicua (Oblimin). A partir de la matriz anti-imagen se evaluó la correlación múltiple de cada ítem con el resto del test. Por último, se exploró la estructura subyacente del instrumento analizando los factores obtenidos. Se observó una redistribución de los ítemes dando lugar a una estructura factorial diferente a la propuesta por el autor. El inventario evaluaría el estilo de pensamiento a través de tres factores: (1) Estilo Creativo, (2) Estilo Conservador y (3) Estilo Social - Individual. En relación a la confiabilidad, se estudió la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente alpha de Cronbach y se obtuvo un valor general de .93. También se calculó la confiabilidad de cada factor por separado, obteniendo resultados aceptables. La versión del Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento resultante de esta investigación es un instrumento confiable y válido para la muestra estudiada, quedando conformado por 92 ítemes, que evalúan los estilos de pensamiento por medio de tres factores.
The thinking style is defined as a preferred way of thinking, or using and applying intellectual abilities. The model of mental self-government proposed by Sternberg (1999) identifies 13 intellectual styles that are grouped in five dimensions: function, form, level, setting, and tendency. Bearing in mind that there is insufficient material in Spanish related to thinking styles as well as little research carried out in Argentina, and that psychological assessments should not be used outside the context for which they were created (Richaud de Minzi, Lemos & Oros, 2004), the aim of this research was to study the psychometric properties of the instrument and adapt it, if necessary, to a population of young university adults in the Province of Entre Ríos (República Argentina). Additionally, some researches indifferent countries have shown results that do not coincide with the original model proposed by the author, showing two, three or four factors that group thinking styles. This research used the 104-item Thinking Styles Inventory of Sternberg and Wagner (1991), which was created to assess self-government styles in students through 13 scales: legislative, judicial, executive, monarchic, hierarchical, oligarchic, anarchic, global, local, internal, external, liberal, and conservative. After translating the inventory and having it evaluated by referees to study the items that were ambiguous to understand, the TSI was firstly applied to a pilot sample of 50, with informed consent. Since no understanding problem was observed, the instrument was administered to 350 selected university students in the Province of Entre Ríos. To evaluate the discriminative power of the items, the criteria of contrasting groups was used, analyzing with a Student's t test of difference in mean, if students with higher scores in each thinking style (25% of the students) showed significant differences in the way they responded to each item in comparison to those with lower scores (bottom 25% of the students). Of the total of 104 items, 101 were discriminated (p = .000). Secondly, a factorial analysis was carried out using the principal axis method, oblique rotation (Oblimin). Based on the anti-image matrix, multiple correlations of each items in relation to the rest of the test was assessed. A redistribution of the items was observed, creating a factor structure different from the one proposed by the authors of the original scale. The resulting instrument would evaluate thinking style through three factors and two facets: (1) Creative Style, (2) Conservative Style, and (3) Social - Individual Style. People with Creative Style are characterized by doing things their way; they establish their own rules and decide by themselves what they will do and how they will do it. They prefer problems which are not structured or planned beforehand; they minimize changes; they are flexible and open when facing different situations. People with Conservative Style follow existing procedures and rules; they minimize changes, avoid ambiguous situations and prefer structured, concrete, specific and relatively predicable situations. People with Social - Individual Style seem to include two facets: one individual and another social. The social aspect is characterized by people who are extroverted, social and oriented to others; they tend to look for relationships with others and or team work. On the other hand, the individual aspect is characterized by people who prefer to work alone without having to consult with others; they center on a task. Similarly, the reliability of the test was analyzed, from the point of view of the internal consistency, through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, with a general result of .93. The reliability of each subscale was calculated separately, the Creative Style scored .90, the Conservative Style scored .88 and the Social -Individual Style scored .69. The final Inventory of Thinking Styles resulting from this research is a reliable and valid instrument for the studied sample, consisting of 92 items which evaluate thinking styles from three factors.
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Objective:This paper is aimed at exploring the correlations between thinking style and mental health in university students from the perspective of culture.Methods:800 university students were tested by the questionnaires of the Thinking Style and SCL-90.Results:①The thinking style scores of students with high SCL-90 were significantly different from those of students with low SCL-90 in covariant thinking(t=3.934,P