The Connotation and Clinical Significance of “Spleen Governs Time” based on the Zangxiang （藏象） Time-space View / 中医杂志

There are different views on the theory of “spleen governs time”， which is still a hot spot in the study of Zangxiang （藏象） theory. Based on Zangxiang time-space view， it is found that the thinking mode of the spleen governing time theory follows space-time logic. It is believed that the different time views of the spleen governing time are all formed based on the space view that the spleen belongs to earth and resides in the center， and the zang time theory is developed with the unified time and space logic. Guided by Zangxiang time-space view， the origin of the spleen belonging to earth and residing in the center is traced， and the theoretical connotation and its clinical application of spleen governing time under different time-space logic are explored with reference to the four season and five zang theory， five season and five zang theory， six season and six zang theory， and eight season and eight zang theory.

Epidemiological characteristics and spatial epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease in Hunan Province, China, from 2008 to 2019 / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the epidemic situation of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Hunan Province, China, from 2008 to 2019, as well as its spatial autocorrelation characteristics and spatial-temporal clustering, and to provide a reference for the prevention and control of HFMD in Hunan Province.@*METHODS@#Spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal clustering analyses were used to analyze the monitoring data of HFMD in Hunan Province from 2008 to 2019.@*RESULTS@#The epidemic situation of HFMD in Hunan Province from 2008 to 2019 showed obvious seasonal distribution, with a low incidence rate in January to March and a high incidence rate in April to July. As for population distribution, children aged 0-5 years had the highest number of HFMD cases and accounted for 95.89% (1 460 391/1 522 910) of all cases, with a mean annual incidence rate of 2 197.784/100 000, and scattered children had the highest number of cases and accounted for 82.59% (1 257 739/1 522 910) of all cases. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the onset of HFMD in Hunan Province showed a significant clustering distribution, and the local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the high clustering areas of HFMD were mainly the districts and counties of Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Yueyang cities. Time-space scanning showed that clustering time was mainly April to July; the cases were clustered in the northeast of Hunan Province from 2008 to 2010 and in the central part of Hunan Province from 2011 to 2019.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The high incidence rate of HFMD is observed in April to July in Hunan Province. Children under 5 years of age are at a high risk of this disease. Spatial-temporal clustering is observed for the epidemic of HFMD, mainly clustered in the northeastern and central areas of Hunan Province. It is suggested that the results may be used as guidance to determine the key areas for HFMD prevention and control in Hunan Province and optimize the allocation of health resources.

Study on a quantitative analysis method for pulse signal by modelling its waveform in time and space domain / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to quantitatively analyze the morphology and period of pulse signals, a time-space analytical modeling and quantitative analysis method for pulse signals were proposed. Firstly, according to the production mechanism of the pulse signal, the pulse space-time analytical model was built after integrating the period and baseline of pulse signal into the analytical model, and the model mathematical expression and its 12 parameters were obtained for pulse wave quantification. Then, the model parameters estimation process based on the actual pulse signal was presented, and the optimization method, constraints and boundary conditions in parameter estimation were given. The spatial-temporal analytical modeling method was applied to the pulse waves of healthy subjects from the international standard physiological signal sub-database Fantasia of the PhysioNet in open-source, and we derived some changes in heartbeat rhythm and hemodynamic generated by aging and gender difference from the analytical models. The model parameters were employed as the input of some machine learning methods, e.g. random forest and probabilistic neural network, to classify the pulse waves by age and gender, and the results showed that random forest has the best classification performance with Kappa coefficients over 98%. Therefore, the space-time analytical modeling method proposed in this study can effectively quantify and analyze the pulse signal, which provides a theoretical basis and technical framework for some related applications based on pulse signals.

Geographical distribution of health indicators related to snake bites and envenomation in Morocco between 1999 and 2013 / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Envenomation from snake bites is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological features of snake bites in Morocco and to evaluate time-space trends in snake bite incidence, the mortality rate, and the case-fatality rate. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of snake bite cases reported to the Moroccan Poison Control Center between 1999 and 2013. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,053 people were bitten by snakes in Morocco. Most victims were adults (55.4%). The average age of the patients was 26.48±17.25 years. More than half of the cases (58.1%) were males. Approximately 75% of snake bites happened in rural areas, and 85 deaths were recorded during this period. The incidence of snake bites remained generally steady over the 15-year period of this study, with a marked increase noted since 2012. The mortality rate has increased slightly, from 0.02 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 1999 to 0.05 in 2013. The geographical distribution of snake bite cases in the regions of Morocco showed that Tanger-Tétouan had the highest annual incidence of snake bites (1.41 bites per 100,000 inhabitants). However, the highest annual mortality rates were recorded in the Guelmim-Es Semara and Souss-Massa-Drâa regions (0.09 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants for both regions). CONCLUSION: The geographical distribution of the incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rates of snake bites in Morocco showed large disparities across regions during the three 5-year periods included in this study, meaning that certain areas can be considered high-risk for snake bites.

Endemic features and space-time clustering of schistosomiasis in Xinjian District,Nanchang City from 2009 to 2014 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the endemic situation and distribution features of schistosomiasis in Xinjian District,Nanchang City,Jiangxi Province from 2009 to 2014,so as to provide a reference for the prevention and control of schistosomia-sis in the future.Methods The endemic data of schistosomiasis in Xinjian District were collected by taking the village as a unit from 2009 to 2014.An endemic database was established,and the SaTScan software was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal aggregation areas of Schistosoma japonicum infection in crowd,Oncomelania hupensis snails and cattle.Results The S.japoni-cum infection rate of crowd was decreased from 0.10％in 2009 to 0.000 68％in 2014.The infection rate of O.hupensis snails was greatly fluctuated from 2009 to 2014,the highest was 1.04％in 2012,but it fell to 0 in 2014.The highest infection rate of cattle was 1.98％in 2012,and it fell to 0 in 2014.The spatial temporal clustering detection showed that three areas of crowd infection were mainly concentrated in 20 villages of Changyi Township,Lianyu Township and Songhu Town;two areas of snail infection were mainly concentrated in five villages of Changyi Township and Nanji Township;one area of cattle infection was mainly con-centrated in three villages of Changyi Township.Conclusions The endemic situation of schistosomiasis presents a declining trend in Xinjian District from 2009 to 2014 as a whole.However,the potential risks of the rebound of the disease still exist,and the six clustering areas of infection are still the key areas for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the future.

Geographical distribution of health indicators related to snake bites and envenomation in Morocco between 1999 and 2013 / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Envenomation from snake bites is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological features of snake bites in Morocco and to evaluate time-space trends in snake bite incidence, the mortality rate, and the case-fatality rate.METHODS: This is a retrospective study of snake bite cases reported to the Moroccan Poison Control Center between 1999 and 2013.RESULTS: During the study period, 2,053 people were bitten by snakes in Morocco. Most victims were adults (55.4%). The average age of the patients was 26.48±17.25 years. More than half of the cases (58.1%) were males. Approximately 75% of snake bites happened in rural areas, and 85 deaths were recorded during this period. The incidence of snake bites remained generally steady over the 15-year period of this study, with a marked increase noted since 2012. The mortality rate has increased slightly, from 0.02 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 1999 to 0.05 in 2013. The geographical distribution of snake bite cases in the regions of Morocco showed that Tanger-Tétouan had the highest annual incidence of snake bites (1.41 bites per 100,000 inhabitants). However, the highest annual mortality rates were recorded in the Guelmim-Es Semara and Souss-Massa-Drâa regions (0.09 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants for both regions).CONCLUSION: The geographical distribution of the incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rates of snake bites in Morocco showed large disparities across regions during the three 5-year periods included in this study, meaning that certain areas can be considered high-risk for snake bites.

Religaje educativo como constructo de la complejidad / Educational religaje as a construct of complexity

La Educación dentro de la era de la conciencia plantea nuevas formas de reflexión y aplicación, tomando en consideración el pensamiento complejo como elemento emergente de nuevas miradas de los actores educativos, es así que la el aula mente social como constructo emergente educativo trabajado en varios escenarios por el autor, muestra como este planteamiento creativo toma de manera diferente la aplicación del tiempo-espacio educativo. Asimismo se incorpora el religaje como emergente creativo del quehacer educativo en cualquier contexto. El aula ya no solo es un lugar físico donde se aprende de manera tradicional, es una realidad educativa inmersa en deconstrucciones de aula mente social.

Education in the age of consciousness poses new ways of thinking and application, taking into consideration the complex thought as popup looks new educational actors, so that the social mind construct classroom as an educational pop worked in various scenarios by the author, shows how this creative approach differently making the application of space-time education. Also incorporated by the religaje creative pop of educational work in any context. The classroom is no longer just a physical place where you learn the traditional way, is an immersive educational reality in mind deconstructions of social class.

A produção social do espaço/tempo e os vazios urbanos: o caso do assentamento 20 de novembro em Porto Alegre / The social production of space/time and the urban voids: the 20 de novembro settlement case in Porto Alegre

Localizada na Região Central da Cidade de Porto Alegre, na Rua Dr. Barros Cassal, nº 161, a propriedade onde hoje se localiza o Assentamento 20 de Novembro, após décadas de abandono e degradação foi, a partir do início deste século, palco de tensionamento por parte de organizações de moradores na luta pela moradia da Região Metropolitana. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental qualitativa, este artigo propõe a discussão da segregação socioespacial verificada nas cidades submetidas ao modo capitalista de produção do espaço e do tempo urbano. O Assentamento 20 de Novembro é aqui apresentado como situação emblemática, na forma de um estudo de caso, exemplificando a apropriação pelo movimento social de um vazio urbano como ação de resistência contra-hegemônica à financeirização do habitat, aliada à emergência de um significativo protagonismo das camadas populares no exercício de sua cidadania.

Located in the city of Porto Alegre in its downtown area, on Doutor Barros Cassal Street, between Farrapos and Alberto Bins Avenues, the property where is located The Vinte de Novembro Settlement, after decades of abandonment and degradation, was from the beginning of this century, the scene of occupations by organizations of residents in the fight for housing in the metropolitan area. Based on bibliographical and qualitative documentary research, this article proposes the discussion of the socio-spatial segregation verified in cities subjected to capitalist mode of urban space/time production. The Vinte de Novembro Settlement was chosen as an emblematic example of counterhegemonic resistance to the financialization of the urban habitat, with the upbringing of a significant role of the popular classes in citizenship.

Effect of Two Acupuncture Methods on Three-dimensional Gait Time-space Parameters and Surface Electromyography of Post-stroke Patients with Flaccid Paralysis / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To compare the effect of electro-acupuncture(EA) and warm-needle moxibustion(WNM) on the foot three-dimensional gait time-space parameters and surface electromyography of post-stroke patients with flaccid paralysis. Methods A total of 61 patients were randomly divided into EA group (N=30) and WNM group(N=31). Both groups were given post-stroke conventional treatment, and additionally EA group received EA while WNM group was given WNM. Before treatment and after 2 treatment courses, we detected the foot three-dimensional gait time-space parameters of pace race, stance phase, swing phase, bilateral stance phase, and step length, and surface electromyography parameters of root mean square(RMS), integrated electromyogram (iEMG) and co-contraction ratio(CR) of tibialis anterior muscle and gastrocnemius at the state of maximal isometric voluntary contraction(MIVC). Results(1) After treatment, the foot three-dimensional gait time-space parameters of the two groups were improved in various degrees (P<0.05 or P<0.01 compared with those before treatment) , and the improvement of EA group was superior to that of WNM group (P < 0.05). (2) After treatment, the RMS and iEMG of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle as well as CR of dorsal extensor at MIVC state were improved in various degrees (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 compared with those before treatment) , and the improvement of EA group was superior to that of WNM group(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion WNM exerts better effect on improving the parameters of three-dimensional gait time-space parameters and surface electromyography of post-stroke patients with flaccid paralysis than EA.

A dinâmica cultural contemporâneae a revalorização da vida / The contemporary cultural dynamics and theupgrading of life

Este trabalho tem por objeto analisar a dinâmica cultural contemporânea, profundamente marcada pela relação espaço-temporal, bem como pelas novas articulações entre fluxos identitários e tecnologia. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a temporalidade em que vivemos apresenta uma volatilidade entre as mercadorias, bem como evidencia novas formas de sociabilidade que redefinem a vida dos indivíduos, independente de suas respectivas faixas etárias. No contexto atual de globalização em que fronteiras cada vez menos nítidas se apresentam, no que diz respeito à demarcação de limites físicos e territoriais estanques, podemos estabelecer que a dinâmica da cultura ganha outros conceitos e articulações que vão além das tradições, bem como dos pertencimentos. Neste cenário, o artigo pretende elaborar a crítica ao modelo econômico que fundamenta um ideário de progresso (crescimento), mas não dá conta das inúmeras outras emergências que surgem em outros campos de reflexão como ecológico, cultural, informacional.

This work has the purpose to analyze the contemporary cultural dynamics, deeply marked by the relation between space and time, as well as by new connections between identity flows and technology. Believing that the temporality in which we live has volatility between the commodities as well as highlights new forms of sociability that redefine the individual’s lives, unattached to their respective ages. In the current context of globalization, where lass defined borders presents themselves, in relation to physical and territorial demarcation, we can establish that the dynamics of culture gains other concepts and articulations that go beyond the traditions as well as belongings. In this scenario, this paper aims to develop a critique of the economic model that bases an ideology of progress (growth), but does not deal with many other emergencies that arise in other fields of reflection as ecological, cultural, and informational.

Study on time-space clustering regarding the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Kashgar Re-gion,Xinjiang / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To probe time-space clustering on the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Kashgar Region.Methods Based on the geographic information system,a Poisson model of time-space statistical software was applied to analyze data over the past 11 years in the Kashgar Region.Zones with clustering phenomenon were conformed by geographic location and remote sensing images.Results There existed three high risk clustering zones and corresponding time frames of VL in Kashgar Region.The center location of zone A was located in E 76.08°,N 39.52°,with radius as 6.58 km.The high risk time frame was from January 1st of 1999 to December 31st of 2003.Within the zone and time frame,the relative risk (RR) of VL incidence was 45.98 times higher than those outside the scope (P＜0.0001).Zone B's center location was at E 79.20°,N 39.91°,with the radius as 4.93 km.Its high risk time frame was from January 1st of 2002 to December 31st of 2006.Within the zone and time frame,the RR of VL incidence was 9.58 times higher than those outside of the scope (P＜0.0001).Zone C's center location was in E 76.23°,N 39.40°,and the radius was 7.63 km,with the high risk time frame from January 1st of 2000 to December 31st of 2004.Within the zone and time frame,the RR of VL incidence was 5.18 times higher than the one from outside of the scope (P＜0.0001).Conclusion The incidence of VL in Kashgar Region was non-randomly distributed while there existed obvious time-space clustering,with all of three high risk clustering zones located in oasis area where appeared the focus area for control and surveillance of VL.

Nomadismo e solidão na cidade veloz: alegorias da compressão do tempo-espaço na ficção de Caio Fernando Abreu / Nomadism and loneliness in the speedy city: alegories of time-space compression in Caio Fernando Abreu's literary fiction

Este trabalho discute a figuração literária dos processos de subjetivação contemporâneos na ficção do escritor Caio Fernando Abreu (1948-1996), a partir de uma reflexão sobre os efeitos da 'compressão do tempo-espaço' (Harvey, 1994) sobre as experiências psicossociais no mundo tardo-moderno. Em Caio Abreu, visualizamos as mais diversas cenas da vida urbana ancorada na cultura do consumo, bem como as diferentes situações que evocam a fragmentação do sujeito e as novas sensibilidades e formas de lidar com a efemeridade, a velocidade e a perda das utopias na cultura contemporânea. Seus contos, novelas e seu epistolário exploram o espectro de situações nefastas em que está mergulhado o indivíduo no final do século XX, especialmente mediante os temas do nomadismo, da errância, da solidão e do narcisismo que parecem caracterizar os tempos pós-utópicos. Ao delinear personagens, enredos e cenários figurativos da experiência urbana globalizada, o escritor lança um olhar particularmente revelador de tais condições no contexto do Brasil contemporâneo. Este trabalho examina alguns contos incluídos em Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso (1988), Morangos mofados (1995), Estranhos estrangeiros (1996) e o romance Onde andará Dulce Veiga (1990) à luz da crítica da modernidade empreendida por autores como David Harvey, Zygmunt Bauman, Fredric Jameson entre outros teóricos.

This essay discusses the contemporary processes of subjectivization based on the effects of 'time-space compression' (Harvey, 1994) on psychosocial experience, as presented in the fiction of the Brazilian writer Caio Fernando Abreu (1948-1996). His works reveal different scenes of urban life under the dominance of the consumer society, as well as situations that evoke the fragmentation of the subject and the emergence of new strategies for dealing with transitoriness, speed and loss in contemporary culture. His short-stories, novels and personal letters show deep social criticism to grievous situations in which individuals find themselves at the end of the twentieth century. Errantry, loneliness and narcissism are some of the themes explored that seem to characterize subjectivity under a post-utopian perspective. Abreu's literature shapes various faces of contemporary subjectivity in characters, plots and scenarios which represent global urban experience, with particular focus on the Brazilian context of modernization. This paper discusses a selection of short-stories included in Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso (1988), Morangos mofados (1995), Estranhos estrangeiros (1996) and the novel Onde andará Dulce Veiga (1990) under the light of the critique of modernity outlined by authors such as David Harvey, Zygmunt Bauman, Fredric Jameson among others.