High and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in smoking cessation: A systematic review

Abstract@#Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a non-invasive brain stimulation process popularly used to treat psychiatric disorders. Multiple evidence shows effectiveness of rTMS in treating addiction, particularly in tobacco or cigarette users. This study consisted of review of current published literatures on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation following predefined eligibility criteria. The studies included evaluated at least one of the epidemiological parameters: (i) the meaning of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (ii) Effectiveness of the Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation Over Behavioral therapy (iii) rTMS-associated adverse events among tobacco users@*Methodology@#We included published studies discussing rTMS in smoking cessation which examined if these interventions were effective and identified whether it has a severe negative effect on the patients. A total of 104 related studies were identified through database searches (Pubmed, Elsevier, Cochrane). Of which, 53 duplicate studies were removed. Five studies were then excluded with more than 10 years in publication. A total of 28 papers were then included in the study.@*Conclusion@#We conclude that rTMS is more effective in treating addiction in terms of smoking compared to behavioral therapy and rTMS affects triggered desired circuit which may be crucial among tobacco users. Individual neuronal excitability in the specific region’s subsequent induction may impact the therapeutic outcomes. With this, the high-frequency rTMS sequentially applied to the left superior medial frontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be an effective tool for improving the cessation rate.

Analysis of multidimensional factors in attempts to quit using tobacco by Korean adolescents

BACKGROUND@#This study aims to understand the extent of adolescents' attempts to quit using tobacco and the factors influencing such attempts in Korea, using a descriptive, cross-sectional design and secondary data analysis with the 2019 Youth Health Behavior Survey.@*METHODS@#The participants were 4028 adolescent tobacco users who had used tobacco for 1 day or more in the past 30 days. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS/WIN 26.0 program, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted using the complex sampling method module.@*RESULTS@#A total of 68.2% of the participants attempted to quit using tobacco. We analyzed the factors for adolescents' attempts to quit using tobacco by dividing them into psychological, physical, behavioral, and environmental dimensions. The factors influencing adolescents' attempts to quit using tobacco, identified through multivariable logistic regression analysis, are as follows: participation in sports activities (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.01-1.41), vigorous physical activity (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.46), and type of tobacco product used (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.24-2.21) in the behavioral dimension; pictorial cigarette pack warnings (perceived smoking as unhealthy) (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.56-2.36), and the presence of secondhand smoking at home (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.01-1.38) in the environmental dimension.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Schools and public healthcare providers must consider multidimensional factors when providing support for successful tobacco cessation in adolescents and focus particularly on elements relating to physical activity and environmental factors.

Fatores associados ao consumo do cigarro entre adolescentes de escola pública / Factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco entre adolescentes de escuela pública / Factors associated with cigarette smoking among public school adolescents

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de consumo de cigarro e sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, iniciação sexual e vivência de violência doméstica em adolescentes escolares da rede pública de ensino de Guanambi, Bahia, Brasil. Método Estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas guiadas por um instrumento estruturado, e analisados conforme estatística descritiva e inferencial, com regressão logística múltipla. Resultados Participaram do estudo 370 adolescentes. A prevalência de consumo de cigarro foi de 17,6% e houve associação estatisticamente significante com as variáveis: idade maior que 15 anos (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 - 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 - 4,37), não proferir religião (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 - 3,75), trabalhar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 - 3,74), início das atividades sexuais (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 - 21,33) e vivência de violência doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 - 3,28). Conclusão A prevalência do consumo de cigarro e as variáveis associadas apontam para a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção nos grupos de adolescentes mais vulneráveis, com envolvimento familiar e auxílio dos profissionais da educação e saúde, em especial os enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco y su asociación con las variables sociodemográficas, iniciación sexual y vivencia de violencia doméstica en adolescentes escolares de la red pública de enseñanza de Guanambi, Bahía, Brasil. Método Estudio transversal, llevado a cabo con adolescentes. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas guiadas por un instrumento estructurado y analizados conforme a la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con regresión logística múltiple. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 370 adolescentes. La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco fue del 17,6% y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa con las variables: edad mayor que 15 años (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 - 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 - 4,37), no proferir religión (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 - 3,75), trabajar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 - 3,74), inicio de las actividades sexuales (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 - 21,33) y vivencia de violencia doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 - 3,28). Conclusión La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y las variables asociadas señalan la necesidad de estrategias de intervención en los grupos de adolescentes más vulnerables, con involucración familiar y auxilio de los profesionales de la educación y salud, en especial los enfermeros que actúan en la atención primaria.

ABSTRACT Objective Estimating the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its association with sociodemographic variables, sexual initiation and experience with domestic violence among adolescents from public schools in Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. Method A crosssectional study carried out with adolescents. Data were collected through interviews guided by a structured instrument, and analyzed according to descriptive and inferential statistics with multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 370 adolescents participated in the study. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.6% and a statistically significant association was observed between the variables: age over 15 years (PR = 5.63 and 95% CI: 1.33 - 23.85), males (PR = 2.53 and 95% CI: 1.47 - 4.37), no reported religion (PR = 1.93 and 95% CI: 0.99 - 3.75), working (PR = 2.17 and 95% CI: 1.25 - 3.74), onset of sexual activity (PR = 10.64 and CI= 95%: 5.31 - 21.33) and experience of domestic violence (PR = 3.61 and 95% CI: 2.07 - 3.28). Conclusion The prevalence of cigarette smoking and the associated variables point to the need for intervention strategies among more vulnerable groups of adolescents, encompassing family involvement and assistance from teachers and health professionals, in particular nurses working in Primary Care.

Caracterización clínica epidemiológica de pacientes con EPOC y cáncer de pulmón / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with COPD and lung cancer

Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón es la neoplasia más frecuente y la primera causa de muerte por cáncer actualmente. Objetivo: caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a pacientes fumadores con EPOC y cáncer de pulmón no microcítico. Método: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal a pacientes egresados con diagnóstico de cáncer de pulmón y portadores de EPOC, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2009 y enero de 2015. De 112 individuos fueron seleccionados 55 pacientes. Fueron analizadas variables sociodemográficas, intensidad del tabaquismo y del efecto acumulativo del tabaco. Además de las medidas de resumen se empleó análisis de varianzas para establecer la correlación lineal entre tabaquismo, EPOC y cáncer de pulmón. Resultados: la mayoría de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón y EPOC pertenecían al sexo femenino (85,7 por ciento) y el 75 por ciento de los que portaban ambas afecciones se encontraba en grupos de edades menores de los 60 años. La edad de iniciación temprana del hábito, tiempo fumando, y número de paquetes de cigarrillos consumidos al año, fueron las variables que mostraron una asociación más significativa con ambas entidades (p= 0,01; 0,00; y 0,02 respectivamente). Conclusiones: la coexistencia de EPOC y cáncer de pulmón resultó más frecuente en el sexo femenino y en edades inferiores a los 60 años. Hubo mayor representación en pacientes con mayor intensidad del tabaquismo. Existió correlación entre el efecto acumulativo del tabaquismo y las probabilidades de desarrollar EPOC y cáncer en fumadores, en especial con los de mayor tiempo de consumo y los que fuman mayor número de paquetes al año(AU)

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most frequent neoplasm and the first cause of cancer death today. Objective: To characterize clinically and epidemiologically smokers with COPD and non-small cell lung cancer. Method: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer and COPD, during the period between January 2009 and January 2015. From 112 individuals, 55 patients were selected. Sociodemographic variables, intensity of smoking and the cumulative effect of tobacco were analyzed. In addition to the summary measures, variances analysis was used to establish the linear correlation between smoking, COPD and lung cancer. Results: Most of the patients with lung cancer and COPD belonged to the female sex (85.7 percent) and 75 percent of those with both conditions were in groups under the age of 60 years. The age of early initiation of habit, smoking time, and number of packets of cigarettes consumed per year were the variables that showed a more significant association with both entities (p = 0.01, 0.00, and 0.02 respectively). Conclusions: the coexistence of COPD and lung cancer was more frequent in females and in children under 60 years of age. There was greater occurrence in patients with greater intensity of smoking. There was a correlation between the cumulative effect of smoking and the likelihood of developing COPD and cancer in smokers; especially those with the longest consumption time and those who smoke the greatest number of packages per year(AU)