Ethical Issues in the Development of Smart Healthcare / 中国医学伦理学

Smart healthcare is the outcome of integration and application of the internet, Internet of things (IOT), big data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field. Smart healthcare has been developed rapidly in China. However, smart healthcare has both advantages and risks, thus, it faces challenges and ethical issues in practice. Technological restrictions of smart healthcare increase the risk of privacy disclosure and delayed treatment. Besides, it also induce some ethical issues.Smart healthcare turns the "justice" issue of regional equity into the population equity of medical benefits. In addition, balancing between humanities and science technology should be considered. Smart healthcare should follow the basic ethical principles and the experience of clinical medical ethics. To give full play to the advantages of smart healthcare, the ethical challenges during its development must be regulated at the legal level, and simultaneously governed through ethical norms and guidance.

Análisis de sentimientos y tópicos sobre las vacunas cubanas Soberana 02 y Abdala en Twitter

El análisis de sentimientos o minería de opiniones es una rama de la computación que permite analizar opiniones, sentimientos y emociones en ciertas áreas de interés social como productos, servicios, organizaciones, compañías, eventos y temas de interés actual. En tal sentido se propuso identificar los sentimientos y tópicos presentes en los tweets que hicieron mención a las vacunas cubanas Soberana 02 y Abdala en la red social Twitter. Se optó por los lenguajes de programación Python y R con sus librerías específicas para la ciencia de datos. La primera parte del estudio, que abarcó desde el web scraping hasta la cuantificación de las palabras más usadas, se realizó con Python y las siguientes librerías: tweepy, pandas, re, nltk y matplotlib. Mientras que la segunda, que fue la del análisis de sentimientos y detección de tópicos, se implementó con R y se utilizó: tokenizers, tm, syuzhet, topic modeling, tidyverse, barplot y wordcloud. Se obtuvo que entre los términos con que más se dialoga en Twitter están dosis, vacunas, eficacia, cubanos, candidatos, millones, país, personas, recibido y población. En los tweets las emociones predominantes fueron el miedo y, ligeramente por encima, la confianza; en la polaridad predominó la positiva, como expresión del contexto vivido en el cual se desarrolló la campaña de vacunación. A partir de los tópicos identificados y los términos que se relacionaron con las emociones predominantes, así como por la polaridad, se aprecia consenso en torno a las vacunas Soberana 02 y Abdala.

Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is a branch of computing that allows analyzing opinions, feelings and emotions in certain areas of social interest such as products, services, organizations, companies, events and topics of current interest. In this sense, the objective of this paper was to identify the feelings and topics present in the tweets mentioning the Cuban vaccines Soberana 02 and Abdala on Twitter social network. The programming languages Python and R with their specific libraries for data science were chosen. The first part of the study, which ranged from web scraping to the quantification of the most used words, was carried out with Python and the libraries tweepy, pandas, re, nltk and matplotlib. While the second, which was the sentiment analysis and topic detection, was implemented with R and used tokenizers, tm, syuzhet, topic modeling, tidyverse, barplot, and wordcloud. It was obtained that among the terms with which there is more dialogue on Twitter are doses, vaccines, efficacy, Cubans, candidates, millions, country, people, received and population. In the tweets, the predominant emotions were fear and confidence, slightly above it; in the polarity, the positive one predominated, as an expression of the lived context in which the vaccination campaign was developed. A consensus can be perceived around the vaccines Soberana 02 and Abdala, from the identified topics and the terms that were related to the predominant emotions, as well as the polarity.

The Brazilian congresses of epidemiology / Os congressos brasileiros de epidemiologia

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the first ten epidemiology conferences held by ABRASCO between 1990 and 2017. Objective: To provide historical records of these events, highlighting the context in which they were conceived, the chosen themes and their role in the national and international epidemiological landscape, the venues, and the presidents of the different editions. Methods: Data were extracted from printed and electronic proceedings, with some data gaps that could not be filled. Results: The numbers and characteristics of different activities are also presented, with emphasis on conferences and roundtables, lectures, panels and debates, and the collaboration of the academic and professional community for coordinated communications and posters outlining a wide range of themes and approaches. This paper keeps record of most of the activities carried out. Conclusions: The authors are aware that the record presented is a pale picture of the real meaning of these meetings in which the development of epidemiology was being built, in an articulation between scholars and health services and as a cooperation between national researchers and our companions and friends who work in foreign institutions all around the world.

RESUMO: O artigo trata dos primeiros dez congressos de epidemiologia realizados pela Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva, entre 1990 e 2017. Objetivo: O objetivo do artigo é prover um registro histórico desses eventos destacando o contexto no qual eles foram concebidos, os temas adotados e seu sentido quanto ao panorama nacional e internacional da disciplina, as sedes e os presidentes das diferentes edições. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos dos anais impressos ou eletrônicos dos congressos, havendo alguns lapsos nos dados que não puderam ser preenchidos. Resultados: São também apresentados os números e as características das diferentes atividades, com destaque para conferências e mesas-redondas, palestra, painéis e debates e para a colaboração da comunidade acadêmica e profissional para comunicações coordenadas e pôsteres, traçando um amplo painel de temas e abordagens. O artigo registra a maioria das atividades desenvolvidas. Conclusão: Os autores têm consciência de que o registro apresentado é uma pálida imagem do real significado desses encontros, nos quais o desenvolvimento da epidemiologia foi sendo construída na articulação entre a academia e os serviços de saúde e na cooperação entre pesquisadores nacionais e nossos colegas e amigos que atuam em instituições estrangeiras em diferentes partes do mundo.

The scientific publication of the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (1909-2020): a history of contribution to the biomedical sciences

BACKGROUND The Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (MIOC) is one of the first scientific journals created in Brazil and currently one of the most important biomedical journals in South America. Knowledge of the main themes disseminated over time and its main contributors can contribute towards a better understanding of its trajectory and future. OBJECTIVES Map the journal's scientific publication between 1909 and 2020. METHODS Data from three scientific databases was combined, alongside bibliometrics and network analysis to analyse publication records between 1909 and 2020. FINDINGS Publications increased substantially since the 1980s. The main publishing organisations are Brazilian. Excluding Brazil, the main publishing countries are the USA, Argentina, and Colombia. During the entire investigated period, the main themes refer to Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, and Leishmaniasis. During some periods, publications followed disease outbreaks in Brazil (e.g., dengue fever and yellow fever). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Since its foundation in 1909, the MIOC has focused on infectious and parasitic diseases. The editorial changes implemented from the 1980s onwards led MIOC to a relevant growth concerning annual publications and its transformation into an important communication vehicle for researchers from several Brazilian organisations besides Fiocruz, as well as organisations from other countries, especially within Latin America.

Conducta sexual y percepción del riesgo de ITS en estudiantes universitarios con enfoque de género / Sexual behavior and STI risk perception in university students with a gender perspective

Las recientes iniciativas nacionales y mundiales han llamado la atención sobre la importancia de la salud sexual para el bienestar de las personas. Estas iniciativas promueven la mejora de los esfuerzos para abordar este tema no representado en los planes de estudio de las profesiones de la salud. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar la conducta sexual y percepción del riesgo de ITS en estudiantes universitarios de la ESPOCH, considerando el enfoque de género. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y con enfoque de género en 119 estudiantes universitarios. Primera experiencia sexual protegida, tenencia de varias parejas y necesidad de información sobre sexualidad fueron estadísticamente significativas en relación al género de los estudiantes encuestados (p <0,05). El control eficaz de las ITS requerirá respuestas de salud pública multimodales dedicadas que incluyan la promoción de la salud y la prevención. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden ser útiles para orientar el rediseño de los programas de salud sexual en los estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Recent national and global initiatives have drawn attention to the importance of sexual health for people's well-being. These initiatives promote the improvement of efforts to address this issue not represented in the curricula of the health professions. The present work aims to study sexual behavior and STIs risk perception in ESPOCH university students, considering the gender approach. A descriptive, cross-sectional study with a gender focus was carried out in 119 university students. First protected sexual experience, having several partners and the need for information on sexuality were statistically significant in relation to the gender of the students surveyed (p <0.05). Effective control of STIs will require dedicated multimodal public health responses that include health promotion and prevention. The results of this research may be useful to guide the redesign of sexual health programs in college students(AU)

Falhas de comunicação e epistemológicas limitam a abordagem da Bioética na formação e na prática em Saúde / Communication and epistemological shortcomings limit the bioethics approach in health education and practice / Fallas de comunicación y epistemológicas limitan el abordaje de la Bioética en la formación y práctica en Salud

Este artigo analisa o Ensino de Ética e Bioética (EEB) nos Programas de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (PRMS) vinculados à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brasil. A fim de compreender o EEB em sete programas pesquisados, avaliamos sua perspectiva teórica com base nos projetos pedagógicos (PP) comparando com um currículo de referência ("Core Curriculum", Unesco). Para avaliar o aspecto prático, desenvolvemos 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas (critério de saturação) com preceptores (as) avaliadas por análise de conteúdo (abordagem framework). Os PP analisados tinham carga horária e módulos temáticos aquém daqueles propostos no currículo referência. Os (as) preceptores (as) desconhecem o EEB como parte do currículo dos PRMS. Apontamos a qualificação da comunicação universidade e serviços e o reconhecimento das contribuições dos (as) preceptores (as) na formação dos residentes como medidas importantes para qualificar o EEB. (AU)

This article analyzes the teaching of ethics and bioethics (TEB) in multiprofessional residency programs (MPRPs) linked to Rio Grande do Norte Federal University, Brazil. To understand TEB in the seven programs investigated by the study, we assessed theoretical perspectives in the pedagogical plans, comparing them to UNESCO's Bioethics Core Curriculum. To evaluate practical aspects, we conducted 11 semi-structured interviews (employing the saturation criterion) with preceptors, which were assessed using content analysis (framework approach). The pedagogical plans' course loads and thematic modules fell short of the Core Curriculum recommendations. The preceptors were unaware that TEB was part of the MPRPs. Improving the quality of university communication and services and recognizing preceptors' contributions to resident education and training are key measures needed to improve TEB. (AU)

Este artículo analiza la Enseñanza de Ética y Bioética (EEB) en los programas de Residencia Multiprofesional en Salud (PRMS) vinculados a la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brasil. Con la finalidad de comprender el EEB en siete programas investigados, evaluamos su perspectiva teórica a partir de los proyectos pedagógicos (PP) comparando con un currículum de referencia ("Core Curriculum", Unesco). Para evaluar el aspecto práctico, desarrollamos once entrevistas semiestructuradas (criterio saturación) con preceptores, evaluados por análisis de contenido (abordaje framework). Los PP analizados tenían carga horaria y módulos temáticos menores a los propuestos en el currículo de referencia. Los preceptores desconocen el EEB como parte del currículo de los PRMS. Señalamos la calificación de la comunicación universidad y servicios y el reconocimiento de las contribuciones de los preceptores en la formación de los residentes, como medidas importantes para calificar el EEB. (AU)

A produção da psicologia social sobre temas políticos a partir de aspectos históricos / La producción de la psicología social sobre temas políticos a partir de aspectos históricos / The production of social psychology on political topics from historical aspects

Resumo O objetivo do texto é discutir produções científicas sobre temas políticos publicadas no campo da psicologia social brasileira após o fim do regime civil-militar no Brasil, a partir do contexto histórico desta produção. Os artigos foram publicados por pesquisadores/as vinculados/as a programas de pós-graduação brasileiros em Psicologia Social ou em Psicologia e que identificavam a psicologia social como área de atuação no currículo Lattes. Foi possível articular os debates propostos nestes artigos a aspectos relevantes do contexto de produção como a "crise da psicologia social", a democratização da política de saúde no Brasil, a política científica desenvolvida nos governos do PSDB e do PT. Ressalta-se o crescimento do debate sobre políticas públicas na produção selecionada e a importância de se problematizar a inibição da produção científica não apenas em regimes totalitários, mas também em regimes democráticos.

Resumen El objetivo del texto es discutir producciones científicas sobre temas políticos publicadas en el campo de la psicología social brasileña tras el fin del régimen civil-militar en Brasil a partir del contexto histórico de esta producción. Los artículos fueron publicados por investigadores/as vinculados/as a programas de postgrado brasileños en psicología social o en psicología y que identificaban la psicología social como área de actuación en el currículo Lattes. Se pudo articular los debates propuestos en estos artículos a aspectos relevantes del contexto de producción como la "crisis de la psicología social", la democratización de la política de salud en Brasil, la política científica desarrollada en los gobiernos del PSDB y del PT. Se resalta el crecimiento del debate sobre políticas públicas en la producción seleccionada y la importancia de problematizarse la inhibición de la producción científica no sólo en regímenes totalitarios, sino también en regímenes democráticos.

Abstract The purpose of the article is to discuss scientific productions on political topics published in the field of Brazilian social psychology after the end of the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil, from the historical context of this production. The articles were published by researchers associated to Brazilian Social Psychology or Psychology post-graduate programs who identified social psychology as their field of study in the Lattes curriculum. It was possible to articulate the debates proposed in these articles to relevant aspects of the production context such as the "social psychology's crisis", the democratization of health policies in Brazil, the scientific policies developed during the governments of the PSDB and PT parties. The growth of the debate on public policies in the selected production is highlighted, as well as the importance of problematizing the inhibition of scientific production not only in totalitarian regimes, but also in democratic regimes.

Retrospect of 2019: focus on the surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG) has a special anatomical position. In clinical practice, there are many overplays among thoracic surgeons, gastrointestinal surgeons, gastroenterologists and oncologists. In recent years, AEG has attracted more and more clinical attention with its increasing incidence. It has a tendency to be gradually separated from esophageal cancer and gastric cancer and be defined as a new special type of tumor. At present, there are still many controversies in the definition, classification, TNM staging, surgical approach, extent of resection, lymph node dissection, digestive tract reconstruction and neoadjuvant therapy of AEG. Meanwhile many problems still need to be solved, which is in a stage of gradual improvement and standardization. This article mainly reviews the important research progress in the field of AEG in 2019, summarizes the current clinical hotspots of AEG, especially the surgical treatment hotspots and the current application status of related new technologies, and aims the future development. We suggest that communication and cooperation among multiple disciplines should be strengthened. Through more clinical researches, basic experimental researches, and innovation and application of new technologies, personalized and accurate diagnosis and treatment will be carried out for patients with different conditions to ultimately achieve the common goal of maximizing the benefits of patients.

Cómo tener éxito al empezar a publicar en revistas médicas. Consideraciones para autores inexpertos, que podrían interesar también a los expertos / How can you succeed in having your manuscript published in a medical journal. Advices to inexpert authors that can also be useful to senior authors

Young authors may benefit by some advices on how to proceed when they decide to write a manuscript and submit it to a medical journal. They should start by selecting the journal considering the topic and nature of their study, how relevant the results seem and the interest it may have in editors and readers. A reasonable choice should consider new journals that publish good papers selected after external peer review. Then they should study and follow the Instructions to Authors of the chosen journal. A strong call is given to recognize and avoid "predatory journals". Specific statements refer to Instructions to Authors and language requirements by the journal, the need to follow "ICMJE Recommendations", the correct assignment of authorship, and a strict observance of ethical regulations in biomedical and clinical research. Special mention is given to provide a good abstract, in English, either descriptive or structured depending on the nature of their study. These advices may be useful as well as a reminder to older authors on how to improve their manuscripts before submitting them to a mainstream medical journal.

Research on the hot topics of health popular science based on 10 WeChat official accounts of traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in Beijing / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze 10 WeChat official accounts of traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) hospitals in Beijing and their data, to figure out the popular health topics well received by followers, for the purpose of disseminating health knowledge more precisely and efficiently in further work and public service. Methods Python and open API interface were used to scrawl the articles pushed by these accounts from July 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, identifying topics of high Pviews and thumbs up as the text corpus of hot topics. Furthermore, working with text mining technology, the paper counted the term frequency(TF) and clustered the corpus to finally detect the most popular topics of health knowledge and needs of information by the public. Results Within the given period, the results showed that the top 5 key words with high TF in popular health science included: hypertension, cough, sleep, Gaofang( herbal paste) and pain. In the top 10 clustered hot topics, the followings received high level of public awareness and interpreted by more articles posted by the Wechat official accounts: kidney diseases, genital diseases(female/male) and seasonal affective disorder. Conclusions Methods used in the study can accurately round up popular TCM topics, practical needs of health knowledge of the people, and discover the disease diagnosis, treatment and health issues of the highest public concern, for guidance of the hospitals in their health education and popular science work using new media.

Current state of lung cancer with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: A bibliometrics analysis / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective To explore the research state and topics of lung cancer with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China using the visualization methods. Methods Literature about lung cancer with COPD was searched through WanFang, CNKI, CBM, PubMed, The Cochrane Library and EMbase databases from inception to March 2018 by computer. We used BICOMS software to analyze the main information and produce co-word matrix, gCLUTO software to cluster, and NetDraw and Cytoscape software to draw the pictures. Results There were 304 studies related to lung cancer with COPD which originated from 173 journals including 23 indexed by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD) with 42 articles published, accounting for 13.8% of the total number of studies. There were 37 articles from 24 journals indexed by Science Citation Index (SCI) accounting for 12.2% of the total number of studies. The studies grew rapidly since 2012. The study involved 32 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, among which Beijing, Sichuan, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Jiangsu provinces and cities were the main research areas. Sixty-nine high-frequency keywords were obtained with frequency 2 as the threshold, which was clustered into 5 categories by dual cluster analysis. Among them, topic 0 showed pathogenesis and radiological diagnosis of lung cancer with COPD, topic 1 was about the clinical characteristics of different pathological types of lung cancer with COPD and Chinese medicine treatment, topic 2 aimed at the impact of risk factors on surgical complications and the relationship between chemotherapy or targeted therapies and patient survival prognosis, topic 3 involved the pigenetic correlation between lung cancer and COPD and topic 4 was about clinical studies of perioperative comprehensive management of lung cancer patients with COPD. Conclusion The bibliometrics results show that there are considerable-amount achievements on lung cancer combined with COPD in China, and the researches have gradually increased since 2012. Horizontal research topics are extensive, and the focus of the study is to explore the perioperative comprehensive management and basic research of lung cancer with COPD, but the longitudinal themes need to be further studied. The results of some studies have not yet reached a consensus. There are few high-quality multi-center studies and a lack of clinical-directed achievement.

What questions are most important to pancreatic cancer patients soon after diagnosis? A multicenter survey

Background: Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis. Patients might be better able to cope with their disease when the information is discussed that they consider most important. We investigated what questions pancreatic patients consider most important to address in the first weeks after diagnosis. Methods: We built a survey listing 84 questions and for each asked how important (range, 1­7) individuals who had received a certain or likely diagnosis of pancreatic cancer considered it that the question was addressed soon after diagnosis; patients who completed the survey 1 year or more after diagnosis were excluded. Mean perceived importance scores were used to rank order the questions in terms of importance. Results: Forty-seven pancreatic cancer patients participated. The participants considered receiving an answer to a median of 53 (range, 21­83) questions as important (score = 6) or very important (score = 7). The number was not significantly related to gender, age, education, or time since diagnosis. For 42/84 questions, average score was ≥6.0. Topics considered most important included diagnosis, likelihood of cure, treatment options, harms and procedures, prognosis if the disease were left untreated, and quality of life. For 67/84 questions, ≥1 participants indicated that answering the question should be avoided (Md = 1 participant, range, 1­5) and for 77/84 questions that it was not applicable (Md = 3.5 participants, range, 1­30). Conclusions: Pancreatic cancer patients consider a wide range of questions important to address after diagnosis, including those on sensitive topics. Doctors need to carefully dose information provision to avoid overloading patients. The findings can help to guide doctors and other information resources to provide relevant information to pancreatic cancer patients (AU)

Hot topics in the international studies on the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective To analyze the published articles on the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and catch the recent research hot topics.Methods Literature searching on the etiology of RA was conducted through PubMed database of US Congress Library of Medicine published in past five years.Bibliographic Item CO-Occurrence Matrix Builder (BICOMB) to bibliometric analysis and statistical product and service solutions (SPSS) 19.0 were used for cluster analysis and plotting strategic coordinate figure.Results Four research hot topics were identified by analyzing the keywords:① Therapeutic and adverse effects of antirheumatic agents;② Genetics and complications of RA;③ Immunity of autoantigens and autoantibodies in RA;④ Immune cells and microRNAs in RA.Conclusion Researches on RA etiology have developed steadily,with different current status and developing tendency,which provides reference for related studies.

Analysis of published papers in Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases from 2007 to 2016 / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective To analyze the published papers in Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.Methods A total of 1 646 articles published in Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases from January 2007 to December 2016 in China National Knowlege Internet (CNKI) database were retrieved,and 1 625 articles were included after checking duplicate and excluding invalid documents.The data in the CNKI Citation Database were reffered.Data processing and analysis were conducted by bibliometrics.Results The influencing factors of Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases from 2007 to 2016 were 0.503 and 0.803,showing an overall growth trend.The average core citation rate remains stable at about 0.89.There were high productive authors cooperation teams,and the number of core authors accounted for 65.8％ (1069/1625) of the total number of papers.The main publishing organizations were concentrated in the three level of first-class hospital,such as Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,accounting for 27.3％ (444/1 625) of the total number of documents issued.Hot topics included intracranial aneurysms,cerebral infarction,cerebral ischemia,stent implantation,and so on.Conclusions Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases steadily increases in its influence,and the research ability of the author groups is stronger.It is one of the most important information sources in the field of cerebrovascular disease research in China.

Application research of Four Topics method in the clinical ethics training of standardized resident training / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Due to the insufficient education of medical ethics and tending to medical moral educa-tion, the residents lack the ability to make ethical decisions. Therefore, we applied Four Topics method in the clinical ethics training of residents. The clinical ethics training was divided into three stages, and each stage had different training content and objectives. Dongyang People's Hospital adopted the form of lectures and panel discussions. During the group discussion, the group leader was in charge of case preparation, which came from clinical practice, and then all members applied the Four Topics method to analyze and discuss the ethical conflicts, and make the ethical decision. Through this process, residents' ability to solve ethical problems in clinical practice was enhanced.

Lesson Topics and Emotions That Pained or Saddened Nursing Students Who Had Lost Someone Close to Them in Lectures on Palliative Care

<p>Purpose: This study intended to clarify the lesson topics, lesson content and emotions that painfully saddened nursing students with experience of bereavement taking lectures on palliative care, as well as the emotional changes of these students and the support they expect from teachers. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews. Their emotions were analyzed following Krippendorff’s method. Results: Thirty-six nursing students participated in the study. Lesson topics and content included “the state and signs of loved ones near death,” and “general lessons.” Feelings and thoughts presented were “regret,” “remembering,” “emotional upset,” “feeling anxiety,” “feeling dissatisfied,” “experiencing a sense of discomfort”, and “empathizing with the people shown in the teaching material as well as their situations.” With the exception of one subject, all subjects experienced a positive change in their emotions. Regarding to the support, 20 people did not require additional support because of “nothing wrong” or “enough”. Conclusions: Teachers need to specifically explain support content and methods many times, and to face lessons with the strong desire to always support their students.</p>

Una revisión del concepto observatorio social: hacia una comprensión de sus objetivos, alcances, métodos y finalidades / A review of the social observatory concept: towards an understanding of its objectives, scope, methods and purposes

Resumen Este artículo constituye una aproximación a la construcción del concepto de observatorio a partir de la descripción de cinco categorías: Finalidad, focalización, temas, problemáticas y métodos. Se exponen los resultados de la revisión documental realizada en torno al tema de observatorio y observatorio social, obtenidos por medio de la búsqueda y el análisis de documentos que lo abordan desde las categorías mencionadas. Como principales herramientas de trabajo, se utiliza ron el software ATLAS.ti para el análisis cualitativo de datos y una matriz temática de artículos diseñada para este fin.

Abstract This article approaches the creation of a concept of observatory by describing the following five categories: Purpose, Focalization, Topics, Problems and Methods. The results of the documentary review are shown according to the topic of observatory and social observatory obtained through the search and analysis of the documents addressed from those aforementioned categories. The ATLAS software was used as the main working tool for qualitative data analysis, and for the de signed thematic matrix for research articles.

The foci and problems in diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer / 中国肿瘤临床

China has high prevalence of gastric cancer, with the morbidity and mortality leading the list of malignancy. The conditions of diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in China fail to meet the need of a large number of patients because of restriction in re-gional development. Therefore, we are facing a very serious situation of fighting against gastric cancer. Multidiscipline, individualiza-tion, and standardization are the development tendency of diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Numerous topics about gastric cancer are currently controversial and solutions to these problems depend on the development of evidence-based medicine. This re-view summarized the recent progress in the clinical methods used for stomach cancer, laparoscopic surgical techniques, diagnosis and treatment of early gastric cancer, conversion therapy of advanced gastric cancer, therapeutic strategy of esophageal-gastric junction cancer, enhanced recovery after surgery, and translational research and clinical trials of gastric cancer. Moreover, the foci and prob-lems of the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were discussed to provide reference for further studies.

The words of prevention, part II: ten terms in the realm of quaternary prevention / As palavras da prevenção, parte II: dez termos no âmbito da prevenção quaternária / Las palabras de la prevención, parte II: diez términos en el ámbito de la prevención cuaternaria

Objective: this part II article about the 'words of prevention' presents in a terminological way the content of ten current concepts used in the prevention domain which are closely linked to quaternary prevention: (1) overinformation; (2) overdiagnosis; (3) medically unexplained symptoms; (4) overmedicalization; (5) incidentaloma; (6) overscreening; (7) overtreatment; (8) shared decision making; (9) deprescribing; and (10) disease mongering. Methods: with the support of the laboratory team of the University of Rouen, France, which is dedicated to medical terminology and semantic relationships, it was possible to utilize a graphic user interface (called DBGUI) allowing the construction of links for each of chosen terms, and making automatic links to MeSH, if any. Those concepts are analyzed in their environment in current literature, as well as in their MeSH counterparts, if any, and related semantic online terminologies. Results and Discussion: the rules in terminological development aspire to cover the whole field of a concept and in the meantime, they can help to avoid the noise due to proxy and not exactly related issues. This refers to exhaustivity and specificity in information retrieval. Our finds show that referring to MeSH only in information retrieval in General Practice/Family medicine can induce much noise and poor adequacy to the subject investigated. Conclusion: gathering concepts in specially prepared terminologies for further development of ontologies is a necessity to enter in the semantic web area and the era of disseminated data in family medicine.

Objetivo: este artigo parte II sobre as 'palavras da prevenção' apresenta de uma forma terminológica o conteúdo de dez conceitos atuais utilizados no domínio da prevenção, que estão intimamente ligados à prevenção quaternária: (1) sobrecarga de informação; (2) sobrediagnóstico; (3) sintomas sem explicação médica; (4) sobremedicalização; (5) incidentaloma; (6) sobrerrastreamento; (7) sobretratamento; (8) tomada de decisão compartilhada; (9) desprescrição; e (10) comercialização de doenças. Métodos: com o apoio da equipe do laboratório da Universidade de Rouen, França, que se dedica à terminologia médica e às relações semânticas, foi possível utilizar uma interface gráfica de usuário (chamado DBGUI) permitindo a construção de links para cada um dos termos escolhidos, fazendo ligações automáticas para o MeSH, caso houvesse. Estes conceitos foram analisados no seu ambiente na literatura corrente, bem como os seus homólogos no MeSH, caso houvesse, e terminologias semânticas online a eles relacionadas. Resultados e Discussão: as regras em desenvolvimento terminológico aspiram cobrir todo o campo de um conceito, ao mesmo tempo em que podem auxiliar a evitar ruídos devido a aproximações e questões não exatamente relacionadas. Isto se refere à exaustividade e especificidade na recuperação da informação. Nossos achados mostram que referir-se somente ao MeSH na recuperação de informação em medicina de família pode induzir muito ruídos e uma pobre adequação em relação ao tema investigado. Conclusão: reunir conceitos em terminologias especialmente preparadas para um maior desenvolvimento de ontologias é uma necessidade para se adentrar na área da rede semântica e da era de dados disseminados em medicina de família.

Objetivo: este artículo parte II de las 'palabras de prevención' presenta en una forma terminológica el contenido de diez conceptos actuales utilizados en el dominio de la prevención que están estrechamente vinculados a la prevención cuaternaria: (1) sobreinformación; (2) sobrediagnóstico; (3) síntomas sin explicación médica; (4) sobremedicalización; (5) incidentaloma; (6) sobretamizaje; (7) sobretratamiento; (8) toma de decisiones compartida; (9) deprescripción; y (10) tráfico de enfermedades. Métodos: con el apoyo del equipo de laboratorio de la Universidad de Rouen, Francia, que se dedica a la terminología médica y las relaciones semánticas, fue posible utilizar la interfaz gráfica de usuario (llamado DBGUI) permitiendo la construcción de enlaces para cada uno de los términos elegidos, y estableciendo vínculos automáticos al MeSH, en su caso. Esos conceptos fueran analizados en el contexto de la literatura actual, así como en sus homólogos MeSH, en su caso, y terminologías semánticos relacionados online. Resultados y Discusión: las reglas en el desarrollo terminológico aspiran a cubrir la totalidad del ámbito del concepto y, mientras tanto, ayudan a evitar el ruido debido al proxy y temas no relacionados con exactitud. Esto se refiere a la exhaustividad y especificidad en la recuperación de informaciones. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que al referir-se solamente al MeSH la recuperación de información en Medicina General/Medicina Familiar puede inducir a mucho ruidos y mala adecuación al tema investigado. Conclusión: la recopilación de conceptos en terminologías especialmente preparados para un mayor desarrollo de ontologías es una necesidad para entrar en el área de la web semántica y en la era de los datos diseminados en medicina familiar.

The words of prevention, part I: changing the model / As palavras da prevenção, parte I: mudando o modelo / Las palabras de la prevención, parte I: cambiando el modelo

Objective: this part I article explores the different meanings of relevant keywords for General Practice/Family Medicine (GP/FM) in the prevention domain. The aim is to contribute to information process in GP/FM by keeping in line with the main terms used in health care organization. Methods: important keywords for GP/FM in the prevention domain were selected. Then, a search was carried out on the main sources in GP/FM databases, as well as in Medical Subject Heading and major terminological databases available online. Results and Discussion: there is discrepancy between the conceptual contents of major prevention models amongst the usual bibliographic sources of knowledge in GP/FM in particular and medicine in general. Conclusion: For GP/FM, distribution of preventive activities is now firmly established on a new constructivist model, privileging the doctor-patient relationships and introducing a cybernetic thinking on the health care activities with a special commitment to ethics and the positive duty of beneficence.

Objetivo: este artigo, parte I, explora os diferentes significados de palavras-chave relevantes para a Medicina Geral/Medicina de Família (MG/MF) no campo da prevenção. O objetivo é contribuir para o processo de informação para a MG/MF, mantendo-se alinhado com os principais termos utilizados na organização dos cuidados em saúde. Métodos: foram selecionadas palavras-chave importantes para a MG/MF no campo da prevenção. Em seguida, foi realizada uma busca nas principais fontes no âmbito da MG/MF, bem como no Medical Subject Heading e nas principais bases de dados terminológicas disponíveis online. Resultados e Discussão: há discrepância entre os conteúdos conceituais dos principais modelos de prevenção entre as fontes bibliográficas usuais na área do conhecimento em MG/MF, em particular, e da medicina em geral. Conclusão: para a MG/MF a distribuição de atividades preventivas está firmemente estabelecida em um novo modelo construtivista, privilegiando a relação médico-paciente ao introduzir um pensamento cibernético sobre as atividades de cuidados de saúde, com um especial compromisso com a ética e o dever positivo da beneficência.

Objetivo: este artículo, parte I, explora los diferentes significados de palabras clave relevantes para la Medicina General/Medicina Familiar (MG/MF) en el campo de la prevención. El objetivo es contribuir al proceso de información en MG/MF, manteniendo en línea con los principales términos utilizados en la organización sanitaria. Métodos: palabras clave importantes para la MG/MF fueron seleccionados en el campo de la prevención. A continuación, se realizó una búsqueda en las principales fuentes en el ámbito de la MG/MF, así como en el Medical Subject Heading y en las principales bases de datos terminológicas disponibles online. Resultados y Discusión: existe discrepancia entre los contenidos conceptuales de los principales modelos de prevención entre las fuentes bibliográficas habituales de conocimiento en MG/MF, en particular, y la medicina en general. Conclusión: para la MG/MF la distribución de las actividades preventivas se ha establecido firmemente en un nuevo modelo constructivista, que privilegia la relación médico-paciente y la introducción de un pensamiento cibernético en las actividades de atención de la salud, con un especial compromiso con la ética y el deber positivo de beneficencia.