Torus mandibular e palatino predisponentes em um grupo familiar: fatores genéticos e ambientais, relato de uma série de casos / Mandibular and palatine torus predisposing in a family group: genetic and environmental factors, report of a series of cases / Torus mandibular y palatino predisponente en un grupo familiar: factores genéticos y ambientales, informe de una serie de casos

As exostoses mais conhecidas são o Torus palatino e mandibular, que se desenvolvem a partir do crescimento benigno da cortical óssea, localizadas respectivamente na linha média palatina e superfície lingual de caninos e pré-molares, podendo ser unilaterais ou bilaterais. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo de um grupo familiar que apresentaram o Torus como característica em comum, buscando confirmar a presença e prevalência das características clínicas multifatoriais listadas na literatura, possibilitando o diagnóstico da etiologia e assim traçando um plano de tratamento individual, se necessário. Como metodologia, foi realizada uma triagem com cada membro familiar na clínica Odontológica da Faculdade Sete Lagoas - FACSETE, descartando a participação no estudo os membros que não apresentaram o Torus. Os indivíduos que apresentaram indicação da remoção cirúrgica foram encaminhados para clínica de cirurgia da própria instituição. Concluímos, portanto, com este estudo que fatores genéticos e ambientais colaboram como fator etiológico mais predominantes para surgimento do Torus no grupo familiar estudado... (AU)

The best known exostosis are the palatine and mandibular Torus, which develop from the benign growth of the cortical bone, located respectively in the midpalatal line and lingual surface of canines and premolars, and maybe unilateral or bilateral. This work aims to study a family group that had Torus as a common feature, confirming the presence and prevalence of multifactorial clinical features listed in the literature, enabling the diagnosis of etiology and thus outlining an in dividual treatment plan, if necessary. As a methodology, a screening was performed by each family member at the Dental Clinic of Facul dade Sete Lagoas - FACSETE, discarding the participation in the study for members who did not present Torus. Individuals who indicated surgical removal were referred to the institution's own surgery clinic. Therefore, we conclude with this study that genetic and environmental factors collaborate as the most predominant etiological factor for the emergence of Torus in the studied family group... (AU)

Las exostosis más conocidas son el Torus palatino y el Torus mandibular, las cuales se desarrollan a partir del crecimiento benigno del hueso cortical y están ubicadas respectivamente en la línea medio palatina y en la cara lingual de los caninos y de los premolares que pueden ser unilaterales o bilaterales. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo el estudio de un grupo familiar que presentó en sus características comunes el Torus, buscando confirmar la presencia y el predominio de las características clínicas multifactoriales listadas en la literatura, lo que hizo posible el diagnóstico de la etiología y diseñar un plan de tratamiento individual, caso necesiten. Como la metodología fue hecho una selección con los miembros de la familia en la clínica odontologica de la Faculdade Sete Lagoas - FACSETE, quitando de los estudios las personas de la familia que no presentaron el Torus. Los individuos que presentaron indicación de extirpación quirúrgica fueron enviados a la clínica de cirugía de la escuela. Concluimos con este estudio que los factores genéticos y ambientales colaboraron como los factores etiológicos más predominantes para la aparición del Torus en la familia analizada... (AU)

Variability of exostoses on human jaws during the past six millennia in Northern China / Variabilidad de las exostosis en las mandíbulas humanas durante los últimos seis milenios en el norte de China

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to survey oral exostoses in human populations that belonged to the same region encompassing five periods over 6000 years, to determine the prevalence and its changing trend over time. A total of 306 human jaws belonging to the modern Xi'an region and four archeological sites, Banpo (6700-5600 years BP), Shaolingyuan (3000 years BP), Shanren (2200 years BP) and Chang'an (1000-1300 years BP), were investigated. The degree of buccal exostosis (BE), torus mandibularis (TM) and torus palatinus (TP) and the TP shape were recorded. The prevalence of BE, TM, and TP in the five groups was 20.8 %-62.5 %, 17.5 %-71.5 %, and 31.7 %-74.2 %, respectively. The differences in the three types of exostoses among the five groups were all statistically significant, but only TM and TP showed a decreasing trend over time. A high and quite diverse prevalence of oral exostoses was found in the five groups of samples. Decreasing trends in relation to time for TM and TP were detected.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue sondear las exostosis orales en poblaciones humanas que pertenecían a la misma región abarcando cinco períodos durante 6000 años, para determinar la prevalencia y su tendencia cambiante a lo largo del tiempo. Un total de 306 mandíbulas humanas pertenecientes a la moderna región de Xi'an y cuatro sitios arqueológicos, Banpo (6700-5600 años AP), Shaolingyuan (3000 años AP), Shanren (2200 años AP) y Chang'an (1000-1300 años AP) BP), fueron investigados. Se registró el grado de exostosis bucal (EO), torus mandibular (TM) y torus palatino (TP) y la forma de TP. La prevalencia de EO, TM y TP en los cinco grupos fue 20,8 % -62,5 %, 17,5 % -71,5 % y 31,7 % -74,2 %, respectivamente. Las diferencias en los tres tipos de exostosis entre los cinco grupos fueron todas estadísticamente significativas, pero solo TM y TP mostraron una tendencia decreciente con el tiempo. Se encontró una prevalencia alta y bastante diversa de exostosis oral en los cinco grupos de muestras. Se detectaron tendencias decrecientes en relación al tiempo para TM y TP.

Escisión de torus mandibular bilateral en paciente sistémicamente comprometido: reporte de caso / Excision of bilateral mandibular torus in a systemically com-promised patient: a case report

Introducción: El torus mandibular es un crecimiento exofítico óseo ubicado en el área lingual de la mandíbula, generalmente bilateral. Puede estar asociado con trastornos temporomandibulares, afectar la pronunciación, producir halitosis, interferir con la deglución y causar dolor en la mucosa cuando está bajo prótesis mal diseñadas. Normalmente, el tratamiento no es necesario, excepto por necesidades protésicas, problemas funcionales, retención de alimentos, trastornos fonéticos o en caso de que se vaya a usar como injerto óseo autólogo. El objetivo de este reporte de caso fue realizar la escisión del torus mandibular bilateral en un paciente sistémicamente comprometido para su posterior rehabilitación con una prótesis parcial removible. Se realizo la atención de una paciente de 66 años sexo femenino, a quien, luego de analizar los medios diagnósticos y la evidencia científica, se le pudo realizar la escisión del torus mandibular bilateral de forma atraumática; esto permitió el correcto asentamiento de una prótesis parcial removible. La escisión del torus mandibular bilateral es un procedimiento seguro y predecible, y ayuda a evitar complicaciones protésicas, como el diseño de la estructura, y biológicas, como úlceras, depósitos de comida o halitosis, lo que devuelve la estabilidad y la función al sistema estomatognático. (AU)

The mandibular torus is a bony exophytic growth located in the lingual area of the mandible. While this growth is generally bilateral, it can be associated with temporomandibular disorders. I It affects pronunciation, produces halitosis, interferes with swallowing, and causes pain in the mucosa under poorly designed prostheses. Normally, treatment is not necessary, except in cases with prosthetic needs, functional problems, food retention, phonetic disorders or if it is to be used as an autologous bone graft. The aim of this study was to perform a bilateral mandibular torus excision in a systemically compromised patient for subsequent rehabilitation with a removable partial denture. A 66-year-old female presenting a bilateral mandibular torus attended our dental clinic. After achieving the diagnosis and analyzing the scientific evidence available, the bilateral mandibular torus was atraumatically excised, allowing correct seating of a removable partial denture. Bilateral mandibular torus excision is a safe and effective procedure, which helps to avoid prosthetic complications involving structural design and biological complications such as ulcers, food deposits and / or halitosis, restoring stability and function to the stomatognathic system. (AU)

Morphological Study On Torus Palatinus In Adult Human Skulls

Background: The torus palatinus or palatinus tori, is a type of bony growth or protrusion at the roof of the mouth,or bony hard palate. More specifically, it appears at the mid-line of this part of the mouth. Although it is not alife-threatening condition, more serious cases might require medical attention. Usually, this growth has a diameterof about 2 cm, although it can be bigger since it tends to grow, albeit slowly. Although palatial tori are generallynot painful, bigger ones have a possibility of presenting irritation. Also, if injured, the protrusion could becomepainful with the development of ulcers, as well as be slow to heal due to lack of an efficient number of bloodvessels. This condition can cause difficulty in eating and drinking, which is a major symptom of the problem. Theappearance of tori palatinus can also interfere with the placement of dentures, and infection could spread to thebone or palate itself. In such cases, which also include pain and ulceration, the patient would need to see amedical professional.Materials and Methods: The hard bony palate was observed for any abnormality in 50 Adult dry human skulls inthe Department of Anatomy, KarpagaVinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Chinnakolambakkam, Madurantakamtaluk, Tamilnadu.Results and Conclusion: There was a bony protrusion from hard palate with irregular shape and variable size in6 skulls (12%). Based on this observation, literatures have been searched and it was found to be Torus palatine.Therefore, a thorough knowledge of complex anatomy and embryology of hard palate is of utmost importance toneurosurgeons and dental surgeons , maxillofacial surgeons, and prosthodontics people.

Mandibular torus variation of Chinese ancient population / 解剖学报

Objective To present the performance of mandibular torus of Chinese in the Holocene, to analyze the age variation and the intercrowd variation of the mandibular torus and to explore related reasons. Methods Image comparison and combination description of the mandibular torus with seeds of the specified size, such as peanuts, soybeans, pumpkin seeds, etc,and compare them in different eras,genders,and locations. Results The result showed that the male's mandibular torus was distinctively stronger than that of the female. It was larger in the Neolithic Age than in the Bronze and Iron Age and the size decreased further as human beings moved into the modern era. Iri comparison of mandibular torus in different locations, Jiangjialiang was the largest, Xinjiang was the second, and Tuchengzi and Lamadong were the smallest. Conclusion During the Holocene period, the degree of bulging of the mandibular torus is reduced from time to time, and the difference in the performance of the mandibular torus may be closely related to the difference in mastication pressure caused by food differences.

Is it as dangerous as it looks?

A common bony protrusion that occurs over the hard palate is sometimes mistaken for a malignancy especially when it is large. This bony growth is a torus palatinus (TP), which is a benign bony prominence over the hard palate. It occurs most commonly in bilateral multiple form, and is often located at the canine to premolar area. A basic knowledge of the assessment and management of TP is important,, particularly for the first-line family physician to ensure that the correct information is given to the patient.

Morphoquantitative description of bovine digital cushion / Descrição morfoquantitativa do tórus digital de bovinos

The digital cushion is characterized as a modified subcutaneous tissue that absorbs the shock during gait, assists venous return of the hoof and supports a considerable part of body weight. Digital cushions have particular importance in the pathogenesis of the hoof, since they need to properly work in order to prevent compression and traumas in soft tissues. This study aimed to measure and determine how is the arrangement of these structures, and for this it was established the proportions of connective, adipose, vascular tissues and collagen fibers and collagen types found in palmar and plantar digital cushion of bovine using fore and hindlimbs of twelve adult zebu cattle of both sexes, 11 male and one female, with 269kg average carcass weight and without limb disorders. Fragments of cushions were subjected to conventional histology, cut to a thickness of 4µm and stained with Red Picrosirius. With digital optical microscope, the quantification of the connective tissue and differentiation of types of collagen used the Image Pro Plus® software, and of adipose and vascular tissue, the test point system. The mean and standard error were estimated with the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, and then data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Student's t-test with significance level set at 5% for determining the amount of different tissues between fore and hindlimbs of studied animals. In forelimbs the mean and standard error of the connective tissue proportion was 50.10%+1.54, of the adipose tissue was 21.34%+1.44, and of vascular tissue was 3.43%+0.28. Hindlimbs presented a proportion of connective tissue of 61.61%+1.47, 20.66%+1.53 of adipose tissue, and 3.06%+0.20 of vascular tissue. A significant difference (p<0.001) was detected in the connective tissue proportion between fore and hindlimbs. Types I and II collagen fibers have presented, respectively, a proportion of 31.89% and 3.9% in forelimbs and 34.05% and 1.78% in hindlimbs...

O tórus digital é caracterizado como um tecido subcutâneo modificado que atua na absorção do impacto durante a locomoção, auxilia o retorno venoso do casco e mantêm o suporte de uma considerável parte do peso corporal. Os tórus possuem particular importância nas patogêneses de casco, já que eles precisam trabalhar corretamente para prevenir compressões e traumas nos tecidos moles. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e com isso determinar, como se arranjam estas estruturas, para tanto, foram estabelecidas as proporções dos tecidos conjuntivo, adiposo, vascular e ainda das fibras colágenas e dos tipos de colágenos encontrados nos tórus digitais palmares e plantares de bovinos. Foram utilizados membros torácicos e pélvicos de doze bovinos zebuínos adultos, de ambos os sexos, sendo onze machos e uma fêmea, com peso médio de carcaça com 269kg e sem afecções nos membros. Os fragmentos dos tórus foram submetidos à técnica histológica convencional, cortados em espessura de 4µm e corados com Picrosirius Red. Com o uso de microscópio óptico digital, o tecido conjuntivo e a diferenciação dos tipos de colágeno foram quantificados empregando-se o programa de análise de imagem Image Pro Plus® e para a quantificação dos tecidos adiposo e vascular foi utilizada o sistema teste de pontos. Através do programa GraphPad Prism 5.0 foram obtidas por meio de uma analise descritiva a media e o erro padrão da media, em seguida os dados foram submetidos à aplicação do teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e ao teste "T" Student com nível de significância de 5% para a determinação da quantidade encontrada dos diferentes tecidos entre os membros torácicos e pélvicos dos animais estudados. Nos membros torácicos a média e o erro padrão da proporção de tecido conjuntivo foi de 50,10%+1,54, a de tecido adiposo foi de 21,34%+1,44 e a de tecido vascular foi de 3,43%+0,28. Os membros pélvicos...

A origem dos toros palatinos e mandibulares: bases para a sua interpretação clínica / Origin of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis: basis for clinical interpretation

Os toros palatinos e mandibulares são distúrbios do desenvolvimento do tipo anomalia de forma, com manifestação tardia no crescimento e maturação dos maxilares. Os casos familiares e a persistência dos toros com a idade e em desdentados lhe atribuem uma origem genética e dificultam a sua interpretação como uma resposta adaptativa à sobrecarga oclusal, ao bruxismo e outros fatores externos: os toros não são hiperplasias ou hipertrofias adaptativas. Os toros são protuberâncias ósseas sem cápsula fibrosa, o que os diferencia dos osteomas e lhes tira a natureza neoplásica, mesmo que benigna, especialmente porque também não apresentam crescimento contínuo e sem controle por parte do organismo. O tamanho dos toros se estabiliza no final do crescimento dos maxilares, ao redor dos 22 a 24 anos. Os toros são constituídos de osso normal, do ponto de vista funcional e estrutural, e podem ser utilizados como sítio de origem de transplante ósseo autógeno para outros locais, ou como sede de implantes osseointegráveis, se houver conveniências clínicas para tais procedimentos...

Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are developmental anomalies of shape that become late manifest during growth and maturation of the jaws. Family history and the constant presence of tori with age and among edentulous patients attach a genetic origin to them and hinder their clinical interpretation as an adaptive response to occlusal overload, grinding and other external factors: tori are not a form of hyperplasia or adaptive hypertrophy. They are bone protuberances without a fibrous capsule, which differentiates them from osteomata and frees them from a neoplastic nature, albeit benign, especially because they do not grow continuously and uncontrollably in one’s organism. The size of tori stabilizes by the end of maxillary growth, at around the age of 22 to 24 years. They are composed of normal bone, from a functional and structural perspective, and might be used as autograft harvesting site or osseointegrated implant placement site within clinically acceptable conditions...

Levantamento de seio maxilar com osso particulado de torus mandibular – relato de caso com análise histológica / Maxillary sinus lifting using particulate bone from mandibular torus – case report with histological analysis

O presente artigo apresenta a utilização de osso autógeno, removido do torus mandibular, em levantamento do seio maxilar com a finalidade de reabilitação oral com implante osseointegrado. Um paciente de 40 anos de idade, do sexo masculino, foi apresentado com falta do dente 16 e torus mandibular bilateral, com queixas de dificuldade fonética e de deglutição. No exame clínico foi detectado torus mandibular multilobulado bilateral de grandes proporções e o paciente relatou crescimento lento, porém, contínuo, nas últimas duas décadas. Em exame radiográfico panorâmico foi constatada a necessidade de reconstrução óssea por levantamento do seio maxilar direito, para permitir a instalação de implante e posterior reabilitação. O torus mandibular do paciente foi então removido, particulado e utilizado para o enxerto ósseo no antro maxilar. Foi realizada análise histológica das amostras, tanto do tecido ósseo como do tecido de revestimento, no momento da remoção do torus. Outra análise histológica foi realizada na área enxertada após um período de 120 dias. Constatou-se nas lâminas obtidas que o enxerto foi devidamente remodelado e estimulou novo crescimento ósseo na área do seio maxilar, permitindo assim a adequada osseointegração do implante e a devida reabilitação protética da área em questão...

This article presents the use of autogenous, particulate bone graft from mandibular tori for maxillary sinus lifting and implant-supported oral rehabilitation. A 40 years-old male patient with the lack of tooth 16 had complaints of phonetics and swallowing. The clinical exam revealed large bilateral mandibular torus, being of slow and continuous in the last two decades. The panoramic radiograph demonstrated the need for sinus elevation at the right side before implant placement. The tori were removed, particulate, and inserted at the recipient site. Histological analysis of the soft and hard tissues of the tori was performed. Another microscopic examination was performed 120 days later at the grafted area. It was concluded that the graft has remodeled and stimulated new bone formation at the maxillary sinus, which allows for implant osseointegration and prosthetic rehabilitation...

Torus mandibular / Mandibularis Tori

Presentamos un caso de torus mandibular, lobular; entidad frecuente en la consulta odontológica pero poco conocida o comunicada en la literatura dermatológica. Enfatizamos la necesidad de familiarizarse con este tipo de exostosis ósea, para no incurrir en estudios innecesarios al pensar en neoplasias malignas del piso de la boca.

A case of mandibularis tori, lobular type is reported. Tori appear more frequently during middle age; it is well known in the dental literature but rarely mentioned in the dermatological one. Certain prevalence with respect certain ethnic groups has been observed, its surgical elimination are due mainly to prosthodontics reasons. The importance in the diagnosis is emphasized.

A Case Report of Symptomatic Torus Palatinus

PURPOSE: Torus palatinus is a bony prominence at the middle of the hard palate. The size varies from barely discernible to very large, from flat to lobular. This oral exostosis is not a disease or a sign of disease, but if large, may be a problem. So, we present the clinical and histopathologic features and applied therapy and provide a comprehensive review of the rare case of the symptomatic exostoses. METHODS: A 37-year-old woman had slowly growing exophytic nodular mass of the bone that arises the midline suture of the hard palate. The patient was concerned about discomfort associated with movement of her tongue and about frequent irritation of the palatal mucosa during mastification of the hard food. The patient had a large, unilobulated torus palatinus. It extended from the area adjacent to the canine to a point beyond the junction with the soft palate. The mass was oblong in shape, measuring about 3cm long, 2cm wide, and 0.8cm in height. RESULTS: Before surgical intervention a CT was obtained for the sake of estimating the thickness of the bone between the exostoses and the maxillary antrum and floor of the nose. The surgical procedure was performed with the patient under general anesthesia. Removal of the exostosis was performed after midline mucoperiosteal incision with osteotome and diamond burr. Histologic finding revealed decalcified dense bony tissue, the presence of lacunae, and normal osteocytes. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal is recommended when one or more of the following condition exist: interference with the construction of prosthesis, interference with oral function, irritation or pathology of the overlying tissue, inability of the patient to maintain proper oral hygiene, and fear of malignancy or other psychologic trauma. We report a rare case of the torus arising in hard palate with symptoms.

Tori embedded in S³ with dense asymptotic lines

In this paper are given examples of tori T² embedded in S³ with all their asymptotic lines dense.

Neste artigo são dados exemplos de toros T² mergulhados em S³ com todas as suas linhas assintóticas densas.

Modified incision for surgical removal of mandibular tori in geriatric immunocompromised patients : report of cases