Variability of exostoses on human jaws during the past six millennia in Northern China / Variabilidad de las exostosis en las mandíbulas humanas durante los últimos seis milenios en el norte de China

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to survey oral exostoses in human populations that belonged to the same region encompassing five periods over 6000 years, to determine the prevalence and its changing trend over time. A total of 306 human jaws belonging to the modern Xi'an region and four archeological sites, Banpo (6700-5600 years BP), Shaolingyuan (3000 years BP), Shanren (2200 years BP) and Chang'an (1000-1300 years BP), were investigated. The degree of buccal exostosis (BE), torus mandibularis (TM) and torus palatinus (TP) and the TP shape were recorded. The prevalence of BE, TM, and TP in the five groups was 20.8 %-62.5 %, 17.5 %-71.5 %, and 31.7 %-74.2 %, respectively. The differences in the three types of exostoses among the five groups were all statistically significant, but only TM and TP showed a decreasing trend over time. A high and quite diverse prevalence of oral exostoses was found in the five groups of samples. Decreasing trends in relation to time for TM and TP were detected.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue sondear las exostosis orales en poblaciones humanas que pertenecían a la misma región abarcando cinco períodos durante 6000 años, para determinar la prevalencia y su tendencia cambiante a lo largo del tiempo. Un total de 306 mandíbulas humanas pertenecientes a la moderna región de Xi'an y cuatro sitios arqueológicos, Banpo (6700-5600 años AP), Shaolingyuan (3000 años AP), Shanren (2200 años AP) y Chang'an (1000-1300 años AP) BP), fueron investigados. Se registró el grado de exostosis bucal (EO), torus mandibular (TM) y torus palatino (TP) y la forma de TP. La prevalencia de EO, TM y TP en los cinco grupos fue 20,8 % -62,5 %, 17,5 % -71,5 % y 31,7 % -74,2 %, respectivamente. Las diferencias en los tres tipos de exostosis entre los cinco grupos fueron todas estadísticamente significativas, pero solo TM y TP mostraron una tendencia decreciente con el tiempo. Se encontró una prevalencia alta y bastante diversa de exostosis oral en los cinco grupos de muestras. Se detectaron tendencias decrecientes en relación al tiempo para TM y TP.

Morphological Study On Torus Palatinus In Adult Human Skulls

Background: The torus palatinus or palatinus tori, is a type of bony growth or protrusion at the roof of the mouth,or bony hard palate. More specifically, it appears at the mid-line of this part of the mouth. Although it is not alife-threatening condition, more serious cases might require medical attention. Usually, this growth has a diameterof about 2 cm, although it can be bigger since it tends to grow, albeit slowly. Although palatial tori are generallynot painful, bigger ones have a possibility of presenting irritation. Also, if injured, the protrusion could becomepainful with the development of ulcers, as well as be slow to heal due to lack of an efficient number of bloodvessels. This condition can cause difficulty in eating and drinking, which is a major symptom of the problem. Theappearance of tori palatinus can also interfere with the placement of dentures, and infection could spread to thebone or palate itself. In such cases, which also include pain and ulceration, the patient would need to see amedical professional.Materials and Methods: The hard bony palate was observed for any abnormality in 50 Adult dry human skulls inthe Department of Anatomy, KarpagaVinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Chinnakolambakkam, Madurantakamtaluk, Tamilnadu.Results and Conclusion: There was a bony protrusion from hard palate with irregular shape and variable size in6 skulls (12%). Based on this observation, literatures have been searched and it was found to be Torus palatine.Therefore, a thorough knowledge of complex anatomy and embryology of hard palate is of utmost importance toneurosurgeons and dental surgeons , maxillofacial surgeons, and prosthodontics people.

Is it as dangerous as it looks?

A common bony protrusion that occurs over the hard palate is sometimes mistaken for a malignancy especially when it is large. This bony growth is a torus palatinus (TP), which is a benign bony prominence over the hard palate. It occurs most commonly in bilateral multiple form, and is often located at the canine to premolar area. A basic knowledge of the assessment and management of TP is important,, particularly for the first-line family physician to ensure that the correct information is given to the patient.

A origem dos toros palatinos e mandibulares: bases para a sua interpretação clínica / Origin of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis: basis for clinical interpretation

Os toros palatinos e mandibulares são distúrbios do desenvolvimento do tipo anomalia de forma, com manifestação tardia no crescimento e maturação dos maxilares. Os casos familiares e a persistência dos toros com a idade e em desdentados lhe atribuem uma origem genética e dificultam a sua interpretação como uma resposta adaptativa à sobrecarga oclusal, ao bruxismo e outros fatores externos: os toros não são hiperplasias ou hipertrofias adaptativas. Os toros são protuberâncias ósseas sem cápsula fibrosa, o que os diferencia dos osteomas e lhes tira a natureza neoplásica, mesmo que benigna, especialmente porque também não apresentam crescimento contínuo e sem controle por parte do organismo. O tamanho dos toros se estabiliza no final do crescimento dos maxilares, ao redor dos 22 a 24 anos. Os toros são constituídos de osso normal, do ponto de vista funcional e estrutural, e podem ser utilizados como sítio de origem de transplante ósseo autógeno para outros locais, ou como sede de implantes osseointegráveis, se houver conveniências clínicas para tais procedimentos...

Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are developmental anomalies of shape that become late manifest during growth and maturation of the jaws. Family history and the constant presence of tori with age and among edentulous patients attach a genetic origin to them and hinder their clinical interpretation as an adaptive response to occlusal overload, grinding and other external factors: tori are not a form of hyperplasia or adaptive hypertrophy. They are bone protuberances without a fibrous capsule, which differentiates them from osteomata and frees them from a neoplastic nature, albeit benign, especially because they do not grow continuously and uncontrollably in one’s organism. The size of tori stabilizes by the end of maxillary growth, at around the age of 22 to 24 years. They are composed of normal bone, from a functional and structural perspective, and might be used as autograft harvesting site or osseointegrated implant placement site within clinically acceptable conditions...

A Case Report of Symptomatic Torus Palatinus

PURPOSE: Torus palatinus is a bony prominence at the middle of the hard palate. The size varies from barely discernible to very large, from flat to lobular. This oral exostosis is not a disease or a sign of disease, but if large, may be a problem. So, we present the clinical and histopathologic features and applied therapy and provide a comprehensive review of the rare case of the symptomatic exostoses. METHODS: A 37-year-old woman had slowly growing exophytic nodular mass of the bone that arises the midline suture of the hard palate. The patient was concerned about discomfort associated with movement of her tongue and about frequent irritation of the palatal mucosa during mastification of the hard food. The patient had a large, unilobulated torus palatinus. It extended from the area adjacent to the canine to a point beyond the junction with the soft palate. The mass was oblong in shape, measuring about 3cm long, 2cm wide, and 0.8cm in height. RESULTS: Before surgical intervention a CT was obtained for the sake of estimating the thickness of the bone between the exostoses and the maxillary antrum and floor of the nose. The surgical procedure was performed with the patient under general anesthesia. Removal of the exostosis was performed after midline mucoperiosteal incision with osteotome and diamond burr. Histologic finding revealed decalcified dense bony tissue, the presence of lacunae, and normal osteocytes. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal is recommended when one or more of the following condition exist: interference with the construction of prosthesis, interference with oral function, irritation or pathology of the overlying tissue, inability of the patient to maintain proper oral hygiene, and fear of malignancy or other psychologic trauma. We report a rare case of the torus arising in hard palate with symptoms.