Nutritional Risk Assessment of Eleven Minerals and Trace Elements: Prevalence of Inadequate and Excessive Intakes from the Second French Total Diet Study.

Aims: Adequate coverage of nutrient requirements is a real health concern and surveillance of the nutritional status of a population is a key element for public policies. This study aimed at providing a reliable nutritional risk assessment of the French population based on prevalences of inadequate and excessive intakes of eleven minerals and trace elements. Methodology: Intakes from foods (dietary supplements excluded) were estimated by combining composition data from the second national Total Diet Study (TDS2/2007-2009) and consumption data from the Individual and National Study on Food Consumption. Results were compared with those from other TDSs. Results: Sodium intakes exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidance values, respectively for 74% of adults, and for 76% of children. For calcium and magnesium, the prevalence of inadequate intakes in adults and children ranged from approximately 50 to 70% to over 80% in teenagers. Prevalences of inadequacy were 13% in adults and 18% in children for selenium, and 40% in children and 74% in 16-17 year-old girls for iron. Conclusion: These substantial risks of inadequate intakes should be considered in the light of nutritional status biomarkers. Furthermore, effort to reduce excessive intakes of sodium in the French population should be maintained.

Dietary exposure of the Chinese population to acrylamide / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the current status of the acrylamide in the Chinese food supply, the dietary acrylamide exposure in the Chinese population and to estimate the public health risks of the current consumption.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The acrylamide content in the total diet study (TDS) food samples was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS method. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure calculations were performed using a deterministic method, combining mean acrylamide concentrations from the food group composite with their associated food consumptions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Acrylamide was detected in 43.7% of all samples collected and acrylamide concentration varied from ND to 526.6 µg/kg. The estimated dietary intakes of acrylamide among Chinese general population given as the mean and the 95th percentile (P95) were 0.286 and 0.490 µg•kg(-1) bw•day(-1), respectively. The margins of exposure (MOEs) for the population calculated using both benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10% extra risk of tumors in animals (BMDL10) 0.31 and 0.18 µg•kg(-1) bw•day(-1), were 1069 and 621 for the mean dietary exposure, and 633 and 367 for the high dietary exposure respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These MOE values might indicate a human health concern on acrylamide for Chinese population. Efforts should continue to reduce acrylamide levels in food in order to reduce the dietary risks to the human health.</p>

Measures for a closer-to-real estimate of dietary exposure to total mercury and lead in total diet study for Koreans

Previous Korean total diet studies (KTDSs) have estimated dietary exposure to toxic chemicals based on 110-120 representative foods selected from over 500 foods appeared in the Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES), which would result in a possible underestimation. In order to find measures for a closer-to-real estimate of dietary exposure to heavy metals, this study examined the feasibility of mapping foods to the representative foods in the KTDS by comparing estimates. In mapping, those foods not analyzed in the 2009 KTDS (443 out of 559 foods appeared in the 2007 KNHANES) were mapped to the 114 representative foods used in the 2009 KTDS based on the closeness in regards to biological systematics and morphological similarity. Dietary exposures to total mercury and lead were re-estimated using the content of total mercury and lead in 114 foods analyzed in the 2009 KTDS, food intake, and individual's own body weight for respondents in the 2007 KNHANES instead of mean body weight of Koreans used in the 2009 KTDS. The re-estimates of exposure with mapping were approximately 50% higher than the original estimates reported in the 2009 KTDS. In addition, mapping enabled the comparison of percentile distribution of the exposure among populations of different age groups. In conclusion, estimates via mapping resulted in a more comprehensive estimation of dietary exposure to heavy metals present in foods that Koreans consume.

Assessment on dietary iodine intake in three areas of Zhejiang province, 2009 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To assess the level of dietary iodine intake in three areas of Zhejiang and the related policy on universal salt iodization in the province.Methods The study involved 497residents from 180 families living in Hangzhou,Taizhou,Zhoushan cities,representing coastal and inland areas in Zhejiang province in 2009.A total diet study was applied to obtain the typical diet samples at three study areas through food consumption,aggregation,sampling and preparation processes.The contents of iodine in diet samples were determined by tetramethylammonium hydroxide extraction-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The amount of dietary iodine intake was calculated by timing the food consumption data and the iodine content in different dietary samples.The safety of dietary iodine intake was evaluated according to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) published by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 2001.Results The dietary iodine intake of reference person in three areas of Zhejiang province was 421.0 μg/d.The levels of P5,P25,median,P75,P90,P95 dietary iodine intake were 145.7 μ g/d,267.6 μg/d,358.5 μg/d,495.6 μ g/d,774.1 μg/d and 1273.0 μg/d respectively.Daily dietary iodine intake at ＜RNI,RNI-UL,＞UL accounted for 5.2％,87.5％ and 7.2％ of all the participants respectively.Without considering the loss through cooking,salt iodine provided 81.6％ of the dietary iodine source.The resources of dietary iodine would include vegetables,cereals and marine food,proportionally,as 57.2％,13.0％ and 8.5％,respectively.Participants whose daily dietary iodine intake exceeded the UL level would consume more marine algae products than those whose dietary iodine intakes were lower than RNI or between RNI-UL.Conclusion Dietary iodine intake among most residents and their average level were among reasonable ranges.Meanwhile,deficiency and excess of iodine intake coexisted.Salt iodine was the main resource of dietary iodine.Participants whose dietary iodine intakes exceeding the UL level,would prefer consume more marine algae products.

Residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leches infantiles y productos lácteos y su evaluación del riesgo / Risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides residues in infant milks and milk products

Se considera que la población infantil es el grupo mas sensible a los contaminantes provenientes de la ingesta de alimentos y debido a la alta relación consumo/ peso corporal. En vista de la problemática mundial de la contaminación ambiental por plaguicidas en Argentina no existe hasta el momento información sobre ingestas deplaguicidas y evaluación del riesgo en este grupo. Los alimentos infantiles (leches y productos lácteos) cubren una parte importante de los requerimientos nutricionales diarios para esta población pero al mismo tiempo puede contribuir con la exposición a contaminantes.El presente trabajo fue realizado a fin de investigar plaguicidas en alimentos especialmente desarrollados y recomendados para neonatos y niños. Se analizaron residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en 50 muestras de leches maternizadas y en 51 muestrasde productos lácteos (postres y yugures) recogidas en el mercado local de Buenos Aires durante el período febrero de 2001 a diciembre de 2003. La investigación fue realizada mediante cromatografía gaseosa con detector de captura de electrones e inyección automática. Los resultados fueron expresados en ng/mL y se consideraron los siguientes grupos: €Aldrinas;€Clordano; €DDT; €Endosulfán; €HCH; €Heptacloro; Endrin; HCB y Lindano. Con los resultados obtenidos se calculó la Ingesta Diaria Estimada (IDE) en base al consumo de alimentos lácteos y el peso corporal. Los resultados fueron comparados con las IDAs recomendadas por el Codex Alimentarius. De las 101 muestras analizadas el 10 % no contiene ninguno de los plaguicidas investigados, 24,8% contiene al menos un pesticida, 19,7% contiene dos y el 2 % mostró evidencia de siete u ocho plaguicidas organoclorados de los diferentes grupos. De todos los grupos de pesticidas investigados las €Aldrinas y €DDT tuvieron porcentajes representativos (32%), y el€Heptachlor y €HCH las frecuencias mas elevadas, (57%) y (53%) respectivamente...

Children population is considered the most sensitive group to contaminants by food intake due to the high ratio food consumption/ body weight. Despite the worldwide problematic of pesticides environmental pollution in Argentine untilthis moment does not exist data about pesticide intake and risk assessment in this group. Baby food (milk and milk products) cover an important part of the daily nutritional requirements of this population but as the same time could contribute with the exposure to contaminants. The present work was aimed to investigate pesticides in products specially manufactured and recommended for neonates andinfants. Organochlorine pesticides residues were assessed on 50 milk samples and 51 milk products colleted at different local markets at Buenos Aires, between February 2001 and December 2003. The pesticides determination was performed by gas chromatography electron capture detection. The results were expressed in ng/mL and it was considered the following groups:€Aldrins; €Chlordane; €DDT; €Endosulfan; €HCH; €Heptachlor; Endrin; HCB and Lindane. With the result obtained the Estimate Daily Intake (EDI) was calculated on the basis of the daily consumption and the average body weight. The result obtained wascompared with the Acceptable Dialy Intake (ADI) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. Among 101 samples analyzed, 10% did not contain pesticides residues, 24.8% contained at least one pesticide, 19.7% containedtwo and 2% showed evidence of seven and eight organochlorine pesticides. Among all pesticides groups investigated€Aldrins and €DDT had representative percentages (32%), and €Heptachlor (57%) and €HCH (53%) were the highest frequency groups...

STUDY ON DIETARY LIPID INTAKES IN CHINESE RESIDENTS / 营养学报

Objective: To study the amount of fat, cholesterol and fatty acid intake in China and provide the basic material for dietary guidance. Methods: Two areas were selected both in North and South China and each area included 3 provinces, or municipality or autonomous region. Three representative survey sites were selected in each province, or municipality or autonomous region. Dietary survey was conducted by the method of weighing and recording and cooking method was also recorded. The amount of food consumption was calculated as standard person (adult male, light physical activity). All foods were gathered as 12 kinds of foods, and each kind of food was cooked and then mixed. The content of fat and fatty acid was analyzed for 8 kinds of foods and the content of cholesterol was analyzed for 4 kinds of foods. The intake of fat, fatty acid and cholesterol per capita was calculated. Results: The amount of fat intake among North I, North II, South I, South II was 70.5 g, 46.5 g, 58.7 g, 71.0 g respectively and the amount of cholesterol intake was 329.6 mg, 128.5 mg, 400.9 mg, 306.0 mg respectively. The main source of dietary fat was from meat and vegetables. Egg was the main source of dietary cholesterol and meat and egg were both the main source of dietary cholesterol in south II area. About 90% of saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and stearic acid and 90% of monounsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid. Linoleic acid was the principal n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and linolenic acid was the principal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The ratio of S∶M∶P in North I was 1∶1.1∶1, in North II was 1∶1.6∶1.3, in South I was 1∶1.6∶1.3 and in South II was 1∶1.5∶1. Conclusion: The amount of fat intake and fatty acid profile was quite different among different areas and the dietary guidance should be more pertinent The current cholesterol intake was more than dietary guidance in most areas. In addition to egg, meat was also an important source of cholesterol.