Comparison between Simple Planas Indirect Tracks and occlusal splints for treatment of temporomandibular disorder-related headache: a randomized controlled clinical trial / Comparação entre Pistas Indiretas Planas Simples e placas miorrelaxantes para tratamento de dor de cabeça relacionada à disfunção temporomandibular: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Temporomandibular disorder-related headache (TMDH) is a very common clinical condition which manifests as pain around the temples. The treatment recommended in dentistry is occlusal splint. However, there is a device generally used in functional jaw orthopedics, called simple Planas indirect tracks (SPIT), which has been shown to be efficient in managing these headaches. This clinical trial aimed to compare SPIT and occlusal splints in the treatment of TMDH patients. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial included thirty-seven women who had TMDH for more than one year into three groups: GPIT treated with SPIT, GSPLINT treated with a Michigan splint, and a control group (CG) submitted to no treatment. The randomization was paired, that is, each new individual was assigned to a group sequentially. The number of headache days per month, average pain intensity, pain response to masseter and temporalis palpation, and days of pain drug use were collected and analyzed. The follow-up lasted for 3 months. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included but 4 dropped out during treatment and 33 underwent intervention. Patients in GPIT exhibited superior results compared to GSPLINT and CG, with significant differences between groups for almost all variables. In GPIT, the number of headache days was reduced by 87.43%, pain intensity by 66.67%, and days of drug use by 88.42%, with significant improvement in all parameters compared to CG. In GSPLINT, the number of headache days decreased by 44.46% and days of drug use by 36.63%, while pain intensity increased by 46.67%; however, there was no significant difference in any of the parameters compared to CG. CONCLUSION: SPIT may be a good treatment option for patients with TMDH since these appliances have shown much more consistent results than occlusal splints. Further studies and with more individuals will be needed to confirm these findings.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cefaleia secundária à disfunção temporomandibular (CDTM), é uma condição clínica muito comum, com dores nas têmporas. O tratamento padrão na odontologia são as placas miorrelaxantes, entretanto um aparelho da ortopedia funcional dos maxilares, chamado de Pistas Indiretas Planas Simples (PIPS), tem se demonstrado eficiente no controle dessas cefaleias. Este estudo clínico visou comparar as PIPS com as placas miorrelaxantes, no quadro álgico de CDTM. MÉTODOS: Este ensaio clínico randomizado incluiu 37 mulheres portadoras de CDTM há mais de um ano, que foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos: o GPIPS, no qual as pacientes foram tratadas com PIPS, o GPLACA, com uso de placas miorrelaxantes de Michigan e o grupo controle (GC), sem qualquer tratamento. A aleatorização foi pareada, sendo que cada participante era consecutivamente alocada em um grupo diferente. Foram coletados e analisados dias de cefaleia por mês, intensidade de dores, resposta álgica à palpação de masseter e temporal, bem como os dias de uso de fármacos. O acompanhamento foi de três meses. RESULTADOS: Das 37 pacientes iniciais, 4 desistiram do tratamento e apenas 33 foram submetidos a alguma intervenção. As pacientes do GPIPS apresentaram resultados muito superiores às do GPLACA e do GC, com diferenças significativas entre os grupos em quase todas as variáveis. No GPIPS, os dias de dor diminuíram 87,43%, a intensidade 66,67% e os dias de uso de fármacos analgésicos 88,42%, sendo estatisticamente significante a melhora em todos os parâmetros em relação ao GC. Já no GPLACA, os dias de dor diminuíram 44,46% e os dias de uso de fármacos 36,63%, mas a intensidade da dor aumentou 46,67%, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante em nenhum parâmetro quando comparado ao GC. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do PIPS pode ser uma boa escolha de tratamento da CDTM, tendo apresentado resultados mais consistentes do que as placas miorrelaxantes. Mais estudos e com mais participantes são necessários para confirmar estes achados.

The application in patients with chronic heart failure based on the "Internet plus" three entities double track interactive continuity nursing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the application effect of Interactive continuing nursing intervention model with three subjects and two tracks,which is based on internet and applied to chronic heart failure patients.Methods During January 1 to December 30,2017,110 chronic heart failure patients,who were going to discharge from the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province,were selected for this research.Participants were equally divided into control group and observation group with random number table with 55 cases each.Participants were adopted conventional medication and traditional care,while patients in control group were given extra interactive continuing nursing intervention with three subjects and two tracks,which was relied on internet-based cardiovascular disease management platform.Comparing patients' scores of life quality,self-care ability,anxiety and depression degree before intervention and that in 6 months after intervention with Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ),Self Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI),Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) respectively.Moreover,6 minute walk test was conducted,simultaneously,the incidence of cardiovascular events was calculated respectively before intervention,3 months after intervention and 6 months after intervention.Results It showed that total scores of MLHFQ,SCHFI,SAS and HAMD for patients in observation group before intervention were (49.05 ± 4.39),(101.57 ±21.04),(58.3 ± 5.2) and (40.1 ± 3.5) points respectively while that for patients in observation group after 6 months intervention were (43.03 ± 6.85),(123.17 ± 18.23),(42.3 ± 4.2) and (24.4 ± 4.3) points respectively.The difference was statistically significant (t =5.49-20.60,all P ＜0.01).In comparison,intervention effect of observation group was better than that of control group,although,the SAS scores of the control group were statistically significant.Furthermore,after intervention,the difference of MLHFQ,SCHFI,SAS and HAMD scores were statistically significant(t =3.48-17.79,all P ＜0.01).Moreover,6 months after intervention,6 minute walk test evaluation showed that there was statistical significance between observation group and control group (~=8.11,P ＜0.05).Besides,The death rate in observation group was lower than that in control group after 6 months intervention (~=6.30,P ＜0.05).Meanwhile,readmission rate after 3 months and 6 months indicates that there was statistical significance between observation group and control group(x2=5.25,6.30,P ＜0.05).Conclusions Interactive nursing intervention model with three subjects and two tracks which based on internet is able to enhance chronic heart failure patients' self-care ability and life quality,decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events and negative emotion of patients.

Detección de trayectorias de espermatozoides humanos mediante técnicas de procesamiento de video / Detection of human sperm tracks using video processing techniques

Resumen: El análisis de motilidad espermática es muy importante para la evaluación de fertilidad humana. A menudo este análisis se lleva a cabo de forma manual, pero puede ser susceptible a errores inherentes a la naturaleza del procedimiento. Además de conllevar largos periodos de tiempo, los resultados son subjetivos y carentes de repetitividad. Con el fin de mejorar esto, presentamos un algoritmo semi-automático que rastree de manera precisa el desplazamiento de los espermatozoides. La metodología implementada se basó en la aplicación de modelos gaussianos adaptativos para detectar los espermatozoides en movimiento y segmentarlos a lo largo de los fotogramas de un video, posteriormente fueron aplicadas operaciones morfológicas y análisis de componentes conectados para reducir ruido en la imagen y calcular los centroides respectivamente. Luego, el algoritmo de Munkres y el filtro de Kalman fueron utilizados con el propósito de asignar centroides a las trayectorias. Finalmente, las trayectorias son visualizadas en pantalla. Los resultados evidencian un 90.91% de precision con respecto al análisis manual por parte de un experto. La herramienta tiene como único objetivo detectar el movimiento y trazar el desplazamiento de los espermatozoides en vídeo para muestras espermáticas humanas. Por otra parte, permite a los expertos en andrología llevar a cabo un análisis más exacto de las características individuales de los espermaozoides, teniendo así un soporte tecnológico a bajo costo, preciso y con repetitividad en los resultados que les permita emitir un diagnóstico más acertado. Por lo tanto, este método puede ayudar a especialistas a reducir periodos de tiempo y realizar un análisis más objetivo de motilidad espermática. De esta manera, el diagnóstico de fertilidad será más confiable.

Abstract: Sperm motility analysis is very important for human fertility assessment. It is often carried on manually, but this could be susceptible to mistakes due to the nature of procedure. In addition to being time-consuming, results are merely subjective and non-repeatable. In order to overcome this, we present a semi-automated algorithm that tracks accurately the sperm movements. Adaptive Gaussian models are implemented for detecting moving spermatozoa and segment them throughout video frames. Morphological operators and connected-components labeling are applied to reduce noise and calculate centroids, respectively. Then, the Munkres algorithm along with the Kalman filter are used for the purpose of assigning centroids to tracks. Finally, tracks are displayed on screen. Outcomes show a 90.91 % of accuracy regarding to manual analysis. This algorithm aims only to detect spermatozoa movement and trace its displacement in video for human sperm samples. Moreover, it allows andrology experts to perform a more exact analysis of the individual characteristics of spermatozoa, having so a low cost, accurate and repetitive technological support that will allow them to emit more precise diagnosis. Thus, this method will help specialists to reduce time periods and make more objective analysis of sperm motility. In this way, fertility diagnosis will be more reliable.

Tratamiento temprano de la mordida cruzada anterior: informe de un caso clínico / Early treatment of the anterior crossbite. a clinical case report

Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico de mordida cruzada anterior funcional tratado mediante la técnica de Pistas Directas Planas. Caso clínico: Niña de cuatro años de edad, con diagnósticode mordida cruzada anterior funcional en dentición decidua. Su tratamiento se realizó en el Servicio Integral I del Hospital de Odontología Infantil “Don Benito Quinquela Martín”. La corrección de la maloclusión se logró tras 2 meses de uso de las Pistas Directas Planas. Estas fueron removidas a los 6 meses, cuando se observó una correcta posiciónmandibular, intercuspidación posterior y una función oclusal estable, que devolvieron el equilibrio al sistema estomatognático. Conclusión: Las Pistas Directas Planas constituyen unaalternativa de tratamiento temprano para las maloclusiones. Su sencillez en la realización, su eficacia en los resultados y el bajo costo económico hace que sea un método de elección.

Aim: to illustrate a clinical case of functional anteriorcrossbite treated using Planas Direct Tracks.Case report: A four-year-old female patient withfunctional anterior crossbite in deciduous dentition wastreated at the “Don Benito Quinquela Martín” Children’sDental Hospital. The correction of the malocclusion wasachieved 2 months after using planas direct tracks. Thedevice was removed 6 months later getting a mandibularcorrect position and intercuspidation, returning the balanceto the stomatognathic system through a balancedocclusal function.Conclusion: The use of Planas Direct Tracks is an earlytreatment alternative for malocclusions. Its simplicity ofimplementation, efficiency in results and low cost makes it asuitable method.

Cambios condilares por Pistas Indirectas Planas Compuestas en maloclusión clase II evaluados con Cone Beam / Condylar changes by Planas Indirect Compound Tracks on Class II malocclusion evaluated with Cone Beam

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: En la maloclusión clase II, una opción de tratamiento es la alteración del crecimiento mandibular mediante el uso de aparatología de ortopedia funcional. Describir los cambios en la morfometría y morfología condilar y los cambios clínicos después de un año de uso de Pistas Indirectas Planas Compuestas en pacientes con maloclusión clase II. Materiales y métodos: Con Tomografía Computarizada Cone-Beam y revisiones clínicas fueron evaluados 8 pacientes entre 7 y 10 años, antes (T1) y un año después (T2) del uso de Pistas Indirectas Planas Compuestas, describiendo los cambios en morfología y morfometría condilar en los planos axial, sagital y coronal, así como cambios clínicos. Resultados: Las dimensiones latero-medial en el corte axial derecho e izquierdo y coronal derecha presentaron cambios estadísticamente significativas (p< 0,05). En el corte sagital la forma predominante fue la redondeada en un 100% en ambos cóndilos antes y después del tratamiento. En el análisis clínico el overjet disminuyó 2,88 ± 1,51 mm con el uso del aparato. Conclusiones: En este estudio se observó que la morfología condilar fue simétrica bilateralmente en todos los cortes. Luego de un año de tratamiento con Pistas Indirectas Planas Compuestas, se observó aumento bilateral de la dimensión latero medial condilar (cambios morfométricos), disminución del overjet, y el overbite, no se observaron cambios en la morfología condilar. De acuerdo a estos resultados, las Pistas Indirectas Planas Compuestas pueden ser una alternativa de tratamiento para las maloclusiones clase II.

Abstract Introduction and objective: In malocclusion class II, a treatment option is the alteration of mandibular growth through the use of functional orthopedic appliances.To describe the changes in the condylar morphometry and morphology and clinical changes after a year of use of Planas Indirect Compound Tracks (PIPC) in patients with class II malocclusion. Materials and methods: Through tomography CT Cone - Beam and clinical reviews were assessed 8 patients with ages between 7 and 10 years, before (T1) and after a year (T2) the use of PIPC, describing changes in condylar morphology and morphometry in planes axial, coronal and sagital, as well as dental clinical changes. Results: Measurements right and left latero-medial in the axial cut and right latero-medial in the coronal cut showed statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) between T1 and T2. In the sagital cut the predominant form was the rounded 100% in both condyles before and after treatment. Clinical analysis the overjet decreased 2.88 ± 1.51 mm with the use of the appliance. Conclusions: In this study we observed that the condylar morphology was bilaterally symmetrical in all courts. After a year of treatment with Planas Indirect Compound, increased bilateral dimension latero medial condyle (morphometric changes ), decreased overjet and the overbite was observed , no changes were observed in the condylar morphology. According to these results, Planas Indirect Compound Tracks can be an alternative treatment for Class II malocclusion.

Diversidad, abundancia relativa y patrones de actividad de mamíferos medianos y grandes en una selva seca del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México / Diversity, relative abundance and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in a tropical deciduous forest in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico

The use of camera traps and mammal track search are complementary methods to monitoring species of which is not well documented their natural history, as in the case of medium and large mammals. To ensure its conservation and good management, it is necessary to generate information about the structure of the community and their populations. The objective of the present study was to estimate the diversity, relative abundance and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in a tropical deciduous forest located in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Samplings were conducted in three month intervals, from September 2011 to May 2013. We used photographic-sampling and track search, two complementary sampling methods. For photographic-sampling, 12 camera traps were placed covering an area of 60km², while for the tracks search a monthly tour of four line-transect surveys of three kilometers length each was undertaken. We obtained a total of 344 pictures with 5 292 trap-days total sampling effort; in addition, 187 track records in a total of 144km. With both methods we registered 21 species of mammals, in 13 families and seven orders, and five species resulted in new records to the area. The diversity index of Shannon-Wiener obtained with the method of tracks was H´=2.41, while the most abundant species were Urocyon cinereoargenteus (IAR=0.23) and Pecari tajacu (IAR=0.20). By the method of trap the most abundant species were P. tajacu (IAR=2.62) and Nasua narica (IAR=1.28). In terms of patterns of activity P. tajacu, N. narica and Odocoileus virginianus were primarily diurnal species; Canis latrans and Leopardus pardalis did not show preference for any schedule in particular, and Didelphis virginiana and Dasypus novemcinctus preferred to have nocturnal activity. This information can be of help to the creation of programs of management and conservation of mammals of medium and large in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1433-1448. Epub 2014 December 01.

Para asegurar la conservación y buen manejo de mamíferos medianos y grandes, es necesario generar información sobre la estructura de la comunidad y de sus poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la diversidad, abundancia relativa y patrones de actividad de mamíferos medianos y grandes en una selva baja caducifolia en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México. El muestreo se llevó a cabo a intervalos de tres meses de septiembre 2011 a mayo 2013. Se utilizaron dos métodos complementarios: se colocaron 12 cámaras trampa cubriendo un área de 60km² y se realizó la búsqueda de rastros en transectos lineales de tres kilómetros de longitud. Se obtuvieron un total de 344 fotografías con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 5 292 días-trampa; además, 187 rastros en un total de 144km recorridos. En total se registraron 21 especies de mamíferos, de 13 familias y siete órdenes. El índice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener fue más alto con el método de rastros (H´=2.41). Las especies más abundantes por medio de rastros fueron: Urocyon cinereoargenteus (IAR=0.23) y Pecari tajacu (IAR=0.20). Por medio del fototrampeo las especies más abundantes fueron: P. tajacu (IAR=2.62) y Nasua narica (IAR=1.28). Los patrones de actividad de P. tajacu, N. narica y Odocoileus virginianus fueron diurnos; Canis latrans y Leopardus pardalis no presentaron preferencia hacia algún horario en particular y Didelphis virginiana y Dasypus novemcinctus tuvieron actividad nocturna. Esta información puede ser de ayuda para la creación de programas de manejo y conservación de mamíferos medianos y grandes en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.

Cambios de los arcos dentales deciduos clase I con apiñamiento, utilizando pistas planas directas. Medellín 2012-2013 / Dimensional changes of the deciduos dental arch class I with crowding, using direct planas tracks. Medellin 2012-2013

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: El apiñamiento se ha convertido en una de las primeras causas de morbilidad y de consulta en la odontología pediátrica, por esto el tratamiento temprano ha sido propuesto como una alternativa para interceptarlo, y así evitar que empeoren o se extiendan a la dentición permanente. Las Pistas Planas Directas (PPD) son aparatos de acción bimaxilar que están encaminadas a la rehabilitación neurooclusal en edades tempranas, con la finalidad de rehabilitar el movimiento lateral de la mandíbula y magnificar la alternancia en la función masticatoria. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los cambios dentoalveolares que ocurren en el plano transversal con el uso de PPD en pacientes clase I con apiñamiento anterior, entre los 4-5 años de edad con dentición decidua. Materiales y métodos: La muestra constó de 6 sujetos a los cuales se les realizaron modelos iníciales, montaje en gnatostato, elaboración y cementación de PPD y modelos 6 y 12 meses después, para observar diferencias. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la distancia intercanina maxilar, en la distancia intermolar maxilar y en el espacio requerido maxilar derecho, entre el modelo inicial, los 6 y 12 meses de instalada la terapéutica. Conclusión: Pacientes tratados tempranamente con PPD presentan mayor desarrollo transversal y disminución en el apiñamiento, cuando son comparados con estudios longitudinales en pacientes sin tratamiento.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Crowding has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and consultation in pediatric dentistry, early treatment has been proposed as the best alternative to intercept malocclusions, preventing these from getting worse or perpetuate to the permanent dentition. Planas Direct Tracks (PPD) are devices with bimaxillary action aimed at neurooclusal rehabilitation at an early age, in order to rehabilitate the laterals movements of the jaw and enhace the masticatory function alternation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dentoalveolar changes occurring in the transverse plane using PPD in patients Class I with anterior crowding between 4-5 years old. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 6 subjects were models were performed before mounting them in the gnatostato, preparation and cementation of PPD and models six and twelve months later, to observe differences. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the maxillary intercanine width, in maxillary intermolar distance and right space required maxillary, between the initial model and after 6 and 12 months of installed the therapy. Conclusion: Patients treated early with PPD have higher transverse development and decreased crowding, when compared with longitudinal studies in untreated patients.

Tratamiento Temprano de las Maloclusiones sin Aparatología Funcional: Presentación de Dos Casos Clínicos / Early Malocclusion Treatment without Functional Devices: Presentation of Two Clinical Cases

En el presente artículo se expone un modelo de trabajo basado en la Rehabilitación Neuro-oclusal (RNO) de Pedro Planas (1997) que "se fundamenta en descubrir dónde, cuándo y cómo hay que actuar sobre los centros neurales receptores que proporcionan la respuesta de desarrollo del sistema estomatognático para que, excitándolos fisiológicamente nos proporcionen una respuesta de desarrollo normal y equilibrado". La RNO busca pasar de un plano oclusal patológico a un plano oclusal funcional, cambiando la postura mandibular, permitiendo un crecimiento y desarrollo eugnácico de la cara.Los casos clínicos relatados en el presente trabajo son relativamente comunes en la práctica clínica odontológica y con su presentación se procura enfatizar la importancia del diagnóstico temprano de la maloclusión y de la intervención terapéutica oportuna; prevenir complicaciones y simplificar el tratamiento, favoreciendo el crecimiento y desarrollo morfofuncional equilibrado del paciente, reflejado directamente y positivamente sobre su estética facial. Se ilustran dos casos clínicos, uno en dentición decidua y el otro en dentición mixta temprana de la clínica de prevención y ortopedia de IUCEDDU; fueron propuestos tratamientos con equilibrado oclusal y de pistas directas Planas, haciendo un seguimiento longitudinal de los casos. Los resultados obtenidos en los tratamientos con este método, reafirman nuestras expectativas y confirman que a pesar del uso de una técnica tan simplificada, se obtienen excelentes resultados que evitan o acortan tratamientos funcionales posteriores.

This article outlines a model of Neuro-occlusal rehabilitation (NOR) of Pedro Planas (1997) "it is fundamental to discover where, when and how we must act on the centers neural receptors that provide development of the stomatognathic system response for stimulating them physiologically provide us with a response of normal and balanced development". The NOR seeks to move from a pathological occlusal plane to a functional occlusal plane, changing the mandibular position, allowing growth and development eugnacico of the face. Clinical cases reported in this paper are relatively common in dental clinical practice, and their presentation seeks to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis of malocclusion with the therapeutic intervention; in order to prevent complications and simplify treatment, favoring a balanced morphofunctional growth and development in the patient, directly and positively reflected in their facial aesthetic. Two clinical cases are illustrated; one in deciduous dentition and the other in early mixed dentition, both from the IUCEDDU orthopedics and prevention clinic. Treatments with balanced occlusal and Planas direct tracks, making a longitudinal follow-up of the cases have been proposed. The results obtained in the treatments with this method, reaffirm our expectations and confirm that despite the use such simplified technique; excellent results are obtained that avoid or shorten subsequentfunctional treatment.

Medium and large-sized mammals of a fragment of cerrado in the Triângulo Mineiro region, southeastern Brazil / Mamíferos de médio e grande porte de um fragmento de cerrado na região do Triângulo Mineiro, sudeste do Brasil

This work was developed to determine the species richness and composition of medium and large-sized mammals and to evaluate spatial and seasonal distribution of the more frequent of these species in a fragment of Cerrado. The fieldwork was conducted at the Gloria Experimental Farm, a property of the Federal University of Uberlândia, from August, 2008 to October, 2009. Four sample sites were investigated including three physiognomies: gallery forest, cerrado sensu stricto and semi-deciduous forest. The surveys were conducted during the day and mammals were recorded through direct (visualizations and vocalizations) and indirect (tracks, feces, bones and fur) evidences. A total of 18 species was recorded (seven Orders and fourteen families) and the majority of them was classified as medium mammals. The highest relative frequencies were registered for Procyon cancrivorus, Dasypus novemcinctus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Chrysocyon brachyurus. The gallery forest showed the highest species richness. However, most species roamed over several physiognomies, indicating a generalist use of habitat. There was no significant difference in the seasonal distribution of the majority of the analyzed species. M. tridactyla, C. brachyurus, Lontra longicaudis e Pecari tajacu are endangered mammal species in the State of Minas Gerais. We conclude that the study area has a representative mammalian fauna and great potential for conservation biology, as indicated by the presence of threatened species.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para determinar a riqueza de espécies e composição de mamíferos de médio e grande porte e avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal das espécies mais freqüentes em um fragmento de Cerrado. O trabalho de campo foi conduzido de Agosto de 2008 a Outubro de 2009, na Fazenda Experimental Gloria, uma propriedade da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Quatro sítios de amostragem foram investigados, incluindo três fitofisionomias: mata de galeria, cerrado sensu stricto e floresta semi- decídua. Os registros foram realizados durante o dia e mamíferos foram registrados através evidência direts (visualizações e vocalizações) e indiretas (trilhas , fezes , ossos e pele ). Um total de 18 espécies foi registrado (sete ordens e quatorze famílias), sendo a maioria delas classificada como mamíferos de médio porte. As maiores freqüências relativas foram registradas para Procyon cancrivorus, Dasypus novemcinctus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla e Chrysocyon brachyurus. A mata de galeria a maior riqueza de espécies. No entanto, a maioria das espécies percorria várias fisionomias, indicando um uso generalista de habitat. Não houve diferença significativa na distribuição sazonal da maioria das espécies analisadas. M. tridactyla, C. brachyurus, Lontra longicaudis e Pecari tajacu são espécies ameaçadas de mamíferos no Estado de Minas Gerais. Conclui-se que a área de estudo tem uma fauna de mamíferos representativa e grande potencial para conservação biológica, como indicado pela presença de espécies ameaçadas.

Medium and large sized mammals of a semideciduous forest remnant in southern Brazil / Mamíferos de médio e grande porte de um remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no sul do Brasil

Knowledge about mammals of the Atlantic Forest is still lacking, especially because some places remain poorly studied or inventoried, which makes conservation initiatives difficult. We aimed to determine the species richness and composition of medium and large sized mammals in a semideciduous forest remnant, Morro do Coco, thus contributing information about the occurrence of mammalian fauna in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The methods consisted of interviews with local inhabitants, visual records and sand plot analysis. The study took place from July 2008 to April 2009, with monthly expeditions of three days. Sixteen species of mammals were recorded, seven of which are threatened with extinction in Rio Grande do Sul and one nationally. The predominant trophic group was the frugivorous/herbivorous. The study area is situated in a prioritized zone for the conservation of mammals in Greater Porto Alegre, since it consists of one of the last remnants where the phytophysionomies that originally occupied the edge of Guaiba Lake and granite hills of the region are represented and preserved.

O conhecimento sobre a mastofauna da Mata Atlântica é ainda insuficiente, especialmente porque restam locais pouco estudados ou mal inventariados, o que dificulta iniciativas de conservação. Teve-se, como objetivos, conhecer a riqueza e a composição de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em um remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, o Morro do Coco, contribuindo, assim, com informações sobre a ocorrência da mastofauna na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil. A metodologia consistiu de entrevistas com moradores locais, registros visuais e parcelas de areia. O estudo transcorreu de julho de 2008 a abril de 2009, com expedições mensais de três dias. Foram registradas 16 espécies de mamíferos, sete das quais estão ameaçadas de extinção no Rio Grande do Sul e uma nacionalmente. O grupo trófico predominante foi o de frugívoros/herbívoros. A área de estudo situa-se em uma zona prioritária à conservação da mastofauna na Grande Porto Alegre, por ser um dos últimos remanescentes onde estão representadas e preservadas as fitofisionomias que originalmente ocupavam a orla do Lago Guaíba e os morros graníticos da região.

Imported Intraocular Gnathostomiasis with Subretinal Tracks Confirmed by Western Blot Assay

We report a case of intraocular gnathostomiasis diagnosed by western blot assay in a patient with subretinal tracks. A 15-year-old male patient complained of blurred vision in the right eye, lasting for 2 weeks. Eight months earlier, he had traveled to Vietnam for 1 week and ate raw wild boar meat and lobster. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes and anterior chamber examination revealed no abnormalities. Fundus examination showed subretinal tracks in the right eye. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography showed linear hyperfluorescence of the subretinal lesion observed on fundus in the right eye. Ultrasound examination revealed no abnormalities. Blood tests indicated mild eosinophilia (7.5%), and there was no abnormality found by systemic examinations. Two years later, the patient visited our department again for ophthalmologic evaluation. Visual acuity remained 20/20 in both eyes and the subretinal tracks in the right eye had not changed since the previous examination. Serologic examination was performed to provide a more accurate diagnosis, and the patient's serum reacted strongly to the Gnathostoma nipponicum antigen by western blot assay, which led to a diagnosis of intraocular gnathostomiasis. This is the first reported case of intraocular gnathostomiasis with subretinal tracks confirmed serologically using western blot in Korea.

Evaluation of treatment for functional posterior crossbite of the deciduous dentition using Planas' direct tracks.

Background: Functional posterior crossbites are a common finding in children with deciduous teeth and must be treated as soon as they are diagnosed in order to avoid unwanted changes in normal growth and development patterns. Objective: This study objective was to evaluate the changes caused by Planas' direct tracks treatment on the arch dimensions of patients with functional posterior crossbite in first dentition. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 20 children, 4 to 6 years old, divided into two groups, paired up according to age and gender. Group test was composed of 10 patients with functional posterior crossbite treated with PDT. Group control consisted of 10 children with normal occlusion. The evaluation criteria were intercanine and intermolar distances and Carrea's analysis (arch perimeter). All data were collected by a pre-calibrated examiner on study casts obtained at baseline and after 4 months of treatment. The statistical analysis of the data was achieved using GraphPad InStat software, version 3.05 for Windows, with the level of significance set at 0.05. For the comparison between intercanine and intermolar distances, the Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparisons test was used. When Carrea's analysis was considered, the Mann-Whitney test was used. Results: At the beginning of the study, all the evaluated criteria showed lower mean values in patients with posterior crossbites, and significant differences between test and control groups were noticed (P<0.05). After the end of follow-up period, these differences could not be verified (P>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, it is possible to conclude that the treatment with Planas' direct tracks was able to give back the normal dimensions of deciduous arch in patients with unilateral functional posterior crossbites, thus making it possible a better growth pattern.

Educação Ambiental: tecendo trilhas, escriturando territórios / Environmental Education: weaving trails, writing territories

O presente trabalho indaga sobre as estratégias educativas articuladas nas chamadas trilhas interpretativas de Educação Ambiental. Pergunta-se: que territórios são esses que recebem guias e estudantes em atividades de Educação Ambiental? Que perguntas são instituídas no decorrer do ato de caminhar? Quais são deixadas de ser enunciadas? Quais são as marcas que fazem de determinado percurso uma trilha? Quais territórios e quais trilhas conformam os caminhos percorridos pela Educação Ambiental? Para discorrer em torno dessas indagações o artigo foca duas experimentações diferentes. Primeiramente, abordam-se alguns aspectos referentes à construção de uma trilha interpretativa na comunidade do Pântano do Sul, em Florianópolis/SC. Sobre essa trilha, planejada para ser executada com alunos do ensino fundamental, indaga-se, sobretudo, sobre o processo que culminou na elaboração de seu traçado. Na segunda parte do trabalho, focam-se as trilhas interpretativas desencadeadas em um Parque Estadual de Proteção Ambiental localizado nas proximidades de Porto Alegre/RS. Para tanto, mostram-se os processos de disciplinamento dos sujeitos que estão em jogo nessas iniciativas, bem como a produção discursiva de uma natureza intangível operada nessas ações. As análises empreendidas no ensaio estão situadas no campo multifacetado e contestado dos estudos culturais. A partir desse campo, o trabalho discorre sobre as leituras da natureza que estariam sendo construídas nas atividades de Educação Ambiental focadas neste ensaio: as chamadas trilhas interpretativas. E mais, a partir dos estudos culturais indaga-se a instituição dos entendimentos sobre a natureza (e dos modos de agir em relação a ela) a partir das práticas e dos discursos envolvidos desde o planejamento e a implantação de uma trilha interpretativa, até o momento em que é desenvolvido um trabalho educativo em tais espaços.

This paper inquires into the educational strategies used in the so-called interpretative tracks for environmental education. We ask, 'Which territories are those receiving guides and students in environmental educational activities? Which questions are made when walking? Which are not made? Which features turn a route into a track? Which territories and tracks shape the ways for environmental education? To approach these questions the paper will focus on two different trials. First we have approached some aspects of the construction of an interpretative track in the community of Pântano do Sul in Florianópolis, SC. About this track, meant to be performed with students from primary schools, above all, we inquire into the process culminating in designing its lines. In the second part, we have focused on the interpretative tracks in a state reserve near Porto Alegre, RS. To do so, processes of disciplining subjects, and discursive production of an untouched nature, are necessary. Analyses conducted in the essay are in the challenged multi-faceted cultural studies field. In this field, work is carried out into readings on nature in the environmental education activities focused in this essay: the so-called interpretative tracks. Furthermore, from the cultural studies we can inquire into the understandings on nature (and the way we act regarding it), from practices and discourses involved from planning and using an interpretative track to the moment when an educational work is developed in such spaces.

Mastofauna de médio e grande porte na RPPN da UNISC, RS, Brasil / Mammalian fauna of medium and large sized in the RPPN of UNISC, RS, Brazil

Buscou-se com este trabalho inventariar a mastofauna da RPPN da UNISC, contribuindo com dados a respeito da ocorrência e distribuição de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na Região da Serra Geral do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostragens de campo realizaram-se nos meses de novembro de 2008 a abril de 2009, porém, foram acrescentados registros tomados anteriormente. Utilizou-se os métodos de busca visual e de armadilhas fotográficas. Foram obtidos registros de 16 espécies de mamíferos silvestres, pertencentes a 12 famílias e seis ordens: dois Didelphimorphia, um Xenarthra, dois Primates, seis Carnivora, um Artiodactyla e quatro Rodentia. Duas espécies não foram registradas nas amostragens padronizadas, conseqüentemente não submetidas às análises de constância de ocorrência e ocupação espacial. O índice de constância de ocorrência revelou que seis espécies foram consideradas ocasionais, sete acessórias e apenas uma constante, Cerdocyon thous. A análise da ocupação espacial das espécies demonstrou que nove espécies (64 por cento) são especialistas, quanto ao habitat ocupado, e cinco (36 por cento) generalistas. A análise das categorias de dieta evidenciou que sete espécies são onívoras (43,75 por cento), quatro frugívoras (25 por cento), três carnívoras (18,75 por cento) e duas herbívoras (12,5 por cento). Do total das 16 espécies silvestres, sete aparecem em algum nível de ameaça de extinção no Rio Grande do Sul, uma encontra-se ameaçada nacionalmente e duas estão definidas como "quase ameaçada" em âmbito mundial. O enquadramento de 44 por cento das espécies em alguma categoria de ameaça de extinção enaltece a importância da RPPN para a preservação da mastofauna regional.

The aim of this study was to conduct an inventory on the mammal fauna present at UNISC's private natural reserve (RPPN), in order to better contribute with data on the occurrence and distribution of mid and large-sized mammal species at Rio Grande do Sul's Serra Geral region. Field samplings were conducted from November 2008 to April 2009. Additional previously collected data were also used. Methods used were live visual searching and camera-traps. Records of 16 mammal species were obtained, belonging to 12 families and six Orders: two Didelphimorphia, one Xenarthra, two Primates, six Carnivora, one Artiodactyla and four Rodentia. Two other species were not recorded according to our survey protocols and, consequently, were not considered in the analysis of occurrence consistency and spatial occupation. Six species were considered as occasional, seven were accessory, and only one, Cerdocyon thous, was constant. Nine species (64 percent) were considered as specialists regarding the habitats they occupied, and five (36 percent) were generalists. Diet categories analysis indicated seven omnivorous species (43.75 percent), four frugivorous (25 percent), three carnivores (18.75 percent) and two herbivorous (12.5 percent). Among the 16 species recorded, seven are classified as under any level of threat of extinction for the State of Rio Grande do Sul, one is nationally threatened, and two other are considered globally "near threatened". The fact that 44 percent of the species are experiencing any level of extinction threat reinforces the importance of the RPPN for the conservation of the regional mammal fauna.

Enfoque temprano de las maloclusiones transversales, diagnóstico y tratamiento: revisión de la literatura / Early approach of the transversal malocclusions, diagnosis and treatment: literature review

El tema de las mal oclusiones transversales, ha sido ampliamente estudiado e investigado desde muchos puntos de vista: esquelético, muscular, dental y funcional, por muchos autores alrededor del mundo y los correspondientes informes, además de describir las diferentes etiologías, complicaciones y compromisos, ha llevado a un consenso general según el cual, entre más pronto sea corregida, menores serán sus consecuencias y secuelas negativas en el crecimiento y desarrollo y se pueden alcanzar muy buenos resultados y gran estabilidad a largo plazo. Por ello el objetivo de este artículo es identificar a través de una revisión de la literatura, las herramientas necesarias que permitan la detección, diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas mal oclusiones de manera temprana y preventiva para evitar así asimetrías esqueléticas mayores.

The issue of transversal malocclusions has been widely studied by many authors around the world and researched from many perspectives: skeletal, muscular, dental and functional. Reports describe the different etiologies, complications and compromises of malocclusion, leading to a general consensus that, the sooner it is corrected, the less their consequences and negative effects on growth and development will be, and good results can be achieved with great long-term stability. Therefore the aim of this paper is to identify through a literature review, the necessary tools that allow the detection, diagnosis and treatment of these malocclusions at an early stage and to prevent severe skeletal asymmetries.

Efectos musculares de las pistas directas planas en pacientes de 3 a 5 años con mordida profunda / Muscular effects of Planas Direct Tracks in patients from 3 to 5 years with deep bite

Se realizó un estudio piloto con el propósito de evaluar los cambios electromiográficos producidos por la adaptación de Pistas Directas de Planas (PDP) en una muestra de 7 niños entre los 3 y los 5 años de edad en quienes se había diagnosticado mordida profunda. Para el efecto antes de colocar las Pistas de Planas se efectuó un primer registro electromiográfico de los músculos temporal anterior y masetero derechos mientras el paciente masticaba una goma de mascar sin edulcorantes. Luego de 1 mes de la adaptación de las PDP se llevo a cabo un segundo registro del funcionamiento de los mismos haces musculares con las mismas condiciones y a continuación se realizaron las comparaciones de los dos registros obtenidos. Aunque se presentó una tendencia a la disminución de la actividad electromiográfica, los cambios no fueron estadísticamente significativos.

A pilot study in a sample of 7 children with deep bite and between 3 and 5 years old was carried out to evaluate the electromyographic changes after Planas Direct Tracks (PDT) adaptation. An initial electromyographic register of the masseter and anterior temporal right muscles was made while the children chewed gum. A month after the PDT adaptation, a second electromyographic register was taken and comparisons were made. Although an electromyographic activity decrease tendency was presented, the changes were not statistically significant.

Track analysis of the Mexican species of Cerambycidae (Insecta, Coleoptera)

A track analysis of 221 species belonging to 68 genera of Mexican Cerambycidae was undertaken in order to identify their main distributional patterns. Based on the comparison of the individual tracks, fifteen generalized tracks were obtained: six are placed in the Neotropical region, seven are shared by the Neotropical region and the Mexican Transition Zone, one is situated in the Mexican Transition Zone, and one is shared by the Nearctic region and the Mexican Transition Zone. Eight nodes were found in the intersection of these generalized tracks, five of them located in the Neotropical region and three in the Mexican Transition Zone. Distributional patterns of Mexican Cerambycidae show two basic patterns: one mostly Neotropical, in the Mesoamerican dominion (Mexican Pacific Coast and Mexican Gulf biogeographic provinces) and another in the Mexican Transition Zone (Transmexican Volcanic Belt and Balsas Basin biogeographic provinces).

Uma análise de traço de 221 espécies de Cerambycidae mexicanos pertencentes a 68 gêneros foi feita com o objetivo de identificar seus principais padrões de distribuição. Baseado na comparação de traços individuais, quinze traços generalizados foram obtidos: seis localizados na região Neotropical, sete foram compartilhados entre a região Neotropical e a zona de transição mexicana, uma é situada na zona de transição mexicana e uma compartilhada entre a região Neártica e a zona de transição mexicana. Oito nós biogeográficos foram encontrados na intersecção dos traços biogeográficos generalizados, cinco deles localizados na região Neotropical e três na zona de transição mexicana. Existem dois padrões de distribuição para os Cerambycidae mexicanos: um principalmente Neotropical, no domínio Mesoamericano (províncias da costa pacífica mexicana e do golfo mexicano) e outro na zona de transição mexicana.