A Multicentre Study of Nursing Leadership in Andalusian Hospitals from a Gender-based Perspective

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leadership is the ability to guide subordinates in a direction or decision so that they can perform a task or achieve a goal that leaves them feeling empowered and accomplished. Leaders are capable of producing changes and at the same time, they inspire others to do the same. This research analysed gender-based differences and dimensions of nursing leadership styles in 18 hospitals in Andalusia, a region of southern Spain. Methods: The sample population of the study comprised 335 subjects, who were middle managers in 18 public regional hospitals in Andalusia. The instrument used to measure different leadership styles was the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X-Short form), which is composed of 45 items. Results: The study showed that the most predominant leadership style was transactional leadership with a mean value of M = 4.22 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.42) followed by transformational leadership with a mean value of M = 3.97 (SD 0.45). Of the three styles analysed, transactional leadership had the highest statistical median for both male and female subjects. From a gender-based perspective, transformational leadership showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) between men and women. This was true for leadership styles as well as for the dimensions that define each style. Conclusion: The most frequent leadership style in middle nursing management in Andalusian hospitals was transactional leadership. In regard to the three leadership styles as well as their dimensions, the female subjects obtained the highest scores. This means that from a gender-based perspective, female nursing managers had better performance levels than their male counterparts in the regional hospital system in Andalusia.

Prácticas de liderazgo y su relación con la cultura en un grupo de países latinoamericanos / Leadership practices and its relationship with the culture in a group of latin american countries

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar, a través del MLQ 5X, los perfiles de liderazgo de 167 directivos de cuatro países latinoamericanos (Perú, Venezuela, Ecuador y Colombia), para observar si a pesar de la similitud cultural se presentan diferencias en los patrones de liderazgo. Se compararon estos perfiles con los obtenidos por otros autores en regiones culturalmente distintas, para finalmente confrontar los resultados con los de otra muestra colombiana. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en liderazgo, tanto entre países culturalmente distintos, como entre los mismos países latinoamericanos, a pesar de su similitud cultural. Finalmente, la muestra de directivos de este estudio difiere significativamente de la otra muestra colombiana, respecto a algunas variables del MLQ. Se discuten esos hallazgos.

The aim of this study was to analyze, by using the MLQ5X, the leadership profiles of 167 managers from four Latin American countries (Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia), to see if there are different patterns of leadership despite cultural similarities. Likewise, these profiles were compared with results obtained by other authors from different regions. Finally, these results were compared with another Colombian sample. Significant differences in leadership were found, both in culturally different countries and in Latin American countries, despite their cultural similarities. Finally, the sample of managers in this study differs significantly from the other Colombian sample, in some variables of the MLQ. These findings are discussed.

Relación entre liderazgo transformacional y transaccional con la conducta de compartir conocimiento en dos empresas de servicios / Relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and the sharing of knowledge in two service organizations / Relação entre liderança transformacional e transacional com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimentos em duas empresas de serviços

El objetivo fue describir la relación entre el liderazgo transformacional-transaccional del líder con la conducta de compartir conocimiento de los colaboradores. Utilizando un diseño descriptivo-correlacional con análisis regresional y un muestreo incidental, se valoraron 150 trabajadores de dos empresas de Bogotá: 14 líderes y 136 colaboradores. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron el Multifactor Leadership Questionarie de Bass & Avolio adaptado por Vega & Zavala (2004) y la escala de Compartir Conocimiento de Castañeda (2010). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20,0. Entre los líderes se encontró que el 43% se caracteriza por un liderazgo de baja efectividad (bajo nivel transformacional y transaccional) y el 40%, por un liderazgo de rango completo (alto nivel transformacional y transaccional). En los colaboradores, el compartir conocimiento puntuó entre 4,3 y 5,4/6,0; sobresale compartir experiencias e ideas y, en menor nivel, compartir documentos y conocimientos. Desde la perspectiva de los jefes, el liderazgo transaccional correlacionó significativamente (r=0,63; p=0,01) con compartir conocimiento, pero esta conducta no correlacionó con el liderazgo transformacional (r=0,39; p=0,084). En los colaboradores, el liderazgo transformacional y el transaccional mostraron una relación significativa con compartir conocimiento (r=0,29; p<0,001; r=0,26; p=0,001, respectivamente). Se concluyó que en los líderes, el liderazgo transaccional se relaciona con la conducta de compartir conocimiento, y las recompensas tienen un rol importante. No se confirmó la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y la conducta de compartir conocimiento, pero ésta si se da en los colaboradores. Se sugiere a la cultura organizacional como variable mediadora en la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y compartir conocimiento.

The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and the sharing of knowledge. A descriptive correlational design with regression analysis and a casual sampling method were used. The sample comprised 150 employees from two companies in the city of Bogotá, .D.C., Colombia, of which 14 were leaders and 136 were collaborators. Instruments used were the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2000) and adapted by Vega & Zavala (2004), and the Escala de Compartir Conocimiento [Sharing Knowledge Scale ] developed by Castañeda (2010). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20.0. Among leaders it was found that 43% of them are characterized by a low effectiveness leadership (low transformational and transactional) and 40% of them show a full range leadership (high transformational and transactional). Among collaborators, sharing of knowledge scored between 4.3 and 5.4 /6.0; sharing experiences and ideas stand out and to a lesser level, sharing documents and knowledge. Among leaders, transactional leadership significantly correlated (r=0.63; p=0.01) with sharing of knowledge but this behavior did not correlate with the transformational style (r=0.39; p=0.084); while among collaborators, transformational and transactional leadership showed a significant relationship with sharing of knowledge (r=0.29; p<0.001; r=0.26; p=0.001, respectively). It was concluded that from the perspective of the leaders, there is a relationship between transactional leadership and the behavior of sharing knowledge, and that rewards play an important role. Among leaders, the relationship between transformational leadership and sharing of knowledge was not confirmed, but it was confirmed in collaborators. Organizational culture is suggested as a mediating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and the sharing of knowledge.

O objetivo foi descrever a relação entre a liderança transformacional-transacional do líder com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento dos colaboradores. Utilizando um desenho descritivo-correlacional com análise regressional e uma amostragem incidental, avaliaram-se 150 trabalhadores de duas empresas de Bogotá: 14 líderes e 136 colaboradores. Os instrumentos aplicados foram o Multifactor Leadership Questionarie de Bass & Avolio adaptado por Vega & Zavala (2004) e a escala de Compartilhar Conhecimento de Castañeda (2010). A análise estatística realizou-se com o pacote estatístico IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20,0. Entre os líderes encontrou-se que 43% se caracteriza por uma liderança de baixa efetividade (baixo nível transformacional e transacional) e 40%, por uma liderança de nível completo (alto nível transformacional e transacional). Nos colaboradores, o compartilhar conhecimento pontuou entre 4,3 e 5,4/6,0; sobressaí compartilhar experiências e ideias e, em menor nível, compartilhar documentos e conhecimentos. Desde a perspectiva dos chefes, a liderança transacional correlacionou significativamente (r=0,63; p=0,01) com compartilhar conhecimento, mas esta conduta não se correlacionou com a liderança transformacional (r=0,39; p=0,084). Nos colaboradores, a liderança transformacional e a transacional mostraram uma relação significativa com compartilhar conhecimento (r=0,29; p<0,001; r=0,26; p=0,001, respectivamente). Conclui-se que nos líderes, a liderança transacional se relaciona com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento, e as recompensas têm um papel importante. Não confirmou-se a relação entre liderança transformacional e a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento, mas a mesma se dá nos colaboradores. Sugere-se a cultura organizacional como variável mediadora na relação entre liderança transformacional e compartilhar conhecimento.

Características de liderazgo de los estilos transformacional /transaccional en los profesionales de enfermería de una IPS de Bogotá 2011 / Characteristics of leadership of the transformational/transactional styles in the nursing professionals of an IPS in Bogotá 2011

El liderazgo un fenómeno de estudio y de interés desde diferentes áreas y disciplinas, se define como el proceso de dirigir en las actividades laborales de los miembros de un grupo y se reconoce como componente fundamental que influye en la efectividad general de una organización. La Enfermería como disciplina, es un proceso que promueve y contribuye a la mejora de las condiciones de salud y vida de la población, el logro de objetivos de cuidado propios de la profesión, y el alcance de las metas propuestas en los servicios de salud, por ello favorece el desarrollo social, profesional y organizacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las características de liderazgo de los estilos Transaccional y Transformacional en los profesionales de Enfermería, a partir de la aplicación del cuestionario MLQ 5x en una IPS de Bogotá en el año 2012, con el fin de contribuir en el mejoramiento de la calidad en la prestación de servicios de la institución. El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se aplicó el instrumento MLQ-5X versión corta, basado en la teoría de Bass y Avolio sobre el Liderazgo Transformacional y Transaccional y sus características, a 77 profesionales de enfermería. Como resultado se encontró que los profesionales de Enfermería de la institución identificaron sus características de liderazgo pertenecientes al liderazgo transformacional como son: Influencia Idealizada Conductual en un 65%, Motivación Inspiracional en un 80%, Estimulación Intelectual en un 70%, Consideración Individualizada en un 70%, Esfuerzo Extra en un 80%, Efectividad en un 80% y Satisfacción en un 85%. Se concluyó que en lo concerniente al estudio realizado, se indica que éste permitió identificar las características del liderazgo transformacional y transaccional a través del cuestionario MLQ 5x en la versión líder, con relación a las características del liderazgo transformacional se identificaron las siguientes características de liderazgo Influencia Idealizada Conductual 62%, Motivación Inspiracional 80%, Estimulación Intelectual 70%, Consideración Individualizada 70%, Esfuerzo Extra 80%, Efectividad 80%, Satisfacción 85%. Se encuentra un liderazgo transformacional con tendencia a la categoría alta y un liderazgo transaccional con tendencia a la categoría baja. Por otra parte, respondiendo al objetivo de identificar las características del liderazgo transaccional en los profesionales de Enfermería de la IPS se encontró que los profesionales de Enfermería poco se identifican con estas características teniendo así unos porcentajes como en Recompensa contingente un 58.3%, Excepción Activa 36.2% y excepción pasiva 8.28%. Se identificó que el liderazgo transformacional es el estilo predominante en los profesionales en esta IPS, se encuentra un liderazgo transformacional con tendencia a la categoría alta y un liderazgo transaccional con tendencia a la categoría baja. Es importante incluir en el área de Educación de Enfermería de la institución el tema del liderazgo implementando programas y estrategias que ayuden en el desarrollo de líderes, así como proyectos de educación permanente, exponiéndolo en seminarios, talleres, congresos o simposios, utilizando como base este estudio, donde se establezcan estrategias que fomenten y fortalezcan las características de este Modelo de Liderazgo de Rango Total en el profesional de enfermería.

Leadership, a study and interest phenomenon observed from different areas and disciplines, defined as the process of leading members of a group in their work activities, is recognized as a fundamental component which influences the general effectiveness of an organization. Nursing, as a discipline, is a process that promotes and contributes to the improvement of health and life conditions of the population, achieving health care objectives inherent to the profession, and fulfilling the proposed goals in health services, favoring social, professional and organizational development. This study's objective was to identify the leadership characteristics of the Transactional and Transformational styles in the nursing profession, by applying the MLQ 5x questionnaire at an IPS in Bogota during 2012, in order to contribute in improving the quality of the services rendered by the institution. This was a quantitative, descriptive, and transversal study. The short version of the MLQ-5X instrument based on the Bass and Avolio theory on Transformational and Transactional Leadership and its characteristics was applied to 77 nursing professionals. The result showed that nursing professionals of the institution identified their leadership characteristics pertaining to transformational leadership such as: Idealized Influence Behavior 65%, Inspirational Motivation 80%, Intellectual Stimulation 70%, Individualized Consideration 70%, Extra effort 80%, Effectiveness 80%, and Satisfaction 85%. Regarding the performed study it was concluded that, it allowed the identification of the transformational and transactional leadership characteristics by means of the MLQ 5x questionnaire in leader version. In relation to transformational leadership characteristics the following were identified: Idealized Influenced Behavior 62%, Inspirational Motivation 80%, Intellectual Stimulation 70%, Individualized Consideration 70%, Extra effort 80%, Effectiveness 80% and Satisfaction 85%. As a result there is a transformational leadership with tendency towards a high category and a transactional leadership with tendency towards a low category. On the other hand in response to the objective of identifying transactional leadership characteristics in nursing professionals of the IPS, it was found that nursing professionals are less identified with these characteristics, having percentages such as Contingent Reward 58.3%, Active Exception 36.2% and Passive Exception 8.28%. Regarding the third and last objective, transformational leadership was identified as the predominating style in the professionals of this IPS, a transformational leadership with tendency towards a high category and a transactional leadership with tendency towards a low category were found. It is important to include within the Nursing Education area of the institution the topic of leadership, implementing programs and strategies which help develop leaders, as well as permanent educational projects, by means of seminars, workshops, congresses or symposium, using this study as the base, where strategies are established to promote and strengthen the characteristics of this Total Range Leadership Model in nursing professionals.

Research on the relationship between nurse job satisfaction and leadership of head nurses based on leadership theory of Bass / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between leadership of head nurses and nurse job satisfaction. Methods By generalized stratified sampling, 207 nurses who were in accordance with the inclusion were selected from 2 hospitals in China. To evaluate leadership of head nurses that selected nurses perceived and the status of their job satisfaction, they were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of transactional subscale and transformational subscale of MLQ, and job satisfaction measurement scale. Results Head nurses were more frequently to be transactional than transformational, and frequencies between the two kinds of leadership that head nurses showed had significant difference. Regarding job satisfaction, nurses had the highest score in colleague and the lowest score in payment. transformational leadership was one of the influential factors on nurse job satisfaction, and were positively correlated with the overall nurse job satisfaction, satisfaction with leaders, satisfaction with communication. Conclusions Head nurses can improve nurse job satisfaction by being more transformational.

The Relationship Among Leadership Styles of Nurse Managers, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The Purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among leadership style of nurse managers, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. METHOD: The subjects were 468 nurses and 19 head nurses who were working at the 3 general hospitals in seoul. The data were collected from July 6 to September 14, 2001 by the structured questionnaires. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with SAS package were used. RESULT: 1) The score of the nurse managers' transformational leadership perceived by surbodinates' were higher than that of the nurse managers' transactional leadership. Among 5 subdimensions of the leadership styles perceived by surbodinates', the scores of 'charisma' and 'intellectual stimulation' were highest and 'management by exception' were lowest. 2) 'Charisma', 'intellectual stimulation', 'individual consideration' and 'contingent reward' were positively related to all of variables except 'turnover intention'. 'Management by exception' was negatively related to all of variables and was positively related to 'turnover intention'. 3) 'Job satisfaction' was positively related to 'organizational commitment' and 'Job satisfaction', 'organizational commitment' were negatively related to 'turnover intention'. 4) As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, the key determinants of 'turnover intention' were 'organizational commitment' and this explained 44.4% of the total variance of it.