Gestational dexamethasone exposure impacts hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission and learning and memory function with transgenerational effects

The formation of learning and memory is regulated by synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Here we explored how gestational exposure to dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid commonly used in clinical practice, has lasting effects on offspring's learning and memory. Adult offspring rats of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) displayed significant impairments in novelty recognition and spatial learning memory, with some phenotypes maintained transgenerationally. PDE impaired synaptic transmission of hippocampal excitatory neurons in offspring of F1 to F3 generations, and abnormalities of neurotransmitters and receptors would impair synaptic plasticity and lead to impaired learning and memory, but these changes failed to carry over to offspring of F5 and F7 generations. Mechanistically, altered hippocampal miR-133a-3p-SIRT1-CDK5-NR2B signaling axis in PDE multigeneration caused inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission, which might be related to oocyte-specific high expression and transmission of miR-133a-3p. Together, PDE affects hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission, with lasting consequences across generations, and CDK5 in offspring's peripheral blood might be used as an early-warning marker for fetal-originated learning and memory impairment.

Herança do negativo e incestualidade nos laços familiares / Inheritance os the of the negative and incestuality in family ties / Herencia de lo negativo y incestualidad en los lazos familiares

A transmissão psíquica trabalha no sentido de vida e de morte, por meio das alianças inconscientes, entre e através das gerações. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o lugar da incestualidade e da sensorialidade na transmissão psíquica do negativo. Enfatizamos que a herança do negativo faz parte da pré-história dos sujeitos, e que os traumatismos não elaborados, não acessíveis à memória, são inscritos no psiquismo familiar e nos corpos singulares. A fim de ilustrar a discussão proposta, apresentamos uma vinheta clínica de psicoterapia psicanalítica de família. Concluímos que a transmissão do negativo e a qualidade incestual atuantes nos laços familiares se evidenciam por meio da sensorialidade, no atravessamento dos espaços psíquicos e na temporalidade da família, causando prejuízos no reconhecimento das diferenças e nos processos de subjetivação (AU).

Psychic transmission works in the sense of life and death, through unconscious alliances, between and across generations.The purpose of this article is to discuss the place of incestuality and sensoriality in the psychic transmission of the negative.We emphasize that the inheritance of the negative is part of the prehistory subjects and that the untreated traumas, not accessible to memory, are registered in the family psychism and in the singular bodies.In order to illustrate the proposed discussion, we present a clinical vignette of family psychoanalytic psychotherapy.We conclude that the transmission of the negative and the incestual quality acting in the family bonds are evidenced through sensoriality, in the crossing of psychic spaces and in the family's temporality, causing losses in the recognition of differences and in the subjectification (AU).

La transmisión psíquica funciona en el sentido de vida y muerte, por las alianzas inconscientes, entre y a través generaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir el lugar de la incestualidad y de la sensorialidad en la transmisión psíquica de lo negativo. Destacamos que la herencia de lo negativo es parte de la prehistoria de los sujetos, y que los traumas no elaborados, no accesibles a la memoria, están inscritos en el psiquismo familiar y en los cuerpos singulares.Para ilustrar la discusión propuesta, presentamos una viñeta clínica de psicoterapia psicoanalítica familiar.Concluimos que la transmisión de lo negativo y la calidad incestual en el trabajo en los lazos familiares se manifiestan a través de lasensorialidad, en el cruce de espacios psíquicos y en la temporalidad familiar, provocando pérdidas en el reconocimiento de las diferencias y en el proceso de subjetivación (AU).

The Influence of Environmental Factors on Transgenerational Transmission Mediated by Sperm sncRNAs / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Developmental programming of the embryo is controlled by both genetic information and epigenetic information. During fertilization, this information carried by sperms can be delivered to thezygote, where they can regulate early embryonic development. Mature sperms are highly abundant in epigenetic information, and including small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), which play important roles during spermatogenesis, fertilization, and early embryo development. Recent studies revealed that sncRNAs can regulate gene expression, mediate protein translation, transmit the epigenetic information, and so on. Recently, increasing evidences showed that parental environment exposure, such as diet, toxicant, pressure, may cause the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and they can be stored and transmitted to the next generation by epigenetic information in germ cells. Recent advances of transgenerational inheritance revealed that sncRNAs are environmentally responsive epigenetic molecules in sperms. This review summarized current knowledge about the sncRNAs information in sperms, including transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), rsRNAs (risbosome-RNA derived small RNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), that are responsive to environmental factors and are capable of affecting embryonic development and the phenotype of the offspring later in life. Furthermore, this review also delineated potential molecular mechanisms that might regulate sperm sncRNAs.

Sistemas familiares conflituosos e cuidado feminino com crianças acolhidas / Conflicting family systems and female care with institutionalized children / Sistemas familiares conflictivos y cuidado femenino con niños acogidos

O estudo de famílias como um sistema permite desfocalizar sofrimentos e problemáticas em uma única pessoa. Essa compreensão facilita entender o cuidado realizado por mulheres com seus filhos, a partir das heranças transgeracionais que compõe a história de vida familiar. Em casos extremos no cuidado, a criança pode parar em uma instituição de acolhimento infantil. A presente pesquisa investigou a relação entre crianças institucionalizadas e a dinâmica de suas famílias num serviço de acolhimento para crianças de zero a seis anos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso com duas famílias e com os seguintes instrumentos: entrevistas semiestruturadas e o genograma. A discussão dos resultados evidenciou que a herança de abandono foi atualizada em até três gerações, a partir de uma história que se construiu a base de perdas emocionais e financeiras. Tais perdas foram somadas as dificuldades do núcleo, ao exteriorizarem conflitos que resultaram na posterior desagregação familiar e acolhimento infantil.

The understanding of families like systems allows defocus problems and sufferings on one single person. When this logic is used do compreheend female care, it is perceptive that the way women deal with their children is influenced bytransgenarational heritage whose shape the story of the group - which may be enriched or dreadful. In extreme cases, the child goes to a shelther care. This research aimed investigate how family system dynamic contributed to the stay of one of their children in a institutionalized space. The multiple case study was used as the method, whereby semi-estructured interview and genogram were the following instruments. As results' discussion, it was evidenced the abandonment's inheritance refreshed in three generations, based on a story of financial and emotional losses. These losses were added to the difficulties of the nucleus, when externalizing conflicts that resulted in the subsequent family disaggregation and child care.

El estudio de familias como un sistema, permite desfocalizar sufrimientos y problemáticas en una única persona. Esta visión, facilita entender el cuidado realizado por mujeres con sus hijos, el cual es influenciado por las herencias transgeneracionales que componen la historia de vida -las cuales pueden ser enriquecedoras o conflictivas. En casos extremos en el cuidado, el niño puede ir a parar a una institución de acogida infantil. La presente investigación indagó la relación entre niños institucionalizados y la dinámica de sus familias. Se trata de un estudio de casos múltiples desarrollada con entrevistas semiestructuradas y genograma. La discusión de los resultados evidenció que la herencia del abandono influyó en hasta tres generaciones, a partir de una historia que se construyó en pérdidas emocionales y financieras. Tales pérdidas se sumaron a las dificultades del núcleo, al exteriorizar conflictos que resultaron en la posterior disgregación familiar y en la institucionalización infantil.

Estudio comparativo de cohesión y adaptabilidad en familias con y sin historia de abuso sexual / Comparative study of cohesion and adaptability in families with and without history of sexual abuse

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluación de niveles de cohesión y adaptabilidad en familias nucleares y transgeneracionales con historia de abuso sexual comparadas con aquéllas sin tal historia. Material y Métodos: Afronte no experimental, cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo-comparativo, de corte prospectivo y transversal. Resultados: Utilizando la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a niveles de cohesión entre los padres de familia (de origen o transgeneracional) que habían sufrido abuso y los que no lo habían tenido (U=1578,5, z=2,09, p=0,037). El hallazgo fue similar en cuanto a miembros individuales víctimas de abuso vs. aquéllos sin tal experiencia (U=1616,5, z=2,35, p=0,019). En cuanto a adaptabilidad, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las madres de familia (de origen o transgeneracional) que han sufrido un evento de abuso y las que no lo han tenido (U=1605 z=2,07 p=0,023). Conclusiones: Los patrones se repiten de una generación a otra, desencadenando niveles de disfunción familiar, independientemente de la presencia o ausencia de historia de abuso sexual.

Summary Objective: Comparison de cohesion and adaptability levels between nuclear and transgenerational families with and without a history of sexual abuse. Material and Methods: Non-experimental, quantitative, descriptive-comparative, prospective and transversal approach. Results: Using the Mann Whitney U test for independent samples, statistically significant differences about cohesion levels were found between parents of original or transgenerational families who had suffered sexual abuse event and those who had not (U = 1578.5, z = 2.09, p = 0.037). A similar finding was seen in individual family members who were victims of abuse vs. those who did not have such experience. (U= 1616.5, z = 2.35, p = 0.019). About adaptability, statistically significant differences were found between mothers of original or transgenerational families who has suffered a sexual abuse event and those who had not (U = 1605, z = 2.07, p = 0.023). Conclusions: Patterns repeat themselves from one generation to another, triggering levels of family dysfunction, regardless of the presence or absence of a history of sexual abuse.

Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma: Psychiatric Evaluation of Offspring of Former “Comfort Women,” Survivors of the Japanese Military Sexual Slavery during World War II

“Comfort women” are survivors of sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, who endured extensive trauma including massive rape and physical torture. While previous studies have been focused on the trauma of the survivors themselves, the effects of the trauma on the offspring has never been evaluated before. In this article, we reviewed the first study on the offspring of former “comfort women” and aimed to detect the evidence of transgenerational transmission of trauma. In-depth psychiatric interviews and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Axis I Disorders were conducted with six offspring of former “comfort women.” Among the six participants, five suffered from at least one psychiatric disorder including major depressive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, insomnia disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and alcohol use disorder. Participants showed similar shame and hyperarousal symptoms as their mothers regarding stimuli related to the “comfort woman” issue. Increased irritability, problems with aggression control, negative worldview, and low self-esteem were evident in the children of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Finding evidence of transgenerational transmission of trauma in offspring of “comfort women” is important. Future studies should include more samples and adopt a more objective method.

Significados del actuar delictivo adolescente: perspectiva de sus madres / Meanings of teen crime actions: The perspectives of their mothers / Significados do ato penal adolescente: perspectiva de suas mães

Resumen (analítico): Con el objetivo caracterizar los significados respecto al actuar delictivo que poseen las madres de jóvenes infractores de ley privados de libertad en un Centro de Régimen Cerrado en Chile, se realizó una investigación cualitativa de tipo descriptivo, mediante un muestreo de casos críticos, con una muestra de cinco participantes. La técnica de recolección de información fue la entrevista semi-estructurada y el análisis e interpretación de los datos obtenidos se realizó a través del análisis fenomenológico interpretativo (IPA). Los resultados dieron cuenta de cinco temas: atribución del origen de la conducta delictiva; consecuencias de la privación de libertad; factores que ayudan a que los jóvenes cambien su conducta; la revelación del actuar delictivo y dinámica familiar. Se discuten las implicanciones para procesos de intervención.

Abstract (analytical): With the objective of characterizing the meanings of criminal acts that the mothers of young people who are serving sentences in a Youth Detention Centre, a descriptive qualitative study was carried out that selected a sample of five participants who are classified as critical cases. The study used the data collection technique of a semi-structured interview and Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze and interpret the data that was obtained. The results identified five common themes among the mothers that were interviewed: attribution of origin of criminal conduct; consequences of the deprivation of liberty; factors that help young people change their behavior; the revelation of criminal acts; and family dynamics. The implications for intervention processes are discussed.

Resumo (analítico): Com o objetivo de caracterizar os significados relativos ao ato criminoso que as mães de jovens infratores de leis de privação de liberdade têm em um Centro de Regime Fechado no Chile, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, utilizando uma amostra de casos críticos, com uma amostra de cinco participantes. A técnica de coleta de dados foi a entrevista semi-estruturada e a análise e interpretação dos dados obtidos foi realizada através da Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa (IPA). Os resultados abordam cinco temas: Atribuição da origem da conduta criminal; Consequências da privação de liberdade; Fatores que ajudam os jovens a mudar seu comportamento; A revelação de atos criminosos e dinâmicas familiares. Foram discutidas as implicações para os processos de intervenção.

La Desaparición Forzada de Personas a Cuarenta Años del Golpe de Estado en Chile: un Acercamiento a la Dimensión Familiar / Forced Disappearance of Persons Forty Years after the Coup in Chile: an Approach to the Family Dimension / O Desaparecimento Forçado de Pessoas há Quarenta Anos do Golpe de Estado no Chile: uma Aproximação à Dimensão Familiar

Resumen Este artículo analiza las memorias sobre el familiar detenido y desaparecido de 19 mujeres de la Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos de Santiago de Chile. Se utilizó la entrevista reflexiva-grupal como estrategia de producción de testimonios, los cuales fueron analizados mediante el análisis de datos verbales. Los principales resultados señalan que las memorias familiares transmitidas intergeneracionalmente son de alta intensidad y afectividad, constituyendo una postmemoria (Hirsch, 1998). También se establece que los testimonios de las víctimas se configuran a manera de lucha contra la negación e impunidad de la desaparición del familiar detenido desaparecido. Este estudio aporta conocimiento útil para el desarrollo de políticas de memoria que permitan el reconocimiento social de la historia familiar de víctimas de terrorismo de Estado. Del mismo modo, se considera que tanto la propuesta teórico-metodológica como los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, aportan pistas para el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de investigación, orientadas a la comprensión de la transmisión transgeneracional de experiencias traumáticas.

Abstract This article analyzes the recollections of detained and disappeared relatives of 19 women from the Association for Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared. Testimony was collected using group reflective interviews, with an analysis of the verbal data. The main results indicate that the family memories transmitted trans-generationally are of high intensity and affectivity, constituting a post-memory (Hirsch, 1998). The recollections of the victim's relatives also work against negation and impunity of the disappearance of the detained relative. This study contributes to the development of policies for memory which permit the social recognition of the family history of the victims of State terrorism. Both the theoretical-methodological proposal and the results obtained in this study indicate pathways to new lines of research oriented to the understanding of inter-generational transmission of traumatic experiences.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as memórias sobre o familiar detido e desaparecido de 19 mulheres da Agrupação de Familiares de Detidos Desaparecidos de Santiago do Chile. Utilizou-se a entrevista reflexiva-grupal como estratégia de produção de depoimentos, os quais foram analisados mediante a análise de dados verbais. Os principais resultados indicam que as memórias familiares transmitidas intergeracionalmente são de alta intensidade e afetividade, constituindo uma pós-memória (Hirsch, 1998). Também se estabelece que o depoimento das vítimas se configura como forma de luta contra a negação e impunidade do desaparecimento do familiar detido. Este estudo contribui com conhecimento útil para o desenvolvimento de políticas de memória que permitam o reconhecimento social da história familiar de vítimas de terrorismo de Estado. Do mesmo modo, considera-se que tanto a proposta teórico-metodológica quanto os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem com orientações para o desenvolvimento de novas linhas de pesquisa, orientadas à compreensão da transmissão transgeracional de experiências traumáticas.

Epigenetic profiling to environmental stressors in model and non-model organisms: Ecotoxicology perspective

Epigenetics, potentially heritable changes in genome function that occur without alterations to DNA sequence, is an important but understudied component of ecotoxicology studies. A wide spectrum of environmental challenge, such as temperature, stress, diet, toxic chemicals, are known to impact on epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Although the role of epigenetic factors in certain biological processes, such as tumourigenesis, has been heavily investigated, in ecotoxicology field, epigenetics still have attracted little attention. In ecotoxicology, potential role of epigenetics in multi- and transgenerational phenomenon to environmental stressors needs to be unrevealed. Natural variation in the epigenetic profiles of species in responses to environmental stressors, nature of dose-response relationships for epigenetic effects, and how to incorporate this information into ecological risk assessment should also require attentions. In this review, we presented the available information on epigenetics in ecotoxicological context. For this, we have conducted a systemic review on epigenetic profiling in response to environmental stressors, mostly chemical exposure, in model organisms, as well as, in ecotoxicologically relevant wildlife species.

Epigenetic profiling to environmental stressors in model and non-model organisms: Ecotoxicology perspective

Epigenetics, potentially heritable changes in genome function that occur without alterations to DNA sequence, is an important but understudied component of ecotoxicology studies. A wide spectrum of environmental challenge, such as temperature, stress, diet, toxic chemicals, are known to impact on epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Although the role of epigenetic factors in certain biological processes, such as tumourigenesis, has been heavily investigated, in ecotoxicology field, epigenetics still have attracted little attention. In ecotoxicology, potential role of epigenetics in multi- and transgenerational phenomenon to environmental stressors needs to be unrevealed. Natural variation in the epigenetic profiles of species in responses to environmental stressors, nature of dose-response relationships for epigenetic effects, and how to incorporate this information into ecological risk assessment should also require attentions. In this review, we presented the available information on epigenetics in ecotoxicological context. For this, we have conducted a systemic review on epigenetic profiling in response to environmental stressors, mostly chemical exposure, in model organisms, as well as, in ecotoxicologically relevant wildlife species.

Transmisión transgeneracional. Algunos efectos en la constitución de la subjetividad / Transgenerational transmission. Some effects on the constitution of subjectivity

Es frecuente que la clínica nos coloque frente a interrogantes que nos hacen ampliar los horizontes para poder pensar la problemática de los pacientes. En el caso de niños o adolescentes cuyo padecimiento parece no condecir con su historia, ni con las versiones relatadas por los adultos, en tanto analistas, nos encontramos, muchas veces, obligados a interrogarnos e interrogar acerca de qué sufrimiento es el que está manifestándose, o, en muchos casos, a quién pertenece ese dolor que está haciéndose presente en nuestro paciente. Varios autores se abocaron a pensar en la transmisión transgeneracional como herramienta conceptual para poder abordar estas problemáticas clínicas, e intentar posibilitar que el paciente logre realizar un recorrido subjetivizante.

In our practice we are continuously faced with questions that cause us to widen our horizons so as to be able to think about our patients' conflicts. As regards those patients whose suffering does not seem to correlate to their history, nor to the account provided by adults, when it comes to children or adolescents, we, as psychoanalysts, are required to wonder and ask about the suffering that is manifesting itself or, in many cases, who the pain the patient bears belongs to. Several authors have pondered on transgenerational transmission as a conceptual tool that makes it possible for us to deal with these problems arising in our practice and to enable our patients to go through a subjectivising process.

Fréquemment la clinique nous met face à des questionnements qui nous obligent à élargir nos horizons afin de pouvoir repenser la problématique des patients. Dans le cas de enfants ou des adolescents dont la souffrance n´est pas en accord avec leur histoire ou avec les récits des adultes qui les entourent, nous nous trouvons dans l´obligation de nous questionner et de questionner à propos de la nature de la souffrance qui apparaî tou a propos de l´apartennance de cette douleur presente chez le patient. Plusieurs auteurs ont pris comme outil conceptuel la "transmission transgénérationnelle" afin de pouvoir comprendre ces problématiques cliniques et faciliter le parcours subjectivisant du patient.

Comentario del caso Ana / Commentary of the case Ana

En el comentario del caso se analiza una viñeta clínica que se inicia con un estado de adhesividad violenta entre una adolescente, Ana, y su madre. Para la madre de Ana el mundo es enigmáticamente peligroso y no tolera la separación de su hija. A partir de las manifestaciones de los integrantes de la familia, y el develamiento de la historia familiar, se hacen presentes los pensamientos encriptados, transmitidos a través de las generaciones. Los elementos traumáticos, indecibles en la abuela de Ana, innombrables para su madre, adquieren figurabilidad gracias a que Ana, en el trabajo con su terapeuta comienza a ligarlos con su historia.

A clinical vignette that begins with a state of violent adhesiveness between a teenager, Ana, and her mother is analyzed. For Ana's mother, the world is enigmatically dangerous and she does not tolerate being separated from her daughter. From the manifestations of the members of the family, and the unveiling of the family story, the encrypted thoughts transmitted through the generations are present. The trauma, unsaid for Ana's grandmother, and unspeakable for her mother, acquires figurability for Ana, that working with her therapist, begins to link it with her story.

Dans le commentaire du cas, une vignette clinique qui commence par un état d'adhésivité violente entre une adolescente, Ana, et sa mère est analysée. Pour la mère d'Ana, le monde est énigmatiquement dangereux et elle ne tolère pas la séparation de sa fille. Depuis les récits des membres de la famille et le dévoilement de l'histoire familiale, des pensées cryptées transmises à travers les générations émergent. Les éléments traumatiques, indicibles par la grand-mère d'Ana, innommables pour sa mère, acquièrent de la figurabilité grâce à Ana, qui dans le travail avec sa thérapeute, commence à les relier à son histoire.

Transgeracionalidade: sobre silêncios, criptas, fantasmas e outros destinos / Transgeneracionalidad: sobre silencios, criptas, fantasmas y otros destinos / Transgenerational identity ("transgenerationality"): about silences, crypts, phantoms, and other destinies / Transgénérationalité: sur les silences, les cryptes, les fantasmes et d'autres destins

L'auteur présente les voies qui peuvent conduire aux héritages transgénérationnelles au sein de plusieurs familles à partir de traumas, de secrets, de hontes et de deuils qui ne sont pas travaillés, lorsque ceux-ci, au moyen du silence et de la coupure employés comme moyens de défense, résultent dans la formation de cryptes et de fantasmes. Elle présente aussi les idées de transmission intergénérationnelle et transgénérationnelle

The author presents paths which start from situations of trauma, secret, shame, not elaborated mourning, and may lead to transgenerational heritages within several families. It happens when silence and splitting, used as defense mechanisms, end up creating crypts and phantoms. This paper also presents ideas of intergenerational and transgenerational transmission.

La autora presenta los caminos que pueden conducir a las herencias transgeneracionales en el seno de muchas familias a partir de traumas, secretos, vergüenzas, duelos no elaborados, cuando, a través del silencio y de la cisión, utilizados como defensas, producen criptas y fantasmas. También presenta un cuadro sinóptico con las transmisiones intergeneracionales y transgeneracionales.

A autora apresenta os caminhos que podem conduzir às heranças transgeracionais no seio de muitas famílias a partir de traumas, segredos, vergonhas, lutos não elaborados, quando, através do silêncio e da cisão, usados como defesas, resultam na formação de criptas e fantasmas. Também apresenta as ideias de transmissão intergeracional e transgeracional.

Uma história atual (1768-1922): retratos de um segredo / A recent and current story (1768-1922): portraits of a secret / Una historia actual (1768-1922): retratos de un secreto

Partindo do pressuposto de que a transmissão psíquica transgeracional é constitutiva do psiquismo do indivíduo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir sobre os silêncios transgeracionais, sobre a falta da palavra e sobre o legado entre gerações, que, sendo silenciado por vergonha ou pelo excesso de dor e não podendo ser transmitido aos descendentes, produz consequências significativas nas gerações seguintes. O trabalho baseia-se na história de uma mulher, terceira geração de imigrantes que se refugiaram no Brasil.

In this paper, the author assumes that transgenerational psychic transmission is constitutive of the individual's psyche. Starting from that premise, the author's purpose is to discuss transgenerational silences, the lack of word, and the legacy between generations. As a result of being silenced either by shame or excessive pain, and for not being able to be transmitted to descendants, that legacy has significant effects across the following generations. This paper is based on a woman's story. That woman belongs to the third generation of immigrants who came to Brazil.

Partiendo de la suposición de que la transmisión psíquica transgeneracional es constitutiva de la psique individual, este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir sobre los silencios transgeneracionales, sobre la falta de la palabra, y sobre el legado entre generaciones que fue silenciado, por vergüenza o por exceso de dolor, y que no pudo transmitirse a los descendientes, lo que genera consecuencias importantes en las siguientes generaciones. El trabajo se basa en la historia de una mujer, tercera generación de inmigrantes que se refugiaron en Brasil.

Transgenerational transmission mediated by small non-coding RNA in sperm / 中华男科学杂志

The presence of RNA has been confirmed in mature human sperm and plays an important role in altering the early events of embryos. Increasing evidence indicates that the expression of small non-coding RNAs can be changed by environmental exposures such as the structure of paternal diet and the status of stress. As the carriers of paternal information and epigenetic markers, small non-coding RNAs can alter the development of early embryos and offspring and mediate transgenerational transmission, which offers a new target for the studies of the epigenetics of sperm. Sperm piRNA, microRNA and tRNA, which are widely present in male germ cells, can mediate transgenerational transmission via related regulation mechanisms. This review introduces some new findings about the transgenerational epigenetics concerning the three small non-coding RNAs in sperm and offers a novel insight into male reproduction.

Em direção à cura: confrontando o holocausto por meio do psicodrama, do sociodrama e dos rituais / Towards healing: confronting the holocaust through psychodrama, sociodrama and rituals / Hacia la curación: afrontando el holocausto a través del psicodrama, sociodrama y rituales

Este artigo descreve: um projeto de workshops realizados com descendentes da segunda e da terceira gerações de sobreviventes do Holocausto e dos agressores; a transmissão transgeracional do trauma, identificando as diferenças e as semelhanças entre a vítima e os descendentes de agressores, bem como aqueles de origem mista; e como o Psicodrama, o Sociodrama e o ritual são usados para criar o encontro, o diálogo e o começo da cura.

This text describes an on-going workshop project undertaken with second and third generation descendants of Holocaust survivors and perpetrators. The trans-generational transmission of trauma, differences and commonalities between victim and perpetrator descendants as well as those from mixed backgrounds are discussed. The use psychodrama, Sociodrama and rituals to bring about encounter, dialogue and the beginnings of healing are discussed.

Este texto describe un proyecto continuado de talleres realizados con descendientes de la segunda y tercera generación de supervivientes y perpetradores del Holocausto. Examinan la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma e identifican semejanzas y diferencias entre los descendientes de las víctimas y de los perpetradores, así como de aquellos con orígenes mixtos. Exponen como usan el psicodrama, el Sociodrama y los rituales para producir el encuentro, el diálogo y el comienzo de la curación.

Considerações sobre os sofrimentos da infância e a passagem para a idade adulta a partir da experiência das terapias psicanalíticas familiares / Considerations of childhood suffering and the passage to adulthood from the experience of family psychoanalytic therapies / Consideraciones sobre los sufrimientos de la infancia y el pasaje a la edad adulta desde las experiencias de las terapias familiares

A experiência do trabalho terapêutico familiar enfatiza a influência do sofrimento traumático nas relações pai-filho, especialmente quando estas se constituem sobre os modos de filiação narcisistas em que predomina o que se incorpora por violências transgeracionais e transubjetivas. A abordagem da terapia familiar é hoje bem reconhecida no tratamento de crianças e adolescentes e, apesar de sua difícil aplicação, é muito promissora para famílias que lidam com jovens adultos atraídos pelas lógicas de ruptura (violência, isolamento social, vícios), fornecendo meios para desenvolver dispositivos de trabalho clínico plurifocais apoiados em uma rede interinstitucional.

The experience of family therapy work emphasizes the influence of traumatic suffering in parent-child relationships, especially when they are constituted over the narcissistic membership modes motivated by the predominance of what is incorporated and by transgenerational and transsubjetive violence (shame, uprooting, cultural violence). The approach of family therapy is currently well recognized in the treatment of children and adolescents, and despite its difficult application, it is very promising, being focused on families dealing with young adults attracted by the rupture logics (violence, social isolation, addictions), providing means to develop multifocal clinical work devices supported by an inter-institutional network.

En la experiencia de trabajo terapéutico familiar se destaca la influencia del sufrimiento traumático en las relaciones entre padre-hijo, sobre todo cuando están constituidas por los modos de afiliación narcisistas motivados por la predominación a lo que se incorpora y por las violencias transgeneracionales y transubjetivas (la vergüenza, el desarraigo, las violencias culturales). El enfoque en la terapia familiar es más aceptado actualmente para el tratamiento de niños y adolescentes y, a pesar de su difícil aplicación, es promisorio por destinarse a familias que tratan de jóvenes adultos atraídos por la ruptura de la lógica (la violencia, el aislamiento social, las adicciones), así proporciona medios para el desarrollo de dispositivos de trabajo clínico plurifocales que se apoyan en una red interinstitucional.

Prenatal nicotine exposure induces transgenerational neuroendocrine metabolic programming alteration in second-generation rats / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the transgenerational effect of neuroendocrine metabolic programmed alteration in adult intrauterine growth retardation (lUGR) offspring rats with prenatal nicotine exposure. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were administered daily with nicotine (2 mg.kg-1 ) by sc from gestational day 11 until delivery. F1 offspring was fed with a standard diet before four groups in F2 were set up according to the cross-mating between F1 normal adult rats and nicotine-induced lUGR adult rats. CC group was mated by F1 normal adult rats, CN group by F1 normal adult male rats and lUGR adult female rats, NC group by F1 lUGR adult male rats and normal adult female rats, while NN group was mated by F1 lUGR adult rats. F2 adult rats were subjected to a fortnight ice water swimming stimulus. Blood samples were collected before and after stress and then detected for the levels of adrenocortico-tropic hormone ( ACTH), corticosterone ( CORT), glucose, triglycerides ( TG) and total cholesterol (TCH). RESULTS Before stress, the level of serum CORT in F2 male rats of NN group was decreased to 73.9% of that of the CC group (P<0.05),while the level of serum TG in F2 male rats of CN and NC groups was increased to 1.43 and 1.52 times that of the CC group, respectively ( P<0.05). Meanwhile, the level of serum TG in F2 female rats of CN, NC and NN groups was increased to 1.71, 1.80 and 1.81 times that of the CC group, respectively (P<0.05). After stress, the serum CORT gain rate in F2 male rats of CC group was -1.67%, but was 36.0% in NN group. The serum glucose level in male NC group and in female CN group was increased to 1.61 and 1.62 times that of the corresponded CC groups, respectively (P<0.01). Furthermore, the serum TG gain rate in F2 rats of each nicotine group was decreased markedly in comparison with their corresponding controls (P<0.05), ie, the serum TG gain rates in F2 male rats of CN, NC and NN groups were decreased to 46.4%, 16.7% and 7.7% of the CC group, while the serum TG gain rates in F2 female rats of these groups were decreased to 20.6%, 4.0% and 8.4% of the CC group, respectively. Compared with CC group, TCH level of females and males in NN group was decreased by 40.5% and 21.9%(P<0.01) before stress, respectively, and the TCH gain rate of females in NN group was increased by 49.7%(P<0.05) after stress. CONCLUSION The reproductive and developmental toxicities and the neuroendocrine metabolic programming alterations induced by prenatal nicotine exposure are transgenerated to F2 offspring and these effects exhibit gender and parental differences.

Transmisión y apropiación de la historia de prisión política: transgeneracionalidad del trauma psicosocial en nietos de ex presos políticos de la dictadura militar chilena / Transmission and appropriation of political imprisonment stories: the transgenerational nature of psychosocial trauma in grandchildren of former political prisoners of the Chilean military dictatorship

Se presentan resultados de un estudio que abordó la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial en la tercera generación de víctimas de la dictadura militar chilena. Participaron 14 jóvenes, nietos de ex presos políticos, de 21.4 años de edad en promedio, provenientes de las regiones Metropolitana y de La Araucanía. Mediante el uso de relatos de vida, se les solicitó contar su historia como nieto de una persona víctima de prisión política. Los resultados permiten distinguir un proceso narrativo que, desde ciertas etapas, va articulando la historia de vida de los nietos, inscribiéndola en una lógica de transmisión y apropiación transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial asociada a la historia y memoria familiar respecto a la experiencia traumática, persistiendo en sus familias una dinámica de evitación y de silencio en torno a la experiencia de tortura, la que determina las particularidades de la relación de los nietos con esta experiencia traumática.

The article presents the results of a study on the transgenerational transmission of psychosocial trauma in the third generation of victims of the Chilean military dictatorship. The participants were 14 young people, grandchildren of former political prisoners, aged 21.4 on average, living in the Metropolitan and Araucanía regions. They were asked to use life stories to share their experiences as grandchildren of victims of political imprisonment. The results reveal a narrative process, which, beginning at certain stages, articulates the life stories of grandchildren framing it in a logic of transmission and transgenerational appropriation of the psychosocial trauma associated with the family's history and memory about the traumatic experience. Families remain engaged in a dynamic of avoidance and silence regarding the experience of torture, which determines the characteristics of the relationship of grandchildren with this traumatic experience.

Transgenerational effects of prenatal ethanol ingestion-induced susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and the underlying mechanism in F2 rats / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the transgenerational effects of a hypothala mic-pituitary-ad-renal (HPA)axis -associated neuroendocrine metabolic progra mming alteration fro m F1 to adult second generation (F2)with prenatal ethanol ingestion.METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were ad ministered with ethanol (4 mg·kg -1·d -1 )fro m gestational day 1 1 until delivery.F1 rats were fed a high-fat diet fro m postnatal week 4 (PW4)and were cross-mated in PW 16 -20.F2 rats were fed a standard diet fro m PW4 and rectal te mperature was measured in PW20,oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)was con-ducted in PW21 ,blood sa mples and hypothala mus were collected in PW24 to investigate seru m lipids and HPA axis activity.RESULTS Co mparing to the F2 control group ,rectal te mperature in F2 ethanol group were higher (P<0.01 ),sugar tolerance in F2 male group was i mpaired (P<0.05),seru m corti-costerone and hypothala mus arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA were increased (P <0.05);seru m insulin were decreased (P<0.05)and male rats showed i mpaired glucose tolerance (P<0.05);seru m high-density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C)decrease (P <0.05)and total cholesterol (TCH)/HDL-C and low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C ratios were markedly increased (P <0.05,P <0.01 ).CONCLUSION Prenatal ethanol exposure induced metabolic syndro me has transgenerational effects,which may originate fro m the intrauterine progra mming of altered HPA axis-associated neuroen-docrine metabolis m.