Sistemas familiares conflituosos e cuidado feminino com crianças acolhidas / Conflicting family systems and female care with institutionalized children / Sistemas familiares conflictivos y cuidado femenino con niños acogidos

O estudo de famílias como um sistema permite desfocalizar sofrimentos e problemáticas em uma única pessoa. Essa compreensão facilita entender o cuidado realizado por mulheres com seus filhos, a partir das heranças transgeracionais que compõe a história de vida familiar. Em casos extremos no cuidado, a criança pode parar em uma instituição de acolhimento infantil. A presente pesquisa investigou a relação entre crianças institucionalizadas e a dinâmica de suas famílias num serviço de acolhimento para crianças de zero a seis anos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso com duas famílias e com os seguintes instrumentos: entrevistas semiestruturadas e o genograma. A discussão dos resultados evidenciou que a herança de abandono foi atualizada em até três gerações, a partir de uma história que se construiu a base de perdas emocionais e financeiras. Tais perdas foram somadas as dificuldades do núcleo, ao exteriorizarem conflitos que resultaram na posterior desagregação familiar e acolhimento infantil.

The understanding of families like systems allows defocus problems and sufferings on one single person. When this logic is used do compreheend female care, it is perceptive that the way women deal with their children is influenced bytransgenarational heritage whose shape the story of the group - which may be enriched or dreadful. In extreme cases, the child goes to a shelther care. This research aimed investigate how family system dynamic contributed to the stay of one of their children in a institutionalized space. The multiple case study was used as the method, whereby semi-estructured interview and genogram were the following instruments. As results' discussion, it was evidenced the abandonment's inheritance refreshed in three generations, based on a story of financial and emotional losses. These losses were added to the difficulties of the nucleus, when externalizing conflicts that resulted in the subsequent family disaggregation and child care.

El estudio de familias como un sistema, permite desfocalizar sufrimientos y problemáticas en una única persona. Esta visión, facilita entender el cuidado realizado por mujeres con sus hijos, el cual es influenciado por las herencias transgeneracionales que componen la historia de vida -las cuales pueden ser enriquecedoras o conflictivas. En casos extremos en el cuidado, el niño puede ir a parar a una institución de acogida infantil. La presente investigación indagó la relación entre niños institucionalizados y la dinámica de sus familias. Se trata de un estudio de casos múltiples desarrollada con entrevistas semiestructuradas y genograma. La discusión de los resultados evidenció que la herencia del abandono influyó en hasta tres generaciones, a partir de una historia que se construyó en pérdidas emocionales y financieras. Tales pérdidas se sumaron a las dificultades del núcleo, al exteriorizar conflictos que resultaron en la posterior disgregación familiar y en la institucionalización infantil.

Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma: Psychiatric Evaluation of Offspring of Former “Comfort Women,” Survivors of the Japanese Military Sexual Slavery during World War II

“Comfort women” are survivors of sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, who endured extensive trauma including massive rape and physical torture. While previous studies have been focused on the trauma of the survivors themselves, the effects of the trauma on the offspring has never been evaluated before. In this article, we reviewed the first study on the offspring of former “comfort women” and aimed to detect the evidence of transgenerational transmission of trauma. In-depth psychiatric interviews and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Axis I Disorders were conducted with six offspring of former “comfort women.” Among the six participants, five suffered from at least one psychiatric disorder including major depressive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, insomnia disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and alcohol use disorder. Participants showed similar shame and hyperarousal symptoms as their mothers regarding stimuli related to the “comfort woman” issue. Increased irritability, problems with aggression control, negative worldview, and low self-esteem were evident in the children of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Finding evidence of transgenerational transmission of trauma in offspring of “comfort women” is important. Future studies should include more samples and adopt a more objective method.

Transmisión transgeneracional. Algunos efectos en la constitución de la subjetividad / Transgenerational transmission. Some effects on the constitution of subjectivity

Es frecuente que la clínica nos coloque frente a interrogantes que nos hacen ampliar los horizontes para poder pensar la problemática de los pacientes. En el caso de niños o adolescentes cuyo padecimiento parece no condecir con su historia, ni con las versiones relatadas por los adultos, en tanto analistas, nos encontramos, muchas veces, obligados a interrogarnos e interrogar acerca de qué sufrimiento es el que está manifestándose, o, en muchos casos, a quién pertenece ese dolor que está haciéndose presente en nuestro paciente. Varios autores se abocaron a pensar en la transmisión transgeneracional como herramienta conceptual para poder abordar estas problemáticas clínicas, e intentar posibilitar que el paciente logre realizar un recorrido subjetivizante.

In our practice we are continuously faced with questions that cause us to widen our horizons so as to be able to think about our patients' conflicts. As regards those patients whose suffering does not seem to correlate to their history, nor to the account provided by adults, when it comes to children or adolescents, we, as psychoanalysts, are required to wonder and ask about the suffering that is manifesting itself or, in many cases, who the pain the patient bears belongs to. Several authors have pondered on transgenerational transmission as a conceptual tool that makes it possible for us to deal with these problems arising in our practice and to enable our patients to go through a subjectivising process.

Fréquemment la clinique nous met face à des questionnements qui nous obligent à élargir nos horizons afin de pouvoir repenser la problématique des patients. Dans le cas de enfants ou des adolescents dont la souffrance n´est pas en accord avec leur histoire ou avec les récits des adultes qui les entourent, nous nous trouvons dans l´obligation de nous questionner et de questionner à propos de la nature de la souffrance qui apparaî tou a propos de l´apartennance de cette douleur presente chez le patient. Plusieurs auteurs ont pris comme outil conceptuel la "transmission transgénérationnelle" afin de pouvoir comprendre ces problématiques cliniques et faciliter le parcours subjectivisant du patient.

Comentario del caso Ana / Commentary of the case Ana

En el comentario del caso se analiza una viñeta clínica que se inicia con un estado de adhesividad violenta entre una adolescente, Ana, y su madre. Para la madre de Ana el mundo es enigmáticamente peligroso y no tolera la separación de su hija. A partir de las manifestaciones de los integrantes de la familia, y el develamiento de la historia familiar, se hacen presentes los pensamientos encriptados, transmitidos a través de las generaciones. Los elementos traumáticos, indecibles en la abuela de Ana, innombrables para su madre, adquieren figurabilidad gracias a que Ana, en el trabajo con su terapeuta comienza a ligarlos con su historia.

A clinical vignette that begins with a state of violent adhesiveness between a teenager, Ana, and her mother is analyzed. For Ana's mother, the world is enigmatically dangerous and she does not tolerate being separated from her daughter. From the manifestations of the members of the family, and the unveiling of the family story, the encrypted thoughts transmitted through the generations are present. The trauma, unsaid for Ana's grandmother, and unspeakable for her mother, acquires figurability for Ana, that working with her therapist, begins to link it with her story.

Dans le commentaire du cas, une vignette clinique qui commence par un état d'adhésivité violente entre une adolescente, Ana, et sa mère est analysée. Pour la mère d'Ana, le monde est énigmatiquement dangereux et elle ne tolère pas la séparation de sa fille. Depuis les récits des membres de la famille et le dévoilement de l'histoire familiale, des pensées cryptées transmises à travers les générations émergent. Les éléments traumatiques, indicibles par la grand-mère d'Ana, innommables pour sa mère, acquièrent de la figurabilité grâce à Ana, qui dans le travail avec sa thérapeute, commence à les relier à son histoire.

Transgenerational transmission mediated by small non-coding RNA in sperm / 中华男科学杂志

The presence of RNA has been confirmed in mature human sperm and plays an important role in altering the early events of embryos. Increasing evidence indicates that the expression of small non-coding RNAs can be changed by environmental exposures such as the structure of paternal diet and the status of stress. As the carriers of paternal information and epigenetic markers, small non-coding RNAs can alter the development of early embryos and offspring and mediate transgenerational transmission, which offers a new target for the studies of the epigenetics of sperm. Sperm piRNA, microRNA and tRNA, which are widely present in male germ cells, can mediate transgenerational transmission via related regulation mechanisms. This review introduces some new findings about the transgenerational epigenetics concerning the three small non-coding RNAs in sperm and offers a novel insight into male reproduction.

Transmisión y apropiación de la historia de prisión política: transgeneracionalidad del trauma psicosocial en nietos de ex presos políticos de la dictadura militar chilena / Transmission and appropriation of political imprisonment stories: the transgenerational nature of psychosocial trauma in grandchildren of former political prisoners of the Chilean military dictatorship

Se presentan resultados de un estudio que abordó la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial en la tercera generación de víctimas de la dictadura militar chilena. Participaron 14 jóvenes, nietos de ex presos políticos, de 21.4 años de edad en promedio, provenientes de las regiones Metropolitana y de La Araucanía. Mediante el uso de relatos de vida, se les solicitó contar su historia como nieto de una persona víctima de prisión política. Los resultados permiten distinguir un proceso narrativo que, desde ciertas etapas, va articulando la historia de vida de los nietos, inscribiéndola en una lógica de transmisión y apropiación transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial asociada a la historia y memoria familiar respecto a la experiencia traumática, persistiendo en sus familias una dinámica de evitación y de silencio en torno a la experiencia de tortura, la que determina las particularidades de la relación de los nietos con esta experiencia traumática.

The article presents the results of a study on the transgenerational transmission of psychosocial trauma in the third generation of victims of the Chilean military dictatorship. The participants were 14 young people, grandchildren of former political prisoners, aged 21.4 on average, living in the Metropolitan and Araucanía regions. They were asked to use life stories to share their experiences as grandchildren of victims of political imprisonment. The results reveal a narrative process, which, beginning at certain stages, articulates the life stories of grandchildren framing it in a logic of transmission and transgenerational appropriation of the psychosocial trauma associated with the family's history and memory about the traumatic experience. Families remain engaged in a dynamic of avoidance and silence regarding the experience of torture, which determines the characteristics of the relationship of grandchildren with this traumatic experience.